Abstract A better elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying drug-membrane interaction is of great importance for drug research and development. To date, different biochemical and biophysical methods have been developed to study biological membranes at molecular level. This review focuses on the recent applications and achievements of modern analytical techniques in the study of drug interactions with lipid membranes, including chromatography, spectrometry, calorimetry, and acoustic sensing. The merits and limitations of these techniques were compared and critically discussed. Moreover, various types of biomimetic model membranes including liposomes, lipid monolayers, and supported lipid monolayers/bilayers were described. General mechanisms underlying drug-membrane interaction process were also briefly introduced.
{"title":"Analytical techniques and methods for study of drug-lipid membrane interactions","authors":"Hewen Li, T. Zhao, Zhihua Sun","doi":"10.1515/revac-2017-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2017-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A better elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying drug-membrane interaction is of great importance for drug research and development. To date, different biochemical and biophysical methods have been developed to study biological membranes at molecular level. This review focuses on the recent applications and achievements of modern analytical techniques in the study of drug interactions with lipid membranes, including chromatography, spectrometry, calorimetry, and acoustic sensing. The merits and limitations of these techniques were compared and critically discussed. Moreover, various types of biomimetic model membranes including liposomes, lipid monolayers, and supported lipid monolayers/bilayers were described. General mechanisms underlying drug-membrane interaction process were also briefly introduced.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90782621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This review presents the essential brief annals, crucial analytics, precise applications and noteworthy implications of design of experiments which enrouted to liquid chromatography (LC) in the midst of utmost focus on high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) and broadened its impressions on allied techniques in pharmaceutical analysis. Being most widely applied statistical methodologies for such purpose, its use was started in 1970 and heightened after Fischer’s precious input in 1981. The persistent use of statistical approaches one after another led to the efficient attention of pharmaceutical analysts. Hence, in order to fine-tune the trail impressed by the cumulative trends, the use of statistical designs in HPLC analysis has been reviewed and efforts were made to recognize its relative impact and corresponding future prospects. Applications of precise methodologies have been reassessed with respect to the need established by recent regulatory perspectives with a fanatical and the consequent stance on prominent historical advancements and concrete purposes. An effort was also made to state an arbitrary classification of diverse design types and succinct line of application in LC and associated analyses.
{"title":"Design of experiments in liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of pharmaceuticals: analytics, applications, implications and future prospects","authors":"S. B. Ganorkar, A. Shirkhedkar","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review presents the essential brief annals, crucial analytics, precise applications and noteworthy implications of design of experiments which enrouted to liquid chromatography (LC) in the midst of utmost focus on high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) and broadened its impressions on allied techniques in pharmaceutical analysis. Being most widely applied statistical methodologies for such purpose, its use was started in 1970 and heightened after Fischer’s precious input in 1981. The persistent use of statistical approaches one after another led to the efficient attention of pharmaceutical analysts. Hence, in order to fine-tune the trail impressed by the cumulative trends, the use of statistical designs in HPLC analysis has been reviewed and efforts were made to recognize its relative impact and corresponding future prospects. Applications of precise methodologies have been reassessed with respect to the need established by recent regulatory perspectives with a fanatical and the consequent stance on prominent historical advancements and concrete purposes. An effort was also made to state an arbitrary classification of diverse design types and succinct line of application in LC and associated analyses.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84586002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The attractive structural and mechanical properties of cellulose substrates (paper, cloth, and thread), including passive fluid transport, biocompatibility, durability, and flexibility, have attracted researchers in the past few decades to explore them as alternative microfluidic platforms. The incorporation of electrochemical (EC) sensing broadened their use for applications such as clinical diagnosis, pharmaceutical chemical analyses, food quality, and environmental monitoring. This article provides a review on the microfluidic devices constructed on paper, cloth, and thread substrates. It begins with an overview on paper-based microfluidic devices, followed by an in-depth review on the various applications of EC detection incorporated on paper-based microfluidic devices reported to date. The review on paper-based microfluidic devices attempts to convey a few perspective directions that cloth- and thread-based microfluidic devices may take in its development. Finally, the research efforts on the development and evaluation, as well as current limitations of cloth- and thread-based microfluidic devices are discussed. Microfluidic devices constructed on paper, cloth, and thread substrates are still at an early development stage (prototype) requiring several improvements in terms of fabrication, analytical techniques, and performance to become mature platforms that can be adapted and commercialized as real world products. However, they hold a promising potential as wearable devices.
{"title":"Recent developments in microfluidic paper-, cloth-, and thread-based electrochemical devices for analytical chemistry","authors":"R. S. Malon, L. Heng, E. Córcoles","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The attractive structural and mechanical properties of cellulose substrates (paper, cloth, and thread), including passive fluid transport, biocompatibility, durability, and flexibility, have attracted researchers in the past few decades to explore them as alternative microfluidic platforms. The incorporation of electrochemical (EC) sensing broadened their use for applications such as clinical diagnosis, pharmaceutical chemical analyses, food quality, and environmental monitoring. This article provides a review on the microfluidic devices constructed on paper, cloth, and thread substrates. It begins with an overview on paper-based microfluidic devices, followed by an in-depth review on the various applications of EC detection incorporated on paper-based microfluidic devices reported to date. The review on paper-based microfluidic devices attempts to convey a few perspective directions that cloth- and thread-based microfluidic devices may take in its development. Finally, the research efforts on the development and evaluation, as well as current limitations of cloth- and thread-based microfluidic devices are discussed. Microfluidic devices constructed on paper, cloth, and thread substrates are still at an early development stage (prototype) requiring several improvements in terms of fabrication, analytical techniques, and performance to become mature platforms that can be adapted and commercialized as real world products. However, they hold a promising potential as wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77519725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Beghi, S. Buratti, V. Giovenzana, S. Benedetti, R. Guidetti
Abstract In recent decades, there has been a substantial increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables due to their nutritional properties since they are known as sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. Moreover, a substantial growth in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables has been noticed because of their ease to use; in fact changes in human life styles have led consumers to move towards ready-to-eat products. In this context, product quality must be preserved at each step of product handling, processing, and storage, and therefore rapid methods should be available to provide useful information in process management. In this review an overview of the applications of widely used non-destructive techniques, namely, electronic nose and visible/near infrared spectroscopy, for measuring quality of fruits and vegetables is presented. A brief description of spectroscopic and electronic devices and a selection of applications are provided. Future perspectives about the simplification/application of these non-destructive techniques are finally explored.
{"title":"Electronic nose and visible-near infrared spectroscopy in fruit and vegetable monitoring","authors":"R. Beghi, S. Buratti, V. Giovenzana, S. Benedetti, R. Guidetti","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent decades, there has been a substantial increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables due to their nutritional properties since they are known as sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. Moreover, a substantial growth in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables has been noticed because of their ease to use; in fact changes in human life styles have led consumers to move towards ready-to-eat products. In this context, product quality must be preserved at each step of product handling, processing, and storage, and therefore rapid methods should be available to provide useful information in process management. In this review an overview of the applications of widely used non-destructive techniques, namely, electronic nose and visible/near infrared spectroscopy, for measuring quality of fruits and vegetables is presented. A brief description of spectroscopic and electronic devices and a selection of applications are provided. Future perspectives about the simplification/application of these non-destructive techniques are finally explored.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83139827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Metal ions play critical roles in numerous fundamental life processes. Hence, there is a great need to effectively monitor and image metal ions. Fluorescent probes are one of the most effective methods for measuring metal ions. In general, according to the different recognition mechanisms of fluorescent probes, they can be divided into two categories: reversible probes and irreversible probes. Among the various fluorophores, rhodamine and fluorescein, as the typical representatives of xanthene, have been paid much attention in biological imaging due to their high absorption coefficient, high fluorescence quantum yield, and water solubility. This review highlights the recent advances on chelation-based xanthene fluorescent probes that have been used for detecting metal ions. The focus has been on the design strategies to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of fluorescent probes by introducing different recognition moieties. Meanwhile, their recognition mechanism and applications are particularly highlighted.
{"title":"Design strategies and progress on xanthene-based fluorescent probe for metal ions","authors":"Siyue Ma, Yaqi Wang, Mengyao She, Shen Wang, Zheng Yang, Ping Liu, Shengyong Zhang, Jianli Li","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Metal ions play critical roles in numerous fundamental life processes. Hence, there is a great need to effectively monitor and image metal ions. Fluorescent probes are one of the most effective methods for measuring metal ions. In general, according to the different recognition mechanisms of fluorescent probes, they can be divided into two categories: reversible probes and irreversible probes. Among the various fluorophores, rhodamine and fluorescein, as the typical representatives of xanthene, have been paid much attention in biological imaging due to their high absorption coefficient, high fluorescence quantum yield, and water solubility. This review highlights the recent advances on chelation-based xanthene fluorescent probes that have been used for detecting metal ions. The focus has been on the design strategies to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of fluorescent probes by introducing different recognition moieties. Meanwhile, their recognition mechanism and applications are particularly highlighted.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80384806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Recently, numerous luminescent molecular thermometers that exhibit temperature-dependent emission properties have been developed to measure the temperatures of tiny spaces. Intracellular temperature is the most interesting and exciting applications of luminescent molecular thermometers because this temperature is assumed to be correlated with all cell events, such as cell division, gene expression, enzyme reaction, metabolism, and pathogenesis. Among the various types of temperature-dependent emission parameters of luminescent molecular thermometers, the emission intensity ratio at two different wavelengths is suitable for accurate and accessible intracellular temperature measurements. In this review article, luminescent molecular thermometers that exhibit a temperature-dependent emission intensity ratio in living cells are summarized, and current progress in intracellular thermometry is outlined.
{"title":"Luminescent molecular thermometers for the ratiometric sensing of intracellular temperature","authors":"S. Uchiyama, Chie Gota","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recently, numerous luminescent molecular thermometers that exhibit temperature-dependent emission properties have been developed to measure the temperatures of tiny spaces. Intracellular temperature is the most interesting and exciting applications of luminescent molecular thermometers because this temperature is assumed to be correlated with all cell events, such as cell division, gene expression, enzyme reaction, metabolism, and pathogenesis. Among the various types of temperature-dependent emission parameters of luminescent molecular thermometers, the emission intensity ratio at two different wavelengths is suitable for accurate and accessible intracellular temperature measurements. In this review article, luminescent molecular thermometers that exhibit a temperature-dependent emission intensity ratio in living cells are summarized, and current progress in intracellular thermometry is outlined.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"165 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/revac-2016-0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72505288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly promising analytical technique that has been widely applied in health and environment monitoring. As a vibrational spectroscopic tool, its fingerprint spectrum contains abundant molecular information, and the greatly enhanced signal can be used to detect analytes at extremely low concentration, even down to the single molecule level. Because water molecules give very weak Raman response, Raman spectroscopy has also been applied for in situ monitoring of targets in solution. However, the Raman signal of an analyte could only be enhanced when it is in proximity to the SERS substrate, which enhances the signal depending on the shape, size, and orientation of the particles constituting the substrate. Further, when using the method for the detection of various analytes, it is necessary to functionalize the SERS substrates, with recognition ligands and encapsulation with a suitable shell among others. Hence, the fabrication of suitable substrates is a basic step in SERS-related research. Tremendous effort has been expended in the last decade in this area, resulting in the development of substrates with unique properties. In this review, we will introduce recent achievements in SERS substrate fabrication based on their structural features. Synthesized nanoparticles, two-dimensional planar substrates, and three-dimensional substrates with effective volume will be discussed in the context of their synthesis strategies along with their characteristic properties. In the future, with further improvement in SERS substrates, the applicability of SERS for detecting a range of analytes in complex environment will become possible.
{"title":"Prosperity to challenges: recent approaches in SERS substrate fabrication","authors":"Ouyang Lei, Wen Ren, Lihua Zhu, J. Irudayaraj","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly promising analytical technique that has been widely applied in health and environment monitoring. As a vibrational spectroscopic tool, its fingerprint spectrum contains abundant molecular information, and the greatly enhanced signal can be used to detect analytes at extremely low concentration, even down to the single molecule level. Because water molecules give very weak Raman response, Raman spectroscopy has also been applied for in situ monitoring of targets in solution. However, the Raman signal of an analyte could only be enhanced when it is in proximity to the SERS substrate, which enhances the signal depending on the shape, size, and orientation of the particles constituting the substrate. Further, when using the method for the detection of various analytes, it is necessary to functionalize the SERS substrates, with recognition ligands and encapsulation with a suitable shell among others. Hence, the fabrication of suitable substrates is a basic step in SERS-related research. Tremendous effort has been expended in the last decade in this area, resulting in the development of substrates with unique properties. In this review, we will introduce recent achievements in SERS substrate fabrication based on their structural features. Synthesized nanoparticles, two-dimensional planar substrates, and three-dimensional substrates with effective volume will be discussed in the context of their synthesis strategies along with their characteristic properties. In the future, with further improvement in SERS substrates, the applicability of SERS for detecting a range of analytes in complex environment will become possible.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87760813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Dysregulation of gene expression mechanisms has been observed in many tumors, making their analysis of utmost importance. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism in which 5-carbon of cytosine becomes methylated, leading to gene silencing, and action of short RNA molecules called microRNAs, which regulate protein synthesis at post-transcriptional level by binding to mRNAs. In this review, we describe major roles of both mechanisms in carcinogenesis, offer an overview of currently used methods for their analysis, and summarize most recent advances in electrochemical-based assays and strategies. Advantages of electrochemistry, including favorable cost, time of experiment, or simple instrumentation, are highlighted, along with current challenges that need to be addressed prior to successful application into clinical routine.
{"title":"Bioelectrochemistry of nucleic acids for early cancer diagnostics – analysis of DNA methylation and detection of microRNAs","authors":"M. Bartošík, R. Hrstka","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dysregulation of gene expression mechanisms has been observed in many tumors, making their analysis of utmost importance. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism in which 5-carbon of cytosine becomes methylated, leading to gene silencing, and action of short RNA molecules called microRNAs, which regulate protein synthesis at post-transcriptional level by binding to mRNAs. In this review, we describe major roles of both mechanisms in carcinogenesis, offer an overview of currently used methods for their analysis, and summarize most recent advances in electrochemical-based assays and strategies. Advantages of electrochemistry, including favorable cost, time of experiment, or simple instrumentation, are highlighted, along with current challenges that need to be addressed prior to successful application into clinical routine.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72973791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Human body odor is a unique identity feature of individual as well as an established composite of numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to significant chemical classes. Several analytical methods have been used in the characterization of human body odor in order to recognize the chemical composition of VOCs in medical, forensic, and biometric applications. Besides, real-time sensing systems (based on the chemical sensors) are being researched and developed for qualitative and quantitative recognition of VOCs in body odor. The present review focuses the state-of-the-art research outcomes related to the characterization of human body odor with the objective to identify the VOCs belonging to aldehyde class. Furthermore, the application of chemical sensors in past studies for the detection of aldehydes besides other chemical compounds in body odor is summarized and the significance of aldehydes detection in different applications is discussed.
{"title":"Characterization of human body odor and identification of aldehydes using chemical sensor","authors":"S. K. Jha","doi":"10.1515/revac-2016-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Human body odor is a unique identity feature of individual as well as an established composite of numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to significant chemical classes. Several analytical methods have been used in the characterization of human body odor in order to recognize the chemical composition of VOCs in medical, forensic, and biometric applications. Besides, real-time sensing systems (based on the chemical sensors) are being researched and developed for qualitative and quantitative recognition of VOCs in body odor. The present review focuses the state-of-the-art research outcomes related to the characterization of human body odor with the objective to identify the VOCs belonging to aldehyde class. Furthermore, the application of chemical sensors in past studies for the detection of aldehydes besides other chemical compounds in body odor is summarized and the significance of aldehydes detection in different applications is discussed.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76975300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A comprehensive review with 337 references for the analysis of some selected 4-quinolone drugs belonging to the first and second generations since 2006 up till now is presented. This group includes nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, piromidic acid, pipemidic acid and rosoxacin from the first generation and enoxacin, fleroxacin, nadifloxacin, pefloxacin and rufloxacin from the second generation. The review covers most of the methods described for the analysis of these drugs, either per se, in dosage forms, biological fluids, environmental samples, cosmetics, animal tissues and feed-premix samples.
{"title":"Analytical methods for the determination of some selected 4-quinolone antibacterials","authors":"F. Belal, N. El-enany, M. E. Wahba","doi":"10.1515/revac-2015-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2015-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A comprehensive review with 337 references for the analysis of some selected 4-quinolone drugs belonging to the first and second generations since 2006 up till now is presented. This group includes nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, piromidic acid, pipemidic acid and rosoxacin from the first generation and enoxacin, fleroxacin, nadifloxacin, pefloxacin and rufloxacin from the second generation. The review covers most of the methods described for the analysis of these drugs, either per se, in dosage forms, biological fluids, environmental samples, cosmetics, animal tissues and feed-premix samples.","PeriodicalId":21090,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88868928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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