Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108741
Aleksander Jandric , Lukas Ginzinger , Dzeneta Vrucak , Damien Latacz , Kathija Shaik , Tim Gießmann , Ricardo Gabbay de Souza , Cledwyn Mangunda , Alexander Birich , Stefan Salhofer
In this research, we have investigated 45 mobile phones manufactured between 1998 and 2021. After dismantling, the resulting Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) have been mechanically processed and homogenised. From each PCB, three sample pellets were created and analysed with a portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF). In addition, a post-hoc calibration was performed to correct element and sample-specific biases. This approach allowed us to analyse a large sample size and to identify element mass value trends over time. The results for precious metals show an average annual decrease -2.49 mg/PCB for Ag, -1.14 mg/PCB for Au, and -0.13 mg/PCB for Pd. By contrast, the concentrations of Cu and Ni were increasing, but due to the decreasing mass of PCBs, the overall trends remained constant. Ultimately, the applied methodological approach was effective for analysing large number of samples and provided unique insights into the material trends across different generations of mobile phones.
{"title":"Material composition trends in printed circuit boards of mobile phones","authors":"Aleksander Jandric , Lukas Ginzinger , Dzeneta Vrucak , Damien Latacz , Kathija Shaik , Tim Gießmann , Ricardo Gabbay de Souza , Cledwyn Mangunda , Alexander Birich , Stefan Salhofer","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, we have investigated 45 mobile phones manufactured between 1998 and 2021. After dismantling, the resulting Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) have been mechanically processed and homogenised. From each PCB, three sample pellets were created and analysed with a portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF). In addition, a post-hoc calibration was performed to correct element and sample-specific biases. This approach allowed us to analyse a large sample size and to identify element mass value trends over time. The results for precious metals show an average annual decrease -2.49 mg/PCB for Ag, -1.14 mg/PCB for Au, and -0.13 mg/PCB for Pd. By contrast, the concentrations of Cu and Ni were increasing, but due to the decreasing mass of PCBs, the overall trends remained constant. Ultimately, the applied methodological approach was effective for analysing large number of samples and provided unique insights into the material trends across different generations of mobile phones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108741"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108739
Kobe Vulsteke , Sophie Huysveld , Gwenny Thomassen , Helmut Rechberger , Jo Dewulf
Quality is increasingly recognized as a critical factor for achieving functional value retention in the circular economy. However, the concept remains poorly defined and inconsistently measured, limiting its integration into circularity assessments. This article develops a typology that distinguishes six types of quality metrics based on two dimensions: the targeted resource state (material, component, or product) and the nature of the quality characteristics assessed (intrinsic or extrinsic). It also identifies three assessment levels (generic, application-specific, and indirect) reflecting how quality is evaluated in practice. To illustrate the typology, existing approaches that quantify changes in resource quality were collected and positioned within the typology. This analysis highlights the diversity of methodological strategies and provides guidance on when to use which type of metric. While no single metric can fully capture the multifaceted nature of resource quality, the typology provides a practical foundation for more consistent quality assessments in circular economy research.
{"title":"Quality in the circular economy: What does it mean, and how is it measured?","authors":"Kobe Vulsteke , Sophie Huysveld , Gwenny Thomassen , Helmut Rechberger , Jo Dewulf","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quality is increasingly recognized as a critical factor for achieving functional value retention in the circular economy. However, the concept remains poorly defined and inconsistently measured, limiting its integration into circularity assessments. This article develops a typology that distinguishes six types of quality metrics based on two dimensions: the targeted resource state (material, component, or product) and the nature of the quality characteristics assessed (intrinsic or extrinsic). It also identifies three assessment levels (generic, application-specific, and indirect) reflecting how quality is evaluated in practice. To illustrate the typology, existing approaches that quantify changes in resource quality were collected and positioned within the typology. This analysis highlights the diversity of methodological strategies and provides guidance on when to use which type of metric. While no single metric can fully capture the multifaceted nature of resource quality, the typology provides a practical foundation for more consistent quality assessments in circular economy research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108739"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108742
Pablo Saralegui-Díez , Sebastián Villasante , Andrés Ospina-Álvarez , Montserrat Ramón , Joan Moranta
The global food system is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and there is increasing interest in identifying sustainable protein alternatives. Mussels are often promoted as an environmentally friendly source of seafood. However, comprehensive assessments of its carbon footprint, which consider the entire food chain, remain limited. This study estimates the carbon footprint of the mussel food chain in Spain, focusing on its product forms—fresh, frozen, and canned— by reconstructing the mussel supply chain, integrating national production and trade data, and modelling its logistics across international, national, and intraprovincial transport. The relationship between fresh, frozen and processed mussel allows to articulate a consumption approach taking into consideration the interconnections between industrial processing, global supply chains and mussel production. Total GHG emissions reached 287.8 GgCO₂eq.yr-1, with the main contributions from aquaculture production (45 %), industrial processing (43 %), and transport (12 %). Emissions linked to domestic consumption are 190.1 GgCO₂eq.yr-1, representing 6.3 kgCO₂eq.kg-1 edible mussel meat, with pickled mussels representing the most impactful product (8.5 kgCO₂eq.kg-1 edible mussel meat), followed by mussels in brine (6.7 kgCO₂eq.kg-1 edible mussel meat), fresh mussels (4.1 kgCO₂eq.kg-1 edible mussel meat), and frozen mussels (3.6 kgCO₂eq.kg-1 edible mussel meat). Although Galicia accounts for 99 % of domestic mussel production, only 25 % of available fresh mussels are destined for direct domestic consumption. The remainder feeds industrial processing or is exported, revealing a structure highly dependent on international trade and interprovincial transport. Our findings show that processing and transport are key contributors, and that the most consumed forms present the highest carbon footprints. We highlight the need to promote more sustainable consumption patterns, enhance local consumption of lower-impact forms, and reconfigure industrial and trade strategies to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining the sector’s economic viability.
{"title":"The carbon footprint of the mussel food chain in Spain","authors":"Pablo Saralegui-Díez , Sebastián Villasante , Andrés Ospina-Álvarez , Montserrat Ramón , Joan Moranta","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global food system is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and there is increasing interest in identifying sustainable protein alternatives. Mussels are often promoted as an environmentally friendly source of seafood. However, comprehensive assessments of its carbon footprint, which consider the entire food chain, remain limited. This study estimates the carbon footprint of the mussel food chain in Spain, focusing on its product forms—fresh, frozen, and canned— by reconstructing the mussel supply chain, integrating national production and trade data, and modelling its logistics across international, national, and intraprovincial transport. The relationship between fresh, frozen and processed mussel allows to articulate a consumption approach taking into consideration the interconnections between industrial processing, global supply chains and mussel production. Total GHG emissions reached 287.8 GgCO₂eq.yr<sup>-1</sup>, with the main contributions from aquaculture production (45 %), industrial processing (43 %), and transport (12 %). Emissions linked to domestic consumption are 190.1 GgCO₂eq.yr<sup>-1</sup>, representing 6.3 kgCO₂eq.kg<sup>-1</sup> edible mussel meat, with pickled mussels representing the most impactful product (8.5 kgCO₂eq.kg<sup>-1</sup> edible mussel meat), followed by mussels in brine (6.7 kgCO₂eq.kg<sup>-1</sup> edible mussel meat), fresh mussels (4.1 kgCO₂eq.kg<sup>-1</sup> edible mussel meat), and frozen mussels (3.6 kgCO₂eq.kg<sup>-1</sup> edible mussel meat). Although Galicia accounts for 99 % of domestic mussel production, only 25 % of available fresh mussels are destined for direct domestic consumption. The remainder feeds industrial processing or is exported, revealing a structure highly dependent on international trade and interprovincial transport. Our findings show that processing and transport are key contributors, and that the most consumed forms present the highest carbon footprints. We highlight the need to promote more sustainable consumption patterns, enhance local consumption of lower-impact forms, and reconfigure industrial and trade strategies to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining the sector’s economic viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108742"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108744
Lanxin Zhang , Zongguo Wen , Xin Sun , Yihan Wang , Tingting Zhang
The global transition to electric vehicles (EV) is essential for decarbonization, yet it is increasingly challenged by a surge in trade restrictions. Existing studies lack a comprehensive impact assessment of EV trade restrictions. This study integrates multi-regional partial equilibrium model with emissions accounting method to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and welfare effects under various trade policy scenarios. Our analysis reveals that trade restrictions reduce global EV output values by 0.5 %-2.4 %, especially in export-dependent regions such as South Korea. While bilateral trade restrictions cause moderate global welfare losses (up to US$4.6 billion) and emission increases (up to 2.3 MtCO2e), global extension substantially exacerbates these impacts, leading to welfare loss of US$18.2 billion and emissions increase of 10.5 MtCO2e. In contrast, trade liberalization generates significant co-benefits, boosting global welfare by US$26.1 billion and reducing emissions by 31.3 MtCO2e. The results demonstrate that trade restrictions on EV harm both welfare and climate objectives. This study provides critical quantitative evidence for policymakers to integrate trade and climate strategies for a sustainable EV transition.
{"title":"Revealing the impact of electric vehicles trade restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions and welfare","authors":"Lanxin Zhang , Zongguo Wen , Xin Sun , Yihan Wang , Tingting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global transition to electric vehicles (EV) is essential for decarbonization, yet it is increasingly challenged by a surge in trade restrictions. Existing studies lack a comprehensive impact assessment of EV trade restrictions. This study integrates multi-regional partial equilibrium model with emissions accounting method to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and welfare effects under various trade policy scenarios. Our analysis reveals that trade restrictions reduce global EV output values by 0.5 %-2.4 %, especially in export-dependent regions such as South Korea. While bilateral trade restrictions cause moderate global welfare losses (up to US$4.6 billion) and emission increases (up to 2.3 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e), global extension substantially exacerbates these impacts, leading to welfare loss of US$18.2 billion and emissions increase of 10.5 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e. In contrast, trade liberalization generates significant co-benefits, boosting global welfare by US$26.1 billion and reducing emissions by 31.3 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e. The results demonstrate that trade restrictions on EV harm both welfare and climate objectives. This study provides critical quantitative evidence for policymakers to integrate trade and climate strategies for a sustainable EV transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108744"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108738
Sen Liang , Ke Wang , Wensheng Duan , Yanhan Ma
China is the world’s largest methane (CH4) emitter, with rice cultivation a major source. This study develops a city-level, production-based CH4 inventory for rice cultivation from 2018 to 2022. Emissions are decomposed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) into efficiency index (EI), industrial structure (IS), economic level (EL), and labor force (LF), and future trends are projected via the STIRPAT model under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Annual CH₄ emissions ranged from 6.83 to 7.23 Mt, concentrated in northeastern and central-southern China. Over 80 % originated from first-season rice. EI improvements curbed emissions, but rising EL remains a key growth driver. No SSP scenario achieves a national CH4 peak by 2030; under SSP2, emissions peak at 7.02 Mt. Single-season rice regions have already peaked, while mixed cultivation zones will become the primary mitigation focus. This work offers spatially detailed insights to support CH4 reduction and advance China's "carbon peaking" goals.
{"title":"Long-term changes in city-level CH4 emissions from rice cultivation in China: Patterns, drivers, projections, and sustainable pathways","authors":"Sen Liang , Ke Wang , Wensheng Duan , Yanhan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China is the world’s largest methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emitter, with rice cultivation a major source. This study develops a city-level, production-based CH<sub>4</sub> inventory for rice cultivation from 2018 to 2022. Emissions are decomposed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) into efficiency index (EI), industrial structure (IS), economic level (EL), and labor force (LF), and future trends are projected via the STIRPAT model under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Annual CH₄ emissions ranged from 6.83 to 7.23 Mt, concentrated in northeastern and central-southern China. Over 80 % originated from first-season rice. EI improvements curbed emissions, but rising EL remains a key growth driver. No SSP scenario achieves a national CH<sub>4</sub> peak by 2030; under SSP2, emissions peak at 7.02 Mt. Single-season rice regions have already peaked, while mixed cultivation zones will become the primary mitigation focus. This work offers spatially detailed insights to support CH<sub>4</sub> reduction and advance China's \"carbon peaking\" goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108738"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108714
Jingye Yang , Chuanglin Fang , Lifang Zhang , Yulu Yang
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Carbon sink potential and contributions to dual carbon goals of the grain for green program in the arid regions of Northwest China” [Resources, Conservation & Recycling 220 (2025) 108355/j.resconrec.2025.108355]","authors":"Jingye Yang , Chuanglin Fang , Lifang Zhang , Yulu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108714"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108740
Yao Yu , Xiao Yang
Spent LiFePO4 (LFP) battery black mass (SLFPB) recycling is important and faces significant challenges due to complex composition. This work presents a novel molten CaCl2-based leaching-electrolysis method for comprehensive valuable component recovery. This process yields recovery percentages exceeding 95 % for Fe, Cu, and P, 87 % for graphite, and 70 % for Al, while enriching Li in the melt. The molten salt shows potential for cyclic operation. Mechanistically, LiFePO4 and FePO4 in SLFPB react with molten CaCl2 to form metal chlorides, Ca5(PO4)3Cl, and Ca2PO4Cl intermediates, which subsequently dissociate into soluble ions. Most Fe escapes as FeCl2 vapor. Graphite, due to its lower density, floats to the melt surface. The distinct thermodynamic properties of Fe2+, Cu+, and PO43– allow their separation and recovery as metals and P4 through two-step electrolysis. Differences in leaching and volatilization rates leads to the accumulation of Li. This approach provides a simple pathway for comprehensive SLFPB recycling.
{"title":"Molten salt-mediated separation and recovery of valuable elements from spent LiFePO4 black mass","authors":"Yao Yu , Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spent LiFePO<sub>4</sub> (LFP) battery black mass (SLFPB) recycling is important and faces significant challenges due to complex composition. This work presents a novel molten CaCl<sub>2</sub>-based leaching-electrolysis method for comprehensive valuable component recovery. This process yields recovery percentages exceeding 95 % for Fe, Cu, and P, 87 % for graphite, and 70 % for Al, while enriching Li in the melt. The molten salt shows potential for cyclic operation. Mechanistically, LiFePO<sub>4</sub> and FePO<sub>4</sub> in SLFPB react with molten CaCl<sub>2</sub> to form metal chlorides, Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Cl, and Ca<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>Cl intermediates, which subsequently dissociate into soluble ions. Most Fe escapes as FeCl<sub>2</sub> vapor. Graphite, due to its lower density, floats to the melt surface. The distinct thermodynamic properties of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>+</sup>, and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup> allow their separation and recovery as metals and P<sub>4</sub> through two-step electrolysis. Differences in leaching and volatilization rates leads to the accumulation of Li. This approach provides a simple pathway for comprehensive SLFPB recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108740"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108736
Wenhui Zhao , Rina Su , Pengyu Zou , Yiming Li , Bo Yang , Bin Zhang
Demand-side emission reduction is crucial yet often overlooked due to fragmented policies lacking balance between equity and efficiency. This study proposes a data-driven behavioral nudging framework based on the Equitable Electricity Efficiency (EEE) index, which quantifies household saving potential under social and environmental constraints while preserving welfare. EEE is estimated through a multi-method pipeline combining Meta-Frontier Analysis, ANN-DEA, SFA (Battese-Coelli, 1988), and Three-Stage DEA, identifying inefficiencies, distortions, and fairness-adjusted gaps. Analysis of large-scale Chinese household electricity data shows an average EEE of 70 %, implying a recoverable potential of 26.5 %–31.5 %, equal to 72.12 billion kWh and 5.66 million tons of CO₂ annually. Results reveal nonlinear patterns: middle-income, moderately aware households have the highest untapped efficiency; affluent users respond less; disadvantaged groups face structural barriers. Embedding fairness into nudges offers a scalable, interpretable, and inclusive path for equity-aware demand-side management and just energy transition.
{"title":"Achieving painless energy conservation via equity-oriented efficiency nudge: evidence from electricity consumption in China","authors":"Wenhui Zhao , Rina Su , Pengyu Zou , Yiming Li , Bo Yang , Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Demand-side emission reduction is crucial yet often overlooked due to fragmented policies lacking balance between equity and efficiency. This study proposes a data-driven behavioral nudging framework based on the Equitable Electricity Efficiency (EEE) index, which quantifies household saving potential under social and environmental constraints while preserving welfare. EEE is estimated through a multi-method pipeline combining Meta-Frontier Analysis, ANN-DEA, SFA (Battese-Coelli, 1988), and Three-Stage DEA, identifying inefficiencies, distortions, and fairness-adjusted gaps. Analysis of large-scale Chinese household electricity data shows an average EEE of 70 %, implying a recoverable potential of 26.5 %–31.5 %, equal to 72.12 billion kWh and 5.66 million tons of CO₂ annually. Results reveal nonlinear patterns: middle-income, moderately aware households have the highest untapped efficiency; affluent users respond less; disadvantaged groups face structural barriers. Embedding fairness into nudges offers a scalable, interpretable, and inclusive path for equity-aware demand-side management and just energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108736"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108730
Cole Van Emburg , Hao Chen , Srikanth Pilla , Gang Li , Michael Carbajales-Dale
Injection molding dominates global thermoplastic production, making its energy performance critical to sustainability assessments. Specific energy consumption (SEC, kWh/kg) is a key metric for comparing manufacturing efficiency and is widely used in decision-support tools such as life cycle assessment (LCA). However, for injection molding, SEC is often represented by a single generic value, with limited consideration of variability across material types, process parameters, and system configurations, potentially compromising the robustness of LCA results. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of 160 energy-use data points from 15 peer-reviewed studies, spanning 20 material types and three machine types. We find a mean SEC of 3.13 kWh/kg, which is 2 to 2.5 times higher than default values in commonly used databases, and observe that acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) exhibits a distinct high-SEC cluster. A mixed-effects meta-regression further identifies material theoretical heat energy, machine type, and injection utilization as the primary drivers of variability, collectively explaining 74.2 % of the observed variance. Selecting polymers with low theoretical heat energy and maximizing injection utilization can reduce SEC by up to 50 % across machine types. This study provides a data-driven model to improve LCA accuracy and guide energy-efficiency strategies in sustainable materials manufacturing.
{"title":"Quantifying energy consumption variability in injection molding: A meta-regression analysis","authors":"Cole Van Emburg , Hao Chen , Srikanth Pilla , Gang Li , Michael Carbajales-Dale","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injection molding dominates global thermoplastic production, making its energy performance critical to sustainability assessments. Specific energy consumption (SEC, kWh/kg) is a key metric for comparing manufacturing efficiency and is widely used in decision-support tools such as life cycle assessment (LCA). However, for injection molding, SEC is often represented by a single generic value, with limited consideration of variability across material types, process parameters, and system configurations, potentially compromising the robustness of LCA results. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of 160 energy-use data points from 15 peer-reviewed studies, spanning 20 material types and three machine types. We find a mean SEC of 3.13 kWh/kg, which is 2 to 2.5 times higher than default values in commonly used databases, and observe that acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) exhibits a distinct high-SEC cluster. A mixed-effects meta-regression further identifies material theoretical heat energy, machine type, and injection utilization as the primary drivers of variability, collectively explaining 74.2 % of the observed variance. Selecting polymers with low theoretical heat energy and maximizing injection utilization can reduce SEC by up to 50 % across machine types. This study provides a data-driven model to improve LCA accuracy and guide energy-efficiency strategies in sustainable materials manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 108730"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108737
Binbin Liu , Peng Yang , Hao Zhou , Lanfeng Li , Jing Ai , Hang He , Junxia Yu , Weijun Zhang
Synergistic advantages between organic solid wastes may facilitate a strategy shift from mono-management to co-management, while the implementation of these transformations should be considered in terms of its environmental and economic performance. This study utilized life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis to quantitatively assess the co-management and mono-management strategies for the incineration of sewage sludge (SS) and municipal solid waste, composting of SS and pig manure, and anaerobic digestion (AD) of SS and food waste. The results showed that co-incineration resulted in a 7.67% decrease in feasibility, whereas co-composting and co-AD demonstrated increases of 76.50% and 21.36%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that global warming potential was positively correlated with SS addition in co-incineration and co-AD, but negatively in co-composting. This study recommends adopting co-management methods tailored to local conditions and optimizing waste composition to guide future policy towards more sustainable and safer waste management.
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