Reviews of Modern Physics最新文献

英文中文

Erratum: Hadronic molecules [Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 015004 (2018)] 订正:强子分子[j] .现代物理学报，90,015004(2018)。

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901

F. Guo, C. Hanhart, U. Meissner, Qian Wang, Qiang Zhao, B. Zou

引用次数: 0

Colloquium: Cavity-enhanced quantum network nodes 专题讨论会:腔增强量子网络节点

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003

A. Reiserer

A future quantum network will consist of quantum processors that are connected by quantum channels, just like conventional computers are wired up to form the Internet. In contrast to classical devices, however, the entanglement and non-local correlations available in a quantum-controlled system facilitate novel fundamental tests of quantum theory. In addition, they enable numerous applications in distributed quantum infor- mation processing, quantum communication, and precision measurement. While pioneering experiments have demonstrated the entanglement of two quantum nodes separated by up to 1 . 3km, and three nodes in the same laboratory, accessing the full potential of quantum networks requires scaling of these prototypes to many more nodes and global distances. This is an outstanding challenge, posing high demands on qubit control ﬁdelity, qubit coherence time, and coupling eﬃciency between stationary and ﬂying qubits. In this work, I will describe how optical resonators facilitate quantum network nodes that achieve the above-mentioned prerequisites in diﬀerent physical systems — trapped atoms, defect centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors, and rare-earth dopants — by en- abling high-ﬁdelity qubit initialization and readout, eﬃcient generation of qubit-photon and remote qubit-qubit entanglement, as well as quantum gates between stationary and ﬂying qubits. These advances open a realistic perspective towards the implementation of global-scale quantum networks in the near future.

未来的量子网络将由通过量子通道连接的量子处理器组成，就像传统计算机连接起来形成互联网一样。然而，与经典器件相比，量子控制系统中可用的纠缠和非局域关联有助于量子理论的新的基础测试。此外，它们在分布式量子信息处理、量子通信和精确测量方面有着广泛的应用。而开创性的实验已经证明了两个量子节点的纠缠，它们相隔1。3公里，在同一个实验室中有三个节点，要想充分发挥量子网络的潜力，需要将这些原型扩展到更多的节点和全球距离。这是一个突出的挑战，对量子位控制精度、量子位相干时间以及静止量子位和流动量子位之间的耦合效率提出了很高的要求。在这项工作中，我将描述光学谐振器如何通过实现高效量子位初始化和读出、有效生成量子位光子和远程量子位量子纠缠，促进量子网络节点在不同的物理系统中实现上述先决条件——捕获原子、宽带隙半导体中的缺陷中心和稀土掺杂剂，以及静止量子位和流动量子位之间的量子门。这些进展为在不久的将来实现全球规模的量子网络开辟了现实的前景。

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引用次数: 4

Spoof surface plasmon photonics Spoof表面等离子体光子学

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-05-20 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025004

F. García-Vidal, A. Fernández-Domínguez, L. Martín-Moreno, Hao Chi Zhang, W. Tang, Ruwen Peng, T. Cui

引用次数: 19

Synchronous gallbladder metastasis originating from residual gastric cancer: a case report and the review of literature. 源自残余胃癌的同步胆囊转移：病例报告和文献综述。

IF 0.7 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-05-07 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01442-5

Ami Kawamoto, Koichi Kimura, Kosuke Hirose, Takuma Izumi, Daisuke Taniguchi, Hiroko Yano, Yuichiro Kajiwara, Ryosuke Minagawa, Kazuhito Minami, Yumi Oshiro, Takashi Nishizaki

Background: Gastric cancer rarely metastasizes to the gallbladder. Furthermore, there has never been a case report of simultaneous gallbladder metastasis from residual gastric cancer. Here, we report a case of synchronous gallbladder metastasis originating from a residual gastric cancer.

Case presentation: A 67-year-old man underwent a follow-up upper endoscopy 18 months after a partial gastrectomy for gastric cancer; an ulcerative lesion was found in the remnant stomach at the gastrojejunal anastomosis. A biopsy revealed gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). A full-body examination revealed no abnormalities other than gallstones in the gallbladder. With a diagnosis of residual gastric cancer (cT2N0M0 cStage I), the patient underwent open total gastrectomy and cholecystectomy. Macroscopic findings of the resected specimen revealed thickening of the gallbladder wall; however, no obvious neoplastic lesions were found on the mucosal surface of the gallbladder. The pathological findings showed that the SRCC had invaded the submucosa of the gastrojejunostomy site with a high degree of lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastases. SRCCs were also found in the lymphatic vessels of the gallbladder wall. These findings suggested the possibility of gallbladder metastasis through lymphatic vessels. The patient and his family members refused postoperative chemotherapy. Ten months after the operation, the patient experienced respiratory failure due to lymphangitis carcinomatosa and died.

Conclusions: At present, it is difficult to determine whether resection of the gallbladder contributes to an improved prognosis of gastric cancer patients. However, reports in such cases demonstrate that gallbladder metastasis could be a poor predictor of prognosis for gastric cancer.

背景：胃癌很少转移到胆囊：胃癌很少转移到胆囊。此外，还从未有过残余胃癌同时转移至胆囊的病例报告。在此，我们报告了一例残留胃癌同步转移至胆囊的病例：一名 67 岁的男性在胃癌部分切除术后 18 个月接受了上内镜随访；在胃空肠吻合处的残胃中发现了溃疡性病变。活检显示为胃标志环细胞癌（SRCC）。全身检查显示，除了胆囊内的胆结石外，没有其他异常。患者被诊断为残留胃癌（cT2N0M0 cstage I），接受了开腹全胃切除术和胆囊切除术。切除标本的宏观检查结果显示胆囊壁增厚，但胆囊粘膜表面未发现明显的肿瘤病变。病理结果显示，SRCC 已经侵犯到胃空肠部位的黏膜下层，并伴有高度淋巴侵犯和淋巴结转移。胆囊壁的淋巴管中也发现了 SRCC。这些发现表明胆囊有可能通过淋巴管转移。患者及其家人拒绝接受术后化疗。术后 10 个月，患者因淋巴管癌变而出现呼吸衰竭，最终不治身亡：目前，还很难确定切除胆囊是否有助于改善胃癌患者的预后。然而，此类病例的报告表明，胆囊转移可能是胃癌预后的一个不良预测因素。

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引用次数: 0

Coupling of mechanical deformation and electromagnetic fields in biological cells 生物细胞中机械变形与电磁场的耦合

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-05-06 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025003

M. Torbati, Kosar Mozaffari, Liping Liu, P. Sharma

引用次数: 17

Interfacial thermal resistance: Past, present, and future 界面热阻：过去、现在和未来

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025002

Jie Chen, Xiangfan Xu, Jun Zhou, Baowen Li

引用次数: 75

25-Hydroxy vitamin D level is associated with mean platelet volume in patients with acute coronary syndrome. 25-羟基维生素 D 水平与急性冠状动脉综合征患者的平均血小板体积有关。

1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-18 DOI: 10.2174/1871529X22666220418111905

Behzad Hajimoradi, Behnaz Hosseini, Toktam Alirezaei, Fatemeh Pourmotahari

Background and aims: A better identification of the role of vitamin D in the thrombotic process of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) will help increase the therapeutic options for this important clinical condition. There is little published evidence that 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels can associate with platelet function and risk of thrombosis.

Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted on 200 patients with a diagnosis of ACS, including patients with unstable angina (UA), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In addition to demographics and angiographic data, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and MPV were recorded in all patients.

Results: The types of ACS were STEMI (35%), NSTEMI (25%), and UA (40%). The concentrations of 25(OH)D in patients with UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI were 23.53 ± 13.26, 19.25 ± 8.09 and 14.60 ± 8.24 ng/mL respectively (P < 0.001), and the values of MPV were 9.83 ± 1.35, 10.30 ± 1.21, and 11.56 ± 1.38 fL, respectively (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D and MPV (R = -0.320, P < 0.0001). ROC analysis illustrated a moderate predictive value (AUC 0.706; 95% CI, 0.63-0.72) in identifying the discrimination threshold of MPV (≥ 9.90 fL) for vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL).

Conclusion: The current study shows an inverse association between MPV and vitamin D levels in ACS patients, especially in the subgroup of STEMI. These findings propose the effect of vitamin D on platelet size and function, suggesting its role in thrombosis and hemostasis, which might explain the link between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases.

背景和目的：更好地确定维生素 D 在急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）血栓形成过程中的作用将有助于增加这一重要临床病症的治疗选择。目前几乎没有公开发表的证据表明，25-羟基维生素 D（25(OH)D）血清水平与血小板功能和血栓形成风险有关：这项前瞻性研究的对象是 200 名确诊为 ACS 的患者，包括不稳定型心绞痛（UA）、非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）和 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者。除人口统计学和血管造影数据外，还记录了所有患者血清中 25(OH)D 和 MPV 的浓度：ACS的类型为STEMI（35%）、NSTEMI（25%）和UA（40%）。UA、NSTEMI和STEMI患者的25（OH）D浓度分别为（23.53±13.26）、（19.25±8.09）和（14.60±8.24）纳克/毫升（P＜0.001），MPV值分别为（9.83±1.35）、（10.30±1.21）和（11.56±1.38）fL（P＜0.001）。25(OH)D 和 MPV 之间呈负相关（R = -0.320，P <0.0001）。ROC 分析表明，MPV（≥ 9.90 fL）在确定维生素 D 缺乏的鉴别阈值方面具有中等预测价值（AUC 0.706；95% CI，0.63-0.72）：目前的研究显示，ACS 患者的 MPV 与维生素 D 水平呈反向关系，尤其是在 STEMI 亚组中。这些发现提出了维生素 D 对血小板大小和功能的影响，表明其在血栓形成和止血中的作用，这可能解释了维生素 D 缺乏与心血管疾病之间的联系。

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引用次数: 0

Room Temperature Superconductivity: the Roles of Theory and Materials Design 室温超导:理论与材料设计的作用

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.021001

W. Pickett

For half a century after the discovery of superconductivity, materials exploration for better superconductors proceeded without knowledge of the underlying mechanism. The 1957 BCS theory cleared that up: the superconducting state occurs due to pairing of electrons over the Fermi surface. Over the following half century higher critical temperature T$_c$ was achieved only serendipitously as new materials were synthesized. Meanwhile the formal theory of phonon-coupled superconductivity at the material-dependent level became highly developed: given a known compound, its value of T$_c$, the superconducting gap function, and several other properties of the superconducting state became available independent of further experimental input. More recently, density functional theory based computational materials design has progressed to a predictive level -- new materials can be predicted on the basis of various numerical algorithms. Taken together, these capabilities enable theoretical prediction of new superconductors. Here the process that resulted in three new highest temperature superconductors, predicted numerically, confirmed experimentally -- SH$_3$, LaH$_{10}$, and YH$_9$ -- is recounted. These hydrides have T$_c$ in the 200-280K range at megabar pressures, and here the development will be chronicled. Current activities and challenges are discussed, together with Regularities in compressed hydrides that can guide further exploration.

在超导性发现后的半个世纪里，人们一直在探索更好的超导体材料，却不知道其潜在的机制。1957年的BCS理论澄清了这一点:超导状态是由于费米表面上的电子配对而发生的。在接下来的半个世纪里，随着新材料的合成，更高的临界温度T$_c$只是偶然实现的。与此同时，声子耦合超导的形式理论在材料依赖的水平上得到了高度发展:给定一个已知的化合物，它的T$_c$值、超导间隙函数和超导态的其他几个性质都是独立于进一步的实验输入的。最近，基于密度泛函理论的计算材料设计已经发展到预测水平——可以在各种数值算法的基础上预测新材料。综合起来，这些能力使新的超导体的理论预测成为可能。本文叙述了三种新的高温超导体——SH$_3$、LaH$_{10}$和YH$_9$——的产生过程，并对它们进行了数值预测和实验证实。在兆巴压力下，这些氢化物在200-280K范围内具有T$_c$，这里将记录其发展。讨论了当前的活动和挑战，以及压缩氢化物的规律，可以指导进一步的探索。

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引用次数: 14

Parameter estimation with gravitational waves 引力波参数估计

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-08 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025001

N. Christensen, R. Meyer

The new era of gravitational wave astronomy truly began on September 14, 2015 with the detection of GW150914, the sensational first direct observation of gravitational waves from the inspiral and merger of two black holes by the two Advanced LIGO detectors. In the subsequent first three observing runs of the LIGO/Virgo network, gravitational waves from $sim 50$ compact binary mergers have been announced, with more results to come. The events have mostly been produced by binary black holes, but two binary neutron star mergers have so far been observed, as well as the mergers of two neutron star - black hole systems. Furthermore, gravitational waves emitted by core-collapse supernovae, pulsars and the stochastic gravitational wave background are within the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA sensitivity band and are likely to be observed in future observation runs. Beyond signal detection, a major challenge has been the development of statistical and computational methodology for estimating the physical waveform parameters and quantifying their uncertainties in order to accurately characterise the emitting system. These methods depend on the sources of the gravitational waves and the gravitational waveform model that is used. This article reviews the main waveform models and parameter estimation methods used to extract physical parameters from gravitational wave signals detected to date by LIGO and Virgo and from those expected to be observed in the future, which will include KAGRA, and how these methods interface with various aspects of LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA science. Also presented are the statistical methods used by LIGO and Virgo to estimate detector noise, test general relativity, and draw conclusions about the rates of compact binary mergers in the universe. Furthermore, a summary of major publicly available gravitational wave parameter estimation software packages is given.

引力波天文学的新时代真正开始于2015年9月14日，GW150914的探测，这是两个先进的LIGO探测器首次直接观测到来自两个黑洞的吸气和合并的引力波。在随后的LIGO/Virgo网络的前三次观测中，已经宣布了来自$sim 50$紧凑双星合并的引力波，还有更多的结果。这些事件大多是由双星黑洞产生的，但迄今为止已经观察到两个双星中子星合并，以及两个中子星-黑洞系统的合并。此外，核心坍塌超新星、脉冲星和随机引力波背景发射的引力波在LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA敏感带内，很可能在未来的观测中被观测到。除了信号检测之外，一个主要的挑战是开发统计和计算方法，用于估计物理波形参数并量化其不确定性，以便准确地表征发射系统。这些方法取决于引力波的来源和所使用的引力波形模型。本文回顾了从迄今为止由LIGO和Virgo探测到的引力波信号中提取物理参数的主要波形模型和参数估计方法，以及从未来预计观测到的信号中提取的物理参数，包括KAGRA，以及这些方法如何与LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA科学的各个方面相结合。还介绍了LIGO和Virgo用于估计探测器噪声、测试广义相对论以及得出宇宙中致密双星合并率的结论的统计方法。此外，还对主要公开的引力波参数估计软件包进行了总结。

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引用次数: 20

Colloquium: Hydrodynamics and holography of charge density wave phases 学术讨论会：电荷密度波相位的流体力学和全息术

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.011001

M. Baggioli, Blaise Gout'eraux

In this Colloquium, we review recent progress in the effective description of strongly-correlated phases of matter with spontaneously broken translations, such as charge density waves or Wigner crystals. In real materials, disorder is inevitable and pins the Goldstones of broken translations. We describe how pinning can be incorporated in the effective field theory at low energies, without making any assumption on the presence of boost symmetry. We review the essential role played by gauge-gravity duality models in establishing these effective field theories with only approximate symmetries. We close with a discussion on the relevance of these models for the phenomenology of dc and ac transport in strongly-correlated strange and bad metals, such as high temperature superconductors.

在这次研讨会上，我们回顾了最近在有效描述具有自发破缺平移的强相关物质相方面的进展，如电荷密度波或维格纳晶体。在真实的材料中，无序是不可避免的，并且固定了破碎翻译的金石。我们描述了如何在不假设升压对称存在的情况下，在低能量下将钉钉纳入有效场论。我们回顾了规范-重力对偶模型在建立这些仅近似对称的有效场论中所起的重要作用。我们最后讨论了这些模型与强相关的奇怪和坏金属(如高温超导体)中直流和交流输运现象学的相关性。

引用次数: 24

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