Luca Rossignoli, Sara Favargiotti, Alessandra Marzadri
In the last decades, rapid urban development led to the birth of informal working-class neighbourhoods. This phenomenon refers particularly to big cities of the developing world, where the slum’s expansion is uncontrolled and has caused a lack of basic services, drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities, generating open sewers, pollution and landslides due to runoff. The present research, focused on the Chacarita district of Asunción (Paraguay), proposes a multiscalar strategy to manage the water resource, address environmental risk and urban and landscape redevelopment. The study proposes the regeneration of public spaces in one of the sectors that compose the Chacarita Alta neighborhood. The proposed design strategies aim at enhancing its natural and urban heritage through punctual interventions on water involving its collection, purification and reuse. Results underline the potential of the designed prototypes in improving the living conditions of the Chacarita residents.
在过去的几十年里,城市的快速发展导致了非正规工人阶级社区的诞生。这种现象尤其发生在发展中国家的大城市,贫民窟的扩张不受控制,导致基本服务、饮用水和适当的卫生设施缺乏,产生露天下水道、污染和径流导致的山体滑坡。本研究以亚松森(巴拉圭)的查卡里塔区为重点,提出了水资源管理、应对环境风险以及城市和景观再开发的多领域战略。该研究建议对构成 Chacarita Alta 社区的其中一个区域的公共空间进行改造。所提出的设计策略旨在通过对水的收集、净化和再利用进行及时干预,加强其自然和城市遗产。设计结果凸显了设计原型在改善查卡里塔居民生活条件方面的潜力。
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This issue of Ri-Vista reflects on the inseparable link between forms of water and landscapes and on the meanings that this relation assumes in the design, both when it is explicit or implicit. It investigates the paradoxes of water and analyses the different attitudes, both on conceptual and technical levels. Moving from the different interpretative points of view hosted in this issue, we have chosen to present in this editorial two interrelated and complementary reflections about the opposite effects generated by increasingly recurrent climatic phenomena. The different contributions present a dialectic of opposites, often insufficiently investigated and sometimes inevitably ambiguous, which involves a continuous change of perspective in the reader. Following this "fluid" path, we met floods and storms as much as the drying up of the countryside and growing droughts. But these are the paradoxes of water and we think that today landscape design expresses entirely this duality. With this issue of Ri-Vista we collected experiences, projects and reflections that illustrate the propulsive role of water in the construction of contemporaneity. It is divided into 4 sections called: Narratives; Water territories, identity and contexts; Landscapes for water; Waters for living. They present the different strategies we can use in the management of water and how they become central, even when these are complementary to the different project aims.
{"title":"Paradossi dell’acqua. Un dialogo tra opposti","authors":"Fabio Di Carlo, C. Peraboni","doi":"10.36253/rv-15360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-15360","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of Ri-Vista reflects on the inseparable link between forms of water and landscapes and on the meanings that this relation assumes in the design, both when it is explicit or implicit. It investigates the paradoxes of water and analyses the different attitudes, both on conceptual and technical levels. Moving from the different interpretative points of view hosted in this issue, we have chosen to present in this editorial two interrelated and complementary reflections about the opposite effects generated by increasingly recurrent climatic phenomena. The different contributions present a dialectic of opposites, often insufficiently investigated and sometimes inevitably ambiguous, which involves a continuous change of perspective in the reader. Following this \"fluid\" path, we met floods and storms as much as the drying up of the countryside and growing droughts. But these are the paradoxes of water and we think that today landscape design expresses entirely this duality. With this issue of Ri-Vista we collected experiences, projects and reflections that illustrate the propulsive role of water in the construction of contemporaneity. It is divided into 4 sections called: Narratives; Water territories, identity and contexts; Landscapes for water; Waters for living. They present the different strategies we can use in the management of water and how they become central, even when these are complementary to the different project aims.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sezione NEWS (senza abstract) Recensione / Informazione sul libro: Stremke S., Oudes D., Picchi P., (eds) 2022, Power of landscape. Novel narratives to engage with the energy transition, nai010 publishers, Rotterdam
Sezione NEWS (senza abstract) Recensione / Informazione sul libro: Stremke S., Oudes D., Picchi P., (eds) 2022, Power of landscape.参与能源转型的新颖叙事,nai010 出版社,鹿特丹
{"title":"Esprimere le energie dei paesaggi","authors":"G. Paolinelli","doi":"10.36253/rv-14867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-14867","url":null,"abstract":"Sezione NEWS (senza abstract) \u0000Recensione / Informazione sul libro: \u0000Stremke S., Oudes D., Picchi P., (eds) 2022, Power of landscape. Novel narratives to engage with the energy transition, nai010 publishers, Rotterdam","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"82 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La recente scomparsa di Franco Zagari ci ha trovato impreparati e inevitabilmente senza parole: una perdita che al momento richiede silenzio e riflessione. Troveremo difatti tempi e modi appropriati per raccontare di lui, del suo lavoro e della sua passione per l’architettura del paesaggio. Ma Franco Zagari era anche molto vicino alla nostra Ri-Vista, così come possiamo vedere nel suo articolo Segregazione. Roma ai tempi della pandemia pubblicato sul numero dedicato al Covid, e abbiamo pensato che un modo attivo per salutarlo fosse quello di pubblicare qui uno dei suoi ultimi scritti, che la famiglia gentilmente ci ha trasmesso. Lo scritto è databile dicembre 2022 ed è stato letto da Igor Horvat in occasione del commiato presso la Facoltà di Architettura di Sapienza.
{"title":"Se tutto ciò ha un senso","authors":"Fabio Di Carlo, F. Zagari","doi":"10.36253/rv-15381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-15381","url":null,"abstract":"La recente scomparsa di Franco Zagari ci ha trovato impreparati e inevitabilmente senza parole: una perdita che al momento richiede silenzio e riflessione. Troveremo difatti tempi e modi appropriati per raccontare di lui, del suo lavoro e della sua passione per l’architettura del paesaggio. \u0000Ma Franco Zagari era anche molto vicino alla nostra Ri-Vista, così come possiamo vedere nel suo articolo Segregazione. Roma ai tempi della pandemia pubblicato sul numero dedicato al Covid, e abbiamo pensato che un modo attivo per salutarlo fosse quello di pubblicare qui uno dei suoi ultimi scritti, che la famiglia gentilmente ci ha trasmesso. \u0000Lo scritto è databile dicembre 2022 ed è stato letto da Igor Horvat in occasione del commiato presso la Facoltà di Architettura di Sapienza.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I paesaggi delle bonifiche sono espressione di una seconda natura, sono territori generati artificialmente mediante opere di colmata e di drenaggio, sottratti all’acqua per essere coltivati e abitati. La bonifica in Italia è un processo plurisecolare fondato su esperienze consolidate, attuazione di un programma che utilizza tecniche appropriate, adeguate alla specificità dei contesti locali. Essa comporta modifiche profonde non solo degli equilibri idraulici e degli assetti territoriali ma anche delle forme stesse degli insediamenti umani e delle convivenze sociali. Le indagini condotte sui territori antropizzati hanno reso evidente la stretta relazione tra bonifica e urbanizzazione. Molti insediamenti urbani, e tra questi quelli di recente formazione, sono sorti su territori bonificati invasi da una città pulviscolare. La vallata del Tronto è assunta come caso studio per la comprensione degli effetti della bonifica e della urbanizzazione all’interno di un bacino fluviale. Qui, come altrove, l’urbanizzazione non ha operato in un quadro di complementarità con la realtà rurale ma l’ha rapidamente soppiantata determinando tra l’altro la rottura del legame tra bonifica e difesa del suolo.
{"title":"Paesaggi delle bonifiche. Formazione e trasformazione del bacino fluviale del Tronto","authors":"L. Coccia","doi":"10.36253/rv-14122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-14122","url":null,"abstract":"I paesaggi delle bonifiche sono espressione di una seconda natura, sono territori generati artificialmente mediante opere di colmata e di drenaggio, sottratti all’acqua per essere coltivati e abitati. La bonifica in Italia è un processo plurisecolare fondato su esperienze consolidate, attuazione di un programma che utilizza tecniche appropriate, adeguate alla specificità dei contesti locali. Essa comporta modifiche profonde non solo degli equilibri idraulici e degli assetti territoriali ma anche delle forme stesse degli insediamenti umani e delle convivenze sociali. Le indagini condotte sui territori antropizzati hanno reso evidente la stretta relazione tra bonifica e urbanizzazione. Molti insediamenti urbani, e tra questi quelli di recente formazione, sono sorti su territori bonificati invasi da una città pulviscolare. La vallata del Tronto è assunta come caso studio per la comprensione degli effetti della bonifica e della urbanizzazione all’interno di un bacino fluviale. Qui, come altrove, l’urbanizzazione non ha operato in un quadro di complementarità con la realtà rurale ma l’ha rapidamente soppiantata determinando tra l’altro la rottura del legame tra bonifica e difesa del suolo.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"29 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138974643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The impact of climate change on agriculture and the future rural landscape is strictly related to the need to improve resilience to water stress. In this context, the main problems are the increase in droughts and the intensification of rainfall events. The objective of the research project, car-ried out in the territory of the Reclamation Consortium of Ferrara, is to manage them through a consistent selection of less productive agricultural areas and their transformation into new habitats capable of storing water and releasing it during drought periods. To identify the project are-as, a method was developed based on the analysis of soil productivity through the processing of satellite images. The proposed system, capable of meeting up to 38-80% of water needs by 2040, is both a tool to support current adaptation policies and a long-term vision towards new spatial configurations of the rural landscape.
{"title":"Landscapes of drought. Future scenarios between agriculture and land aptitudes","authors":"G. Lobosco, Lorenzo Tinti, Beatrice Magagnoli","doi":"10.36253/rv-14112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-14112","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of climate change on agriculture and the future rural landscape is strictly related to the need to improve resilience to water stress. In this context, the main problems are the increase in droughts and the intensification of rainfall events. The objective of the research project, car-ried out in the territory of the Reclamation Consortium of Ferrara, is to manage them through a consistent selection of less productive agricultural areas and their transformation into new habitats capable of storing water and releasing it during drought periods. To identify the project are-as, a method was developed based on the analysis of soil productivity through the processing of satellite images. The proposed system, capable of meeting up to 38-80% of water needs by 2040, is both a tool to support current adaptation policies and a long-term vision towards new spatial configurations of the rural landscape.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"32 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138974792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Walafrid Strabo's Hortulus, a treaty on agriculture written in the 6th century AD, refers techniques and practices for drainage and irrigation of fields nowadays at the centre of discussion (Zoppi, 1995). The theme is particularly critical when compared with the invasiveness of many contemporary systems. The topic of water management represents a feature of human experience on earth since its appearance. It is also one of the most continuous – perhaps the most necessary – tools in landscape construction. While innovating over time, water techniques maintain codes, customs, even rituals, according to constant and apparently opposite principles of rationality and imageability. Reason and figure, utility and symbol, survival and myth lead the construction of the human settlement around water and this contribution tries to outline some of its features especially as regards the "immenso deposito di fatiche" (Cattaneo, 1868) constituted by Mediterranean agricultural landscape and its inhabiting forms. If, on the one hand, a complex and heterogeneous picture can emerge in the experiences described, on the other the essay tries to retrace a coherent path. Finally, this tries to provide a perspective that is still possible for a landscape society, the Mediterranean one, in which living and cultivating water do not belong only to a necessity but to a real and inescapable identity.
{"title":"Acqua da coltivare. Risorsa, strumento e rito dell’abitare il paesaggio mediterraneo","authors":"A. Dessì, F. Marras","doi":"10.36253/rv-14138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-14138","url":null,"abstract":"Walafrid Strabo's Hortulus, a treaty on agriculture written in the 6th century AD, refers techniques and practices for drainage and irrigation of fields nowadays at the centre of discussion (Zoppi, 1995). The theme is particularly critical when compared with the invasiveness of many contemporary systems. The topic of water management represents a feature of human experience on earth since its appearance. It is also one of the most continuous – perhaps the most necessary – tools in landscape construction. While innovating over time, water techniques maintain codes, customs, even rituals, according to constant and apparently opposite principles of rationality and imageability. Reason and figure, utility and symbol, survival and myth lead the construction of the human settlement around water and this contribution tries to outline some of its features especially as regards the \"immenso deposito di fatiche\" (Cattaneo, 1868) constituted by Mediterranean agricultural landscape and its inhabiting forms.\u0000If, on the one hand, a complex and heterogeneous picture can emerge in the experiences described, on the other the essay tries to retrace a coherent path. Finally, this tries to provide a perspective that is still possible for a landscape society, the Mediterranean one, in which living and cultivating water do not belong only to a necessity but to a real and inescapable identity.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138974980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is an essential element in landscape design. Dealing with it, with its presence or absence and knowing how to manage its different forms can guide to shape unique and significant places, but above all it is necessary in order to improve the ecological conditions in the area. Waterways, in particular, are among the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth, characterized by dynamic processes. The restoration of rivers and streams has proven itself an effective strategy for the recovery and redevelopment of environmental conditions in different context and at different scales of intervention. The regeneration of extensive riverine areas both in urban and peri-urban contexts can help to transform climate crisis issues into opportunities to integrate multiple benefits such as biodiversity, flood protection, public spaces, and sustainable mobility through the implementation of a series of fundamental strategies and design tools.
{"title":"The regeneration of watercourses within urbanized areas. Some considerations about relevance, strategies, and design tools","authors":"Paola Sabbion","doi":"10.36253/rv-14139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-14139","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an essential element in landscape design. Dealing with it, with its presence or absence and knowing how to manage its different forms can guide to shape unique and significant places, but above all it is necessary in order to improve the ecological conditions in the area. Waterways, in particular, are among the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth, characterized by dynamic processes. The restoration of rivers and streams has proven itself an effective strategy for the recovery and redevelopment of environmental conditions in different context and at different scales of intervention. The regeneration of extensive riverine areas both in urban and peri-urban contexts can help to transform climate crisis issues into opportunities to integrate multiple benefits such as biodiversity, flood protection, public spaces, and sustainable mobility through the implementation of a series of fundamental strategies and design tools.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water in its many forms has always fascinated designers for its ductility and ability to create innumerable landscapes, as variable as its own drops which, according to recent studies, are no longer as identical as we have thought up to now. Paraphrasing Susan and Geoffrey Jellicoe, this article “deals with the poetry of water in the making of landscape and architecture” (Jellicoe, 1971, p. 9). It is just to define that “poetry of water” that we reflect, obviously without the pretension of imitating the great masters, with particular attention to the urban context. We reflect on the changing and dynamic nature of river landscapes and its transversal pulsating depth which is of relationships with the urban texture; on the need of a network, imagined as two-colored (green and blue); on the importance to read the traces and reinterpreting them in a poetic key, making water emerge as an active component within the urban body. These are only some suggestions, such as notes in the designer’s notebook for a landscape-oriented project for the urban river landscapes.
水的多种形态一直吸引着设计师,因为它的延展性和创造无数景观的能力,就像它自己的水滴一样多变,根据最近的研究,它不再像我们迄今为止所认为的那样相同。套用Susan和Geoffrey Jellicoe的话,这篇文章“在景观和建筑的制作中处理水的诗歌”(Jellicoe, 1971, p. 9)。这只是为了定义我们所反映的“水的诗歌”,显然没有模仿大师的假装,特别注意城市文脉。我们反思河流景观的变化和动态性质及其与城市肌理的横向脉动深度;关于网络的需求,想象成双色(绿色和蓝色);关于阅读痕迹的重要性,并以诗意的方式重新诠释它们,使水成为城市主体中的一个活跃组成部分。这些只是一些建议,比如设计师笔记本上关于城市河流景观的景观导向项目的笔记。
{"title":"Per una ‘poesia dell’acqua’. Progettare paesaggi fluviali urbani","authors":"A. Valentini","doi":"10.36253/rv-14718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-14718","url":null,"abstract":"Water in its many forms has always fascinated designers for its ductility and ability to create innumerable landscapes, as variable as its own drops which, according to recent studies, are no longer as identical as we have thought up to now. Paraphrasing Susan and Geoffrey Jellicoe, this article “deals with the poetry of water in the making of landscape and architecture” (Jellicoe, 1971, p. 9). It is just to define that “poetry of water” that we reflect, obviously without the pretension of imitating the great masters, with particular attention to the urban context. We reflect on the changing and dynamic nature of river landscapes and its transversal pulsating depth which is of relationships with the urban texture; on the need of a network, imagined as two-colored (green and blue); on the importance to read the traces and reinterpreting them in a poetic key, making water emerge as an active component within the urban body. These are only some suggestions, such as notes in the designer’s notebook for a landscape-oriented project for the urban river landscapes.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86872982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Paolinelli, M. Cei, Nicoletta Cristiani, Ludovica Marinaro, F. Veronesi, C. Liverani
In a present deteriorated by the anthropocentric illusion of domination over Nature, imagining the change of a landscape in a perspective of coevolution is part of a broader contemporary movement of scientific and social culture. The conditions and dynamics of a plain area belonging to the Ombrone stream in Pistoia are emblematic as a case study for the criticalities and risks they present. It is intuitive that the transformation of the area into an urban park can be an effective antidote to its current inability to respond to contemporary needs, but how such a process can be initiated and sustained is a question with many significant variables. This article proposes some research results relating to the design of the plant change of places as a possible cornerstone of a process of generating the park understood as a co-evolutionary response based on the properties of the landscape to which it belongs.
{"title":"Cambiamento vegetale","authors":"G. Paolinelli, M. Cei, Nicoletta Cristiani, Ludovica Marinaro, F. Veronesi, C. Liverani","doi":"10.36253/rv-13305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/rv-13305","url":null,"abstract":"In a present deteriorated by the anthropocentric illusion of domination over Nature, imagining the change of a landscape in a perspective of coevolution is part of a broader contemporary movement of scientific and social culture. The conditions and dynamics of a plain area belonging to the Ombrone stream in Pistoia are emblematic as a case study for the criticalities and risks they present. It is intuitive that the transformation of the area into an urban park can be an effective antidote to its current inability to respond to contemporary needs, but how such a process can be initiated and sustained is a question with many significant variables. This article proposes some research results relating to the design of the plant change of places as a possible cornerstone of a process of generating the park understood as a co-evolutionary response based on the properties of the landscape to which it belongs.","PeriodicalId":21272,"journal":{"name":"Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77597945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}