Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666389
Robin Andrew Russell
Although the sensing of chemical signals is extremely important for most living creatures there have been few attempts to transfer this capability to robotic systems. In order to operate effectively in the variable and unstructured real world environment insects employ many strategies. Generating and detecting odours is the basis of several of these strategies. It seems certain that similar techniques can be implemented to improve the competence of robotic systems. This paper describes the development of sensors and algorithms which will allow odour sensing to be applied to robotic systems. Currently a robotic and has been built to act as a testbed for the odour sensors and to investigate biologically inspired control algorithms. Design of this robot and results of odour trail following experiments are presented in this paper.
{"title":"An odour sensing robot draws inspiration from the insect world","authors":"Robin Andrew Russell","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666389","url":null,"abstract":"Although the sensing of chemical signals is extremely important for most living creatures there have been few attempts to transfer this capability to robotic systems. In order to operate effectively in the variable and unstructured real world environment insects employ many strategies. Generating and detecting odours is the basis of several of these strategies. It seems certain that similar techniques can be implemented to improve the competence of robotic systems. This paper describes the development of sensors and algorithms which will allow odour sensing to be applied to robotic systems. Currently a robotic and has been built to act as a testbed for the odour sensors and to investigate biologically inspired control algorithms. Design of this robot and results of odour trail following experiments are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125214332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666376
P. Johnston, D. Kilpatrick
To date, most simulation studies involving measurement of the surface Laplacian have assumed that the medium containing the electrical sources is homogeneous. In this study, a layer of subcutaneous fat is included between the medium containing the sources and the surface where the surface Laplacian is measured. The effect of this layer, on the magnitude of the potential and surface Laplacian and on the accuracy with which the surface Laplacian can be measured, is considered.
{"title":"The effect of the subcutaneous fat layer on the measurement of the surface Laplacian","authors":"P. Johnston, D. Kilpatrick","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666376","url":null,"abstract":"To date, most simulation studies involving measurement of the surface Laplacian have assumed that the medium containing the electrical sources is homogeneous. In this study, a layer of subcutaneous fat is included between the medium containing the sources and the surface where the surface Laplacian is measured. The effect of this layer, on the magnitude of the potential and surface Laplacian and on the accuracy with which the surface Laplacian can be measured, is considered.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115357203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666434
G. Chetty, A. Russell
Electric field sensing exists in a number of aquatic animals, which use this ability to sense their environments. This paper provides a preliminary report of a project investigating the use of electric field sensing for navigation and guidance of a robot submersible craft.
{"title":"Electric field based sensing for underwater vehicle guidance","authors":"G. Chetty, A. Russell","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666434","url":null,"abstract":"Electric field sensing exists in a number of aquatic animals, which use this ability to sense their environments. This paper provides a preliminary report of a project investigating the use of electric field sensing for navigation and guidance of a robot submersible craft.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124433935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666371
A. Fitzgerald, H. Griffiths
The electrical response of tissue conveys information about the nature of tissue at a cellular level. Several methods have been described in the literature to determine the complex resistivity of tissue from pixels of multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (MFEIT) images. These methods are limited in use by the requirement of a homogeneous, resistive reference or by the assumption that the tissue is characterised by a single Cole dispersion. An alternative method of image formation, referred to as "phase magnitude imaging", is presented in this paper. Absolute and phase magnitude images were formed from voltage profiles generated from a FDM simulation of a liver sample immersed in electrolyte. The complex resistivity values derived from these images agreed precisely, but Cole parameters calculated from the values differed by up to 17% from the true values due to the finite resolution and geometrical dependence of the reconstruction algorithm. These results indicate that the phase magnitude imaging enables the complex resistivity of tissue to be derived from MFEIT image data using inhomogeneous and reactive references, independent of the tissue model.
{"title":"Derivation of complex resistivity values from MFEIT images formed with reactive references","authors":"A. Fitzgerald, H. Griffiths","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666371","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical response of tissue conveys information about the nature of tissue at a cellular level. Several methods have been described in the literature to determine the complex resistivity of tissue from pixels of multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (MFEIT) images. These methods are limited in use by the requirement of a homogeneous, resistive reference or by the assumption that the tissue is characterised by a single Cole dispersion. An alternative method of image formation, referred to as \"phase magnitude imaging\", is presented in this paper. Absolute and phase magnitude images were formed from voltage profiles generated from a FDM simulation of a liver sample immersed in electrolyte. The complex resistivity values derived from these images agreed precisely, but Cole parameters calculated from the values differed by up to 17% from the true values due to the finite resolution and geometrical dependence of the reconstruction algorithm. These results indicate that the phase magnitude imaging enables the complex resistivity of tissue to be derived from MFEIT image data using inhomogeneous and reactive references, independent of the tissue model.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113989980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666385
A. Shamsuddin, T. Togawa
A small ion-free solution-perfusion chamber has been developed to continuously observe the single sweat gland activity (SSGA) at the skin surface by conductivity measurement. The chamber has a very small open space of 0.2 mm/sup 2/ at the bottom and has a transparent view field. Ag-electrodes were installed inside the chamber and by perfusing purified water through the chamber at a constant flow rate conductivity was measured before and just after washed out sweat. Single sweat pores were visualized by starch/iodine method and magnifying lens. SSGA was observed by attaching the chamber on single sweat pores at palm and finger tip skin surface when the subjects were sitting resting position and doing hand (non-experimental) grasping with a dynamometer. Different types of continuous SSGA were observed from sweat pores.
{"title":"Continuous observation of single sweat gland activity","authors":"A. Shamsuddin, T. Togawa","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666385","url":null,"abstract":"A small ion-free solution-perfusion chamber has been developed to continuously observe the single sweat gland activity (SSGA) at the skin surface by conductivity measurement. The chamber has a very small open space of 0.2 mm/sup 2/ at the bottom and has a transparent view field. Ag-electrodes were installed inside the chamber and by perfusing purified water through the chamber at a constant flow rate conductivity was measured before and just after washed out sweat. Single sweat pores were visualized by starch/iodine method and magnifying lens. SSGA was observed by attaching the chamber on single sweat pores at palm and finger tip skin surface when the subjects were sitting resting position and doing hand (non-experimental) grasping with a dynamometer. Different types of continuous SSGA were observed from sweat pores.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114674742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666425
Ying Huang, T. Brown, D. Morgan, U. Proske, A. Wise
A new method of using distributed stimulation with optimised unequal interpulse intervals to stimulate skeletal muscle is described. Experiments carried out on cat skeletal muscles demonstrate that this method can be used to produce smooth contraction in fast muscle under conditions that more closely approximate physiological activation. This is important in studying human biomechanics as well as in fundamental muscle research. This research also demonstrates the possibility of using distributed stimulation for more effective activation and control in functional electrical stimulation (FES) of paralysed limbs.
{"title":"The effective electrical activation of skeletal muscle","authors":"Ying Huang, T. Brown, D. Morgan, U. Proske, A. Wise","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666425","url":null,"abstract":"A new method of using distributed stimulation with optimised unequal interpulse intervals to stimulate skeletal muscle is described. Experiments carried out on cat skeletal muscles demonstrate that this method can be used to produce smooth contraction in fast muscle under conditions that more closely approximate physiological activation. This is important in studying human biomechanics as well as in fundamental muscle research. This research also demonstrates the possibility of using distributed stimulation for more effective activation and control in functional electrical stimulation (FES) of paralysed limbs.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130488257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666396
B. Lithgow
Lower thresholds and smaller stimulus currents may allow for the use of smaller cochlear implant stimulus electrodes and potentially more channels of stimulation within a given cochlea region. With high (2 kpps) compared to low (125 pps) pulse rate stimuli, inferior colliculus (IC) units have a significantly lower stimulus threshold. The provision of a background "spontaneous" stimuli may provide, a further decrease in threshold current, a unit population with a larger range of thresholds and a more physiologically natural stimulus response. A low threshold, low current level, high pulse rate processing strategy capable of evoking background "spontaneous" firing in units is described. This background stimulus strategy has the potential to deliver more speech information to cochlear implant patients.
{"title":"Potential advantages of high pulse rate stimulation of cochlear implants","authors":"B. Lithgow","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666396","url":null,"abstract":"Lower thresholds and smaller stimulus currents may allow for the use of smaller cochlear implant stimulus electrodes and potentially more channels of stimulation within a given cochlea region. With high (2 kpps) compared to low (125 pps) pulse rate stimuli, inferior colliculus (IC) units have a significantly lower stimulus threshold. The provision of a background \"spontaneous\" stimuli may provide, a further decrease in threshold current, a unit population with a larger range of thresholds and a more physiologically natural stimulus response. A low threshold, low current level, high pulse rate processing strategy capable of evoking background \"spontaneous\" firing in units is described. This background stimulus strategy has the potential to deliver more speech information to cochlear implant patients.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130735043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666419
H. Sadafi
Reports on pilot clinical research projects executed to: (i) obtain an understanding of how such projects should be carried out within the Australian system of medical research; and (ii) replicate findings of other scientists reporting on therapeutic benefits of static magnets (medical magnets) and Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF). The authors' research studies indicate promising results from the application of medical magnets and PEMF in the cases reported here.
{"title":"The therapeutic applications of pulsed and static magnetic fields","authors":"H. Sadafi","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666419","url":null,"abstract":"Reports on pilot clinical research projects executed to: (i) obtain an understanding of how such projects should be carried out within the Australian system of medical research; and (ii) replicate findings of other scientists reporting on therapeutic benefits of static magnets (medical magnets) and Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF). The authors' research studies indicate promising results from the application of medical magnets and PEMF in the cases reported here.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134387820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666445
A. Wood, M. L. Sait, S. Armstrong, M. Martin
Plasma melatonin levels have been measured throughout the evening and night in a group of 30 male volunteers in response to a single exposure of 50 Hz magnetic fields for a few hours. Those exposed before the start of the evening rise in melatonin show a significant delay in this rise compared to controls. Some individuals show consistent delays in repeated trials. In a separate experiment, an individual who received exposures on successive days showed a progressive diminution of melatonin levels over subsequent nights. These findings are in accordance with the notion that magnetic fields encountered in the workplace may affect biological rhythms.
{"title":"Effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on human physiology: plasma melatonin levels","authors":"A. Wood, M. L. Sait, S. Armstrong, M. Martin","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666445","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma melatonin levels have been measured throughout the evening and night in a group of 30 male volunteers in response to a single exposure of 50 Hz magnetic fields for a few hours. Those exposed before the start of the evening rise in melatonin show a significant delay in this rise compared to controls. Some individuals show consistent delays in repeated trials. In a separate experiment, an individual who received exposures on successive days showed a progressive diminution of melatonin levels over subsequent nights. These findings are in accordance with the notion that magnetic fields encountered in the workplace may affect biological rhythms.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133923032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-15DOI: 10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666413
K. Cheng, Bae-horng Chen
In this paper, both the simulated annealing and genetic algorithm based electrical impedance image reconstruction algorithms are investigated. In order to reduce the degrees of freedom, a guided technique based upon the voltage measurements is also designed. From the results, both methods are demonstrated to be feasible for producing dynamic images.
{"title":"Simulated annealing and genetic algorithms based methods for impedance image reconstruction","authors":"K. Cheng, Bae-horng Chen","doi":"10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBEM.1998.666413","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, both the simulated annealing and genetic algorithm based electrical impedance image reconstruction algorithms are investigated. In order to reduce the degrees of freedom, a guided technique based upon the voltage measurements is also designed. From the results, both methods are demonstrated to be feasible for producing dynamic images.","PeriodicalId":213764,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism (Cat. No.98TH8269)","volume":"38 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121255246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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