Summary: The Internet is the result of an imagined technological construction in a particular social environment: academic computer science departments. This article considers the intentions and socio-technological choices of the initial designers of the Internet era. It focuses on the definition of the concept of network computing, the setting up of the network and its uses, the creation of a single world network and finally hypertext projects and tools for accessing information. The earliest Internet model built in this framework has remained an unavoidable reference for all 'Internants' to this day.
{"title":"Internet or the ideal scientific community","authors":"P. Flichy, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.2000.3353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.2000.3353","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The Internet is the result of an imagined technological construction in a particular social environment: academic computer science departments. This article considers the intentions and socio-technological choices of the initial designers of the Internet era. It focuses on the definition of the concept of network computing, the setting up of the network and its uses, the creation of a single world network and finally hypertext projects and tools for accessing information. The earliest Internet model built in this framework has remained an unavoidable reference for all 'Internants' to this day.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128945470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: The Internet phenomenon in the scientific environment needs to be considered on two levels: the global level of social construction of an object, and a local level of observation of daily practices. This article considers the emerging use of the Internet first in the astronomy community and then in other scientific fields in which appropriation of the tool is more problematical. The technological object is considered first as a "boundary object" and then as a "collective text" where users are readers and sometimes writers. Since the Internet owes its existence to the activity of countless enthusiastic volunteers, we discover another dimension underlying use of the technology: that of pleasure,which engages the individual far beyond the purely functional dimension.
{"title":"The art of reading the network: A case study of technological innovation and its daily use in science","authors":"Philippe Hert, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1998.3346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1998.3346","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The Internet phenomenon in the scientific environment needs to be considered on two levels: the global level of social construction of an object, and a local level of observation of daily practices. This article considers the emerging use of the Internet first in the astronomy community and then in other scientific fields in which appropriation of the tool is more problematical. The technological object is considered first as a \"boundary object\" and then as a \"collective text\" where users are readers and sometimes writers. Since the Internet owes its existence to the activity of countless enthusiastic volunteers, we discover another dimension underlying use of the technology: that of pleasure,which engages the individual far beyond the purely functional dimension.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133526938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: When does an audiovisual document or a programme function as a genre and what does the word mean? In answering this question the author examines the articulation between interpretation, on the one hand, and programming and mediation acts, on the other. The genre as a category of reception is perceived as a promise specified by the type of flow, by an enunciatory mode or a tone. It is a promise of a relationship with a world, of which the mode or degree of existence conditions the viewer's adherence or participation, depending on his or her know-how, beliefs and emotions. By linking the know-how, beliefs and emotions attached to audiovisual documents, on the one hand, and to televisual documents, on the other, the article also shows how the identification of genres is based on the rejection of the viewer model in favour of the televiewer model, and how the age of television has given way to a culture of programmes.
{"title":"The Promise of Genres","authors":"F. Jost, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1998.3339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1998.3339","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: When does an audiovisual document or a programme function as a genre and what does the word mean? In answering this question the author examines the articulation between interpretation, on the one hand, and programming and mediation acts, on the other. The genre as a category of reception is perceived as a promise specified by the type of flow, by an enunciatory mode or a tone. It is a promise of a relationship with a world, of which the mode or degree of existence conditions the viewer's adherence or participation, depending on his or her know-how, beliefs and emotions. By linking the know-how, beliefs and emotions attached to audiovisual documents, on the one hand, and to televisual documents, on the other, the article also shows how the identification of genres is based on the rejection of the viewer model in favour of the televiewer model, and how the age of television has given way to a culture of programmes.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114672642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: This article considers the economic theories on standards, and adopts an historical approach in exploring the ways in which typewriters were progressively standardized along with typing practices. The early history of typing was characterized by a wide variety of technical options and configurations and intense competition between brands and typists. In this context, standardization of the arrangement of letters and signs on the keyboard was only one aspect of human and technological rivalry involving many other factors. The progressive standardization of typing was structured around the ten-finger technique, the memorization of the keyboard and new positions for the body. It attested to new demands and conditioned the development of the profession.
{"title":"The standardization of a technical practice: typing (1883-1930)","authors":"Delphine Gardy, J. Krige, Annamária Pusztai","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1998.3345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1998.3345","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: This article considers the economic theories on standards, and adopts an historical approach in exploring the ways in which typewriters were progressively standardized along with typing practices. The early history of typing was characterized by a wide variety of technical options and configurations and intense competition between brands and typists. In this context, standardization of the arrangement of letters and signs on the keyboard was only one aspect of human and technological rivalry involving many other factors. The progressive standardization of typing was structured around the ten-finger technique, the memorization of the keyboard and new positions for the body. It attested to new demands and conditioned the development of the profession.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116407179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: The journalistic profession has never gone so far as to adopt a corporate structure, but it has a functionalist vision of itself. The author details the forms which this takes (social image of mediation, myth of the press card, jealously reserved sphere of action, etc.), and which conceal what he moreover qualifies as 'productive fluidity'. The social heterogeneity of the journalistic milieu and its multiplicity of practices attest to an undefined state which, far from resulting from misunderstanding, characterizes an indiscernible social group and a dual professional identity - the pursuit of social respectability and the indeflniteness of its characteristics.
{"title":"An undefined profession. The issue of professionalism in the journalistic milieu","authors":"Denis Ruellan, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1993.3252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1993.3252","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The journalistic profession has never gone so far as to adopt a corporate structure, but it has a functionalist vision of itself. The author details the forms which this takes (social image of mediation, myth of the press card, jealously reserved sphere of action, etc.), and which conceal what he moreover qualifies as 'productive fluidity'. The social heterogeneity of the journalistic milieu and its multiplicity of practices attest to an undefined state which, far from resulting from misunderstanding, characterizes an indiscernible social group and a dual professional identity - the pursuit of social respectability and the indeflniteness of its characteristics.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126147083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: Electric telegraphy developed rapidly in France between 1850 and 1880, so that by the end of that period the French had the largest network and most innovative system in the world. The same cannot be said for their telephone system, which at the turn of the century had a second-rate network and was almost totally dependent on foreign patents. In order to explain this contrasting situation the author examines the logic of two principal agents: on the one hand a group of engineers who, by means of what would today be called research and development, played a decisive role in the growth of telegraphy; on the other hand the Post Office, which, with its administrative logic, carried through its project to merge the post and telegraph administrations and to reduce this group of engineers to a minimum. The creation of the Ecole superieure de telegraphie and its transformation into the Ecole professionnelle des P. et T. were milestones in the battle between these two parties.
{"title":"At the origins of the French telephone crisis. Abortive beginnings of a state technical policy","authors":"Michael Atten, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1994.3280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1994.3280","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Electric telegraphy developed rapidly in France between 1850 and 1880, so that by the end of that period the French had the largest network and most innovative system in the world. The same cannot be said for their telephone system, which at the turn of the century had a second-rate network and was almost totally dependent on foreign patents. In order to explain this contrasting situation the author examines the logic of two principal agents: on the one hand a group of engineers who, by means of what would today be called research and development, played a decisive role in the growth of telegraphy; on the other hand the Post Office, which, with its administrative logic, carried through its project to merge the post and telegraph administrations and to reduce this group of engineers to a minimum. The creation of the Ecole superieure de telegraphie and its transformation into the Ecole professionnelle des P. et T. were milestones in the battle between these two parties.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126153992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: The present study, which confirms the shift from institutional to relational fatherhood, analyses telephone relationships between 166 divorced fathers and their children. In every case the children live with their mother who has custody. This analysis of father-child telephone interaction furthermore belies traditional representations of men's use of the telephone. Here fathers participate in the subjectification of the child in a privileged form of listening which is more similar to guidance or to providing focus of identity for the child, than to traditional authority. However, they often find the relationship difficult and frustrating, for fatherhood is, in a sense, transformed into 'virtual fatherhood'. We are then at the heart of the contradictions, problems and inherent tensions in the shift from institutional to relational fatherhood - or of the difficulty of achieving the latter.
{"title":"The paternal cord. Telephone relationships between 'non-custodian fathers and their children","authors":"C. Castelain-Meunier, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1997.3327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1997.3327","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The present study, which confirms the shift from institutional to relational fatherhood, analyses telephone relationships between 166 divorced fathers and their children. In every case the children live with their mother who has custody. This analysis of father-child telephone interaction furthermore belies traditional representations of men's use of the telephone. Here fathers participate in the subjectification of the child in a privileged form of listening which is more similar to guidance or to providing focus of identity for the child, than to traditional authority. However, they often find the relationship difficult and frustrating, for fatherhood is, in a sense, transformed into 'virtual fatherhood'. We are then at the heart of the contradictions, problems and inherent tensions in the shift from institutional to relational fatherhood - or of the difficulty of achieving the latter.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127203066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: The relevance of mediation in social science is that it questions the relationship between principles of collective action and the role of objects. The example of art history shows how an analysis can focus on the opacity of mediators, without making them the vehicles of an all-embracing cause, or the instruments of goals or of external reasons. The restitution of necessary intermediaries of art, initiated by social history as a critical denunciation of the relationship between aesthetic subjects and objects, or of the scholarly accumulation by art history, has converged towards the idea of a collective production of the world of art by its actors. The analysis of mediation must therefore consider the same aspects ,from individuals and institutions to frameworks of perception, through material elements and even the finest details of works of art and their production. It is thus able to close the gap that has so destructively separated social analyses of the conditions of art front aesthetic or semiotic analyses of the 'works in themselves'.
{"title":"The History of Art - Lessons in Mediation","authors":"Antoine Hennion, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1995.3298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1995.3298","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The relevance of mediation in social science is that it questions the relationship between principles of collective action and the role of objects. The example of art history shows how an analysis can focus on the opacity of mediators, without making them the vehicles of an all-embracing cause, or the instruments of goals or of external reasons. The restitution of necessary intermediaries of art, initiated by social history as a critical denunciation of the relationship between aesthetic subjects and objects, or of the scholarly accumulation by art history, has converged towards the idea of a collective production of the world of art by its actors. The analysis of mediation must therefore consider the same aspects ,from individuals and institutions to frameworks of perception, through material elements and even the finest details of works of art and their production. It is thus able to close the gap that has so destructively separated social analyses of the conditions of art front aesthetic or semiotic analyses of the 'works in themselves'.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122367544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: Social science theories are being progressively put into practice in ways which bear directly upon 'real life' .The communication sciences are a useful tool for analysing this phenomenon. Theories of communication lie at the heart of at least three effects on reality: the belief in communication as all-powerful, the revision of certain professional ways of thinking, and the creation of new areas of specialization within education. A study of the influences which produce these effects leads to two types of interpretation. The 'mechanistic model' stresses the direct diffusion of knowledge from academics, through professionals, to the public at large, but its limits lie in the inherent remoteness of the adademic world, the blurred distinction between researchers and professionals and the incomprehensibility of the messages.
{"title":"The Effects of Theory on Reality in the Communication Sciences","authors":"Érik Neveu, Rémy Rieffel","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1993.3271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1993.3271","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Social science theories are being progressively put into practice in ways which bear directly upon 'real life' .The communication sciences are a useful tool for analysing this phenomenon. Theories of communication lie at the heart of at least three effects on reality: the belief in communication as all-powerful, the revision of certain professional ways of thinking, and the creation of new areas of specialization within education. A study of the influences which produce these effects leads to two types of interpretation. The 'mechanistic model' stresses the direct diffusion of knowledge from academics, through professionals, to the public at large, but its limits lie in the inherent remoteness of the adademic world, the blurred distinction between researchers and professionals and the incomprehensibility of the messages.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123740242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: Analysis of communication usually strives to define the conditions for successful communication either in terms of tautologous definitions or by requiring an impossible use of reflexive talents. This article offers a critique of the pragmatists 'theory of 'model' communication through a consideration of three levels of interaction: informative intention, communicative intention and the intention to communicate.
{"title":"The intentions of communication","authors":"P. Livet, P. Ridel","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1994.3265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1994.3265","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Analysis of communication usually strives to define the conditions for successful communication either in terms of tautologous definitions or by requiring an impossible use of reflexive talents. This article offers a critique of the pragmatists 'theory of 'model' communication through a consideration of three levels of interaction: informative intention, communicative intention and the intention to communicate.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114209368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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