Summary: Throughout the Cold War two types of radio stations broadcast to the Communist countries: 'sovereign' radio (e.g. BBC, RFI) and 'substitute' radio (e.g. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty). They developed, from the same sources of information, two distinct styles of production and relations with listeners. These radio stations were both a political instrument and a cultural vector, a link with the West and a medium for local communications, until broadcasting finally gained its freedom through political change.
{"title":"Communication and resistance. The instrumental role of Western radio stations in opening up Eastern Europe","authors":"Jacques Sémelin, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1994.3260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1994.3260","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Throughout the Cold War two types of radio stations broadcast to the Communist countries: 'sovereign' radio (e.g. BBC, RFI) and 'substitute' radio (e.g. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty). They developed, from the same sources of information, two distinct styles of production and relations with listeners. These radio stations were both a political instrument and a cultural vector, a link with the West and a medium for local communications, until broadcasting finally gained its freedom through political change.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"603 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114670516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: A comparison of two images of the French audiovisual landscape, with an interval of twenty years between them (1972-92), reveals that the development of broadcasting law during the past two decades has been broadly consistent, it has promoted the constitution of a private pole along with public services henceforth freed from political control, and the replacement of a statutory approach by regulation entrusted to an independent authority disposing of the required legal and material means. This evolution did not, however, take place without prevarication. For three steps forwards there was at least one step amiss, or even backwards. Many questions remain unanswered, whether on the role of the regulatory authority, the contents and financing of public service programmes, the status of communications firms or, more generally, the responsibilities of the public authorities in this sector.
{"title":"Broadcasting legislation in France over the past twenty years. Main themes, shortcomings and unanswered questions","authors":"Cathodon, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1995.3299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1995.3299","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: A comparison of two images of the French audiovisual landscape, with an interval of twenty years between them (1972-92), reveals that the development of broadcasting law during the past two decades has been broadly consistent, it has promoted the constitution of a private pole along with public services henceforth freed from political control, and the replacement of a statutory approach by regulation entrusted to an independent authority disposing of the required legal and material means. This evolution did not, however, take place without prevarication. For three steps forwards there was at least one step amiss, or even backwards. Many questions remain unanswered, whether on the role of the regulatory authority, the contents and financing of public service programmes, the status of communications firms or, more generally, the responsibilities of the public authorities in this sector.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126159935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: This paper outlines the history of video games, from the Atari generation through Nintendo and Sega to interactive multimedia and hyper-reality. After considering a number of methodological questions, it suggests three different approaches for analysing the habits and behaviour of young players. It then discusses the new generation of adult games and the networks of virtual communities they have spawned on the Internet. The conclusion considers the influence of media games on other sectors of the culture industry.
{"title":"Games and players in the electronic age. Tools for analysing the use of video games by adults and children","authors":"John LaFrance, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1996.3316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1996.3316","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: This paper outlines the history of video games, from the Atari generation through Nintendo and Sega to interactive multimedia and hyper-reality. After considering a number of methodological questions, it suggests three different approaches for analysing the habits and behaviour of young players. It then discusses the new generation of adult games and the networks of virtual communities they have spawned on the Internet. The conclusion considers the influence of media games on other sectors of the culture industry.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122517664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: Among those groups with which journalists have relations worthy of sociological study, historians are the most important. Yves Lavoinne analyses this 'unusually complex special relationship' from an historical point of view; in the interval between the advent of modern journalism at the end of the 19th century and today's desire to experience directly - or have the illusion of experiencing - history in the making, the interaction between these two worlds has changed.
{"title":"Journalists, history and historians. The ups and downs of a professional identity","authors":"Yves Lavoinne, David Motlow","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1994.3278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1994.3278","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Among those groups with which journalists have relations worthy of sociological study, historians are the most important. Yves Lavoinne analyses this 'unusually complex special relationship' from an historical point of view; in the interval between the advent of modern journalism at the end of the 19th century and today's desire to experience directly - or have the illusion of experiencing - history in the making, the interaction between these two worlds has changed.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124748825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: Throughout the Cold War two types of radio stations broadcast to the Communist countries: 'sovereign' radio (e.g. BBC, RFI) and 'substitute' radio (e.g. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty). They developed, from the same sources of information, two distinct styles of production and relations with listeners. These radio stations were both a political instrument and a cultural vector, a link with the West and a medium for local communications, until broadcasting finally gained its freedom through political change.
{"title":"Communication and mediation","authors":"Josiane Jouët, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1994.3261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1994.3261","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Throughout the Cold War two types of radio stations broadcast to the Communist countries: 'sovereign' radio (e.g. BBC, RFI) and 'substitute' radio (e.g. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty). They developed, from the same sources of information, two distinct styles of production and relations with listeners. These radio stations were both a political instrument and a cultural vector, a link with the West and a medium for local communications, until broadcasting finally gained its freedom through political change.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116375066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: The English mathematician Charles Babbage, who during the first half of the nineteenth century invented the precursors of today's computers, was keenly interested in the economic issues of the Victorian era. His calculating engines were an application of contemporary theories on the division of labour and provided models for the rationalisation of production. Bahhage's ideas contributed to the dehumanisation of labour hut were also the source of major discoveries. The mathematician's history was closely linked to that of the industrial revolution, cradled in England, the 'workshop of the world'. This article recalls the effervescence of that period.
{"title":"Babbage's Calculating Engines and the Factory System","authors":"S. Schaffer","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1996.3315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1996.3315","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The English mathematician Charles Babbage, who during the first half of the nineteenth century invented the precursors of today's computers, was keenly interested in the economic issues of the Victorian era. His calculating engines were an application of contemporary theories on the division of labour and provided models for the rationalisation of production. Bahhage's ideas contributed to the dehumanisation of labour hut were also the source of major discoveries. The mathematician's history was closely linked to that of the industrial revolution, cradled in England, the 'workshop of the world'. This article recalls the effervescence of that period.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"70 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134530065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: The present essay tries to analyse how both public and commercial television channels in Italy structure their broadcasting schedule. The enquiry is carried out from within, by examining the process of making up scheduling choices as revealed by a series of interviews with the people who, in their respective organizational tasks, are responsible for, or participate in, the elaboration of the programming framework: that is, heads of networks and heads of programming departments. The research focus therefore takes a sociological approach that illustrates the broadcaster's role and is rather rare in the Italian research tradition. The basis of the enquiry is an interview using an open-ended questionnaire which resulted most of the time in a guided exchange. The essay tries to reconstruct the work that goes into the elaboration of a schedule, describing the stages, structural elements and choices involved, and analysing them in relation to the environmental setting and the broadcaster's identity.
{"title":"Putting programmes together","authors":"Nora Rizza","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1994.3258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1994.3258","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The present essay tries to analyse how both public and commercial television channels in Italy structure their broadcasting schedule. The enquiry is carried out from within, by examining the process of making up scheduling choices as revealed by a series of interviews with the people who, in their respective organizational tasks, are responsible for, or participate in, the elaboration of the programming framework: that is, heads of networks and heads of programming departments. The research focus therefore takes a sociological approach that illustrates the broadcaster's role and is rather rare in the Italian research tradition. The basis of the enquiry is an interview using an open-ended questionnaire which resulted most of the time in a guided exchange. The essay tries to reconstruct the work that goes into the elaboration of a schedule, describing the stages, structural elements and choices involved, and analysing them in relation to the environmental setting and the broadcaster's identity.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133352117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: Drawing upon empirical studies of domestic uses of the telephone, fax and answering machine, the author tries to define what which, in people's management of their family and private lives, spills over into the time and space of salaried work. Exploring the hypothesis of the abolition of boundaries between the private and professional spheres, she reaches the conclusion that the rift goes beyond the spatial configurations traditionally based on the separation between work and home. The notion of the personal sphere corresponds more to individual practices which mark out a personal space for communication within both the home and the office. The identity of each sphere (private and professional) remains strong despite their transfer beyond their 'natural' boundaries.
{"title":"'It's personal'. Private communication outside the home","authors":"C. D. Gournay, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1997.3328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1997.3328","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: Drawing upon empirical studies of domestic uses of the telephone, fax and answering machine, the author tries to define what which, in people's management of their family and private lives, spills over into the time and space of salaried work. Exploring the hypothesis of the abolition of boundaries between the private and professional spheres, she reaches the conclusion that the rift goes beyond the spatial configurations traditionally based on the separation between work and home. The notion of the personal sphere corresponds more to individual practices which mark out a personal space for communication within both the home and the office. The identity of each sphere (private and professional) remains strong despite their transfer beyond their 'natural' boundaries.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116760999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: This article examines reactions to Menie Gregoire's radio confession programme (RTL, 1967-1981). The author argues that when biographical suffering is projected into the public sphere the listener's moral engagement needs to be questioned in a specific way, and that such questioning clarifies the different frameworks of participation contracted between the programme and its public. By studying a corpus of listener mail, three forms of engagement in the programme are identified: pity, appropriation and indignation. Each of these experiences introduces a particular way of representing personal problems in the public sphere (consolation, understanding and justice) and accompanies specific descriptions of ordinary uses of the programme. Hence, the question of social learning through the media cannot be understood independently of listeners' emotional involvement and justifications vis-a-vis the programme.
{"title":"'Dear Menie.' Emotions and engagement of Menie Grégoire's listeners","authors":"D. Cardon, L. Libbrecht","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1996.3308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1996.3308","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: This article examines reactions to Menie Gregoire's radio confession programme (RTL, 1967-1981). The author argues that when biographical suffering is projected into the public sphere the listener's moral engagement needs to be questioned in a specific way, and that such questioning clarifies the different frameworks of participation contracted between the programme and its public. By studying a corpus of listener mail, three forms of engagement in the programme are identified: pity, appropriation and indignation. Each of these experiences introduces a particular way of representing personal problems in the public sphere (consolation, understanding and justice) and accompanies specific descriptions of ordinary uses of the programme. Hence, the question of social learning through the media cannot be understood independently of listeners' emotional involvement and justifications vis-a-vis the programme.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123329509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary: A historical examination is made of how the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the US government have dealt with the overwhelmingly complicated process of regulating public utilities. It points out that the specialized entities mandated by Congress to control these industries must strike a balance between conflicting interests. These so-called independent agencies have to achieve a workable compromise between the protection of the industry and of the users under some often very vague criteria (public interest, fairness, reasonableness). The process of regulation as a whole is here seen as a bi-polar system of state intervention ensured by the independent authority (commissions) /judicial pair. This dual system is complex, constraining and all-embracing, even if it evolves towards more pragmatic approaches.
{"title":"The invisible hand. Regulation by the courts and independent authorities in the United States","authors":"J. Simon, William Conrad","doi":"10.3406/RESO.1993.3254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/RESO.1993.3254","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: A historical examination is made of how the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the US government have dealt with the overwhelmingly complicated process of regulating public utilities. It points out that the specialized entities mandated by Congress to control these industries must strike a balance between conflicting interests. These so-called independent agencies have to achieve a workable compromise between the protection of the industry and of the users under some often very vague criteria (public interest, fairness, reasonableness). The process of regulation as a whole is here seen as a bi-polar system of state intervention ensured by the independent authority (commissions) /judicial pair. This dual system is complex, constraining and all-embracing, even if it evolves towards more pragmatic approaches.","PeriodicalId":213999,"journal":{"name":"Réseaux. The French journal of communication","volume":"81 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123141907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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