The bulk density, compressional strength, hardness, particle study and chemical analysis of ore from Akiri were determined using standard methods and Energy Dispersive x-ray Fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRFS). The results obtained indicated that the ore bulk density was 3.58 (g/cm3 ), compressional strength 1.24 (%), and hardness 96.0(N). The particle size analysis of +0-90µm, +125-90µm, and +125-180µm, revealed over-size fractions above 250µm.The chemical composition of the ore in terms of oxide showed that the ore is composed of different minerals: 63.52% Fe2O3, 11.25% SO3, 7.62% CuO, 4.30% MOO3, 3.18% SiO2, 1.73% BaO,1.20% ZnO,1.12% MnO,0.86% PbO,0.60% Re2O7, 0.54% Eu2O3and CaO, 0.27% RuO2, 0.15% Cr2O3, 0.09% K2O, 0.08% Yb2 O3, 0.06% SrO, and TiO2, 0.04% Nd2O3, and CeO2, 0.03% Y2O3 and NiO respectively. The results of the elemental composition varied in the copper ore with an indication of a significant concentration of Cu compared to other elements, except Fe which showed a higher concentration. The value 35.% Fe, 6.10% Cu, 4.48% S, 3% Mo, 1.55% Ba, 1.48% Si, 1% Zn and Pb, 0.90% Mn, 0.5% Re, 0.45 Eu, 0.40% Ca, 0.21% Ru, 0.10% Cr, K, and Yb,0.04% Ti, Ni, Y, and Sr, 0.03 % Nd, and Ce obtained represent the individual elemental content in the ore. The result is an indication that the ore can be explored for the processing of valuable minerals.
{"title":"Physicochemical characterization of Copper Ore from Akiri, Awe LGA, Nasarawa State","authors":"A. Taofeek, I.A. Amos","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"The bulk density, compressional strength, hardness, particle study and chemical analysis of ore from Akiri were determined using standard methods and Energy Dispersive x-ray Fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRFS). The results obtained indicated that the ore bulk density was 3.58 (g/cm3 ), compressional strength 1.24 (%), and hardness 96.0(N). The particle size analysis of +0-90µm, +125-90µm, and +125-180µm, revealed over-size fractions above 250µm.The chemical composition of the ore in terms of oxide showed that the ore is composed of different minerals: 63.52% Fe2O3, 11.25% SO3, 7.62% CuO, 4.30% MOO3, 3.18% SiO2, 1.73% BaO,1.20% ZnO,1.12% MnO,0.86% PbO,0.60% Re2O7, 0.54% Eu2O3and CaO, 0.27% RuO2, 0.15% Cr2O3, 0.09% K2O, 0.08% Yb2 O3, 0.06% SrO, and TiO2, 0.04% Nd2O3, and CeO2, 0.03% Y2O3 and NiO respectively. The results of the elemental composition varied in the copper ore with an indication of a significant concentration of Cu compared to other elements, except Fe which showed a higher concentration. The value 35.% Fe, 6.10% Cu, 4.48% S, 3% Mo, 1.55% Ba, 1.48% Si, 1% Zn and Pb, 0.90% Mn, 0.5% Re, 0.45 Eu, 0.40% Ca, 0.21% Ru, 0.10% Cr, K, and Yb,0.04% Ti, Ni, Y, and Sr, 0.03 % Nd, and Ce obtained represent the individual elemental content in the ore. The result is an indication that the ore can be explored for the processing of valuable minerals.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136359848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.S. Apanapudor, J. Umukoro, F.Z. Okwonu, N. Okposo
A lot of optimal solution techniques exist in literature and have been employed to solve optimization problems. However, in this work, two optimal solution techniques namely the Steepest Descent Method (SDM) and the Extended Conjugate Gradient Method (ECGM) were applied to two evolution equations to determine which best approximates the system to its analytic solution. Comparisons were also carried out between the SDM and the ECGM for optimal solution and convergence. In doing so, the Liberty Basic Programming Language (LBPL) was employed to perform various numerical iterations on the respective algorithms of the techniques. It was discovered that the SDM proved to be a better technique in obtaining an optimal solution than the ECGM.
{"title":"Optimal solution techniques for control problem of evolution equations","authors":"J.S. Apanapudor, J. Umukoro, F.Z. Okwonu, N. Okposo","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.27","url":null,"abstract":"A lot of optimal solution techniques exist in literature and have been employed to solve optimization problems. However, in this work, two optimal solution techniques namely the Steepest Descent Method (SDM) and the Extended Conjugate Gradient Method (ECGM) were applied to two evolution equations to determine which best approximates the system to its analytic solution. Comparisons were also carried out between the SDM and the ECGM for optimal solution and convergence. In doing so, the Liberty Basic Programming Language (LBPL) was employed to perform various numerical iterations on the respective algorithms of the techniques. It was discovered that the SDM proved to be a better technique in obtaining an optimal solution than the ECGM.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a stochastic modeling of wind speed over sixteen (16) Northern states in Nigeria using thirty-seven years (1984-2020) wind speed real time data. A Markov Chain Model was developed for the monthly wind speed state across study locations. In order to obtain the Markov chain transitional probabilities, the wind speed data was categories into various states using the Beaufort wind scale. It was observed that only the first four description of wind speed state A, B, C and D exist in the study locations. Uniform random states were also formed by generating uniform random number. The comparison of monthly simulated and actual wind speed state clearly shows that the model simulated over six months correctly across study locations except Niger. Given a current wind speed state conditions, the stochastic models available in this paper can be adapted to generate future wind speed state condition. The understanding of wind speed state helps in wind turbine design and selection of wind farm sites for wind energy generation.
{"title":"Stochastic modelling of wind speed over northern states in Nigeria","authors":"I.O. Agada, O. Peter, P.O. Agada","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a stochastic modeling of wind speed over sixteen (16) Northern states in Nigeria using thirty-seven years (1984-2020) wind speed real time data. A Markov Chain Model was developed for the monthly wind speed state across study locations. In order to obtain the Markov chain transitional probabilities, the wind speed data was categories into various states using the Beaufort wind scale. It was observed that only the first four description of wind speed state A, B, C and D exist in the study locations. Uniform random states were also formed by generating uniform random number. The comparison of monthly simulated and actual wind speed state clearly shows that the model simulated over six months correctly across study locations except Niger. Given a current wind speed state conditions, the stochastic models available in this paper can be adapted to generate future wind speed state condition. The understanding of wind speed state helps in wind turbine design and selection of wind farm sites for wind energy generation.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moi-moi is a steamed bean paste usually made from cowpea paste blended with seasonings and other ingredients. This study was carried out to evaluate the functional, chemical and sensory properties of moi-moi produced from cowpea and sprouted pigeon pea flour blends. Flours were produced from cowpea and sprouted pigeon pea and blended in the ratios of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20 and 50:50, where 100% cowpea served as the reference sample. The functional properties of the composite flours, proximate, mineral, and sensory characteristics of the moi-moi were evaluated. Functional properties ranged from 0.67 to 0.69 g/ml for bulk density, 1.33 to 1.70 ml/g for swelling index, 1.80 to 2.03 g/g for water absorption capacity, 1.27 to 1.73 for oil absorption capacity, 40.17 to 46.57 % for emulsion capacity and 30.30 to 34.00 % for foam capacity. Proximate composition results revealed that crude protein, crude fibre, and ash increased while moisture, fat and carbohydrate decreased with increased substitution of cowpea with sprouted pigeon pea. Mineral contents increased with increasing level of sprouted pigeon pea addition with values ranging from 26.30-63.37 mg/100g, 39.00-51.50 mg/100g, 272.00 to330.27 mg/100 g, 14.10 to 43.90 mg/100 g and 413.33-434.13 mg/100g for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and phosphorous respectively. Sensory analysis revealed that moi-moi produced from 90% cowpea and 10% sprouted pigeon pea flour possessed the best organoleptic properties among the test samples. This study has demonstrated the production potential and nutritional benefits of sprouted pigeon pea complementation in the production moi-moi from cowpea.
{"title":"Functional, chemical and organoleptic properties of moi-moi prepared from blends of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) and sprouted pigeon pea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i>) flours","authors":"D.C. Arukwe, J.N. Okoli, U.G. Chimezie","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.17","url":null,"abstract":"Moi-moi is a steamed bean paste usually made from cowpea paste blended with seasonings and other ingredients. This study was carried out to evaluate the functional, chemical and sensory properties of moi-moi produced from cowpea and sprouted pigeon pea flour blends. Flours were produced from cowpea and sprouted pigeon pea and blended in the ratios of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20 and 50:50, where 100% cowpea served as the reference sample. The functional properties of the composite flours, proximate, mineral, and sensory characteristics of the moi-moi were evaluated. Functional properties ranged from 0.67 to 0.69 g/ml for bulk density, 1.33 to 1.70 ml/g for swelling index, 1.80 to 2.03 g/g for water absorption capacity, 1.27 to 1.73 for oil absorption capacity, 40.17 to 46.57 % for emulsion capacity and 30.30 to 34.00 % for foam capacity. Proximate composition results revealed that crude protein, crude fibre, and ash increased while moisture, fat and carbohydrate decreased with increased substitution of cowpea with sprouted pigeon pea. Mineral contents increased with increasing level of sprouted pigeon pea addition with values ranging from 26.30-63.37 mg/100g, 39.00-51.50 mg/100g, 272.00 to330.27 mg/100 g, 14.10 to 43.90 mg/100 g and 413.33-434.13 mg/100g for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and phosphorous respectively. Sensory analysis revealed that moi-moi produced from 90% cowpea and 10% sprouted pigeon pea flour possessed the best organoleptic properties among the test samples. This study has demonstrated the production potential and nutritional benefits of sprouted pigeon pea complementation in the production moi-moi from cowpea.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136359122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan D. Aliyu, Gideon Wyasu, Bako Myek, Jamila B. Yakasai
Potassium Chloride and Polyalthia longifolia leaves extract were used for the synthesis of Eco-friendly Potassium Nanoparticles for application in Amarathus viridis, Solanum lycopersocum and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The synthesized Nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The SEM revealed a size range of 200nm with a near spherical shape synthesized Nanoparticles. Whereas EDX revealed an elemental composition of 19% Potassium, 4.46% Chlorine, 33.04% Carbon, 28.31% Oxygen and 14.30% Iron. FTIR revealed four distinctive at 3235.3cm-1, 2109.7cm-1, 1640.0cm-1 and 1069.7cm-1 for Polyalthia longifolia potassium particles (Pl-KNPs). There were significant increase in all the folia applied Pl-KNPs when determined and compared with the controlled plants: Amaranthus viridis leaves recorded the highest increase with 56.81%, Solanum lycopersocum recorded the highest stem increase with 46.15%, while Hibiscus sabdariffa recorded the overall highest percentage with 224.27% attributed to its root length. This distinctive increase observed on the selected folia applied Pl-KNPs plants parameters is a confirmation of the significance of green synthesized potassium Nanoparticles in the field of agriculture.
{"title":"Green synthesis of eco-friendly potassium nanoparticles and its application in <i>Amarathus viridis, Solanum lycopersocum </i>and <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> plants","authors":"Nathan D. Aliyu, Gideon Wyasu, Bako Myek, Jamila B. Yakasai","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.24","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium Chloride and Polyalthia longifolia leaves extract were used for the synthesis of Eco-friendly Potassium Nanoparticles for application in Amarathus viridis, Solanum lycopersocum and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The synthesized Nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The SEM revealed a size range of 200nm with a near spherical shape synthesized Nanoparticles. Whereas EDX revealed an elemental composition of 19% Potassium, 4.46% Chlorine, 33.04% Carbon, 28.31% Oxygen and 14.30% Iron. FTIR revealed four distinctive at 3235.3cm-1, 2109.7cm-1, 1640.0cm-1 and 1069.7cm-1 for Polyalthia longifolia potassium particles (Pl-KNPs). There were significant increase in all the folia applied Pl-KNPs when determined and compared with the controlled plants: Amaranthus viridis leaves recorded the highest increase with 56.81%, Solanum lycopersocum recorded the highest stem increase with 46.15%, while Hibiscus sabdariffa recorded the overall highest percentage with 224.27% attributed to its root length. This distinctive increase observed on the selected folia applied Pl-KNPs plants parameters is a confirmation of the significance of green synthesized potassium Nanoparticles in the field of agriculture.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136359127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Lawal, A. Danladi, B. Dauda, A. Kogo, M.A. Baba, U. Busuguma
Date seeds collected as waste were reduced to 63 µm particles and treated with NaOH (aq) at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 %. The extent of chemical modification was assessed using FTIR analysis. The waste polypropylene (wPP)/date seed particles (DSP) composites filled with untreated and treated particles at 20 % filler loadings were fabricated using compounding and compression moulding techniques by means of two rolls mill. Tensile, flexural, impact tests and hardness (HV) were conducted and evaluated. Subsequently, a morphological study of the fractured surface of the composites was achieved using SEM. The application of alkali treatment enhanced various properties of the composites at the optimal concentration of 10 % w/v. Specifically, the tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break, impact strength, and hardness were improved, resulting in values of 28.86 MPa, 140 MPa, 172.5 %, 0.92 J/m², and 23.8 Hv, respectively. While tensile and flexural moduli showed a decrease with increasing alkali concentration. The SEM of the fractured surface of the treated composite revealed a better dispersion of filler particles within the matrix with no cluster seen compared to the untreated.
{"title":"The effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of date seed particulates waste polypropylene filled composites","authors":"N. Lawal, A. Danladi, B. Dauda, A. Kogo, M.A. Baba, U. Busuguma","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Date seeds collected as waste were reduced to 63 µm particles and treated with NaOH (aq) at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 %. The extent of chemical modification was assessed using FTIR analysis. The waste polypropylene (wPP)/date seed particles (DSP) composites filled with untreated and treated particles at 20 % filler loadings were fabricated using compounding and compression moulding techniques by means of two rolls mill. Tensile, flexural, impact tests and hardness (HV) were conducted and evaluated. Subsequently, a morphological study of the fractured surface of the composites was achieved using SEM. The application of alkali treatment enhanced various properties of the composites at the optimal concentration of 10 % w/v. Specifically, the tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break, impact strength, and hardness were improved, resulting in values of 28.86 MPa, 140 MPa, 172.5 %, 0.92 J/m², and 23.8 Hv, respectively. While tensile and flexural moduli showed a decrease with increasing alkali concentration. The SEM of the fractured surface of the treated composite revealed a better dispersion of filler particles within the matrix with no cluster seen compared to the untreated.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the vital climatic parameters with significant roles in many natural phenomena is wind. The importance of wind cannot be overemphasized due to its role as a source of renewable energy. The understanding of wind is of great importance particularly for the purpose of prediction and management of severe weather events. However, wind as a climatic parameter depends on relative humidity and temperature as well as other weather parameters and several statistical approaches such as time series analysis, extreme value analysis and spatial analysis have been used to analyze wind speed data. This study uses the kernel density method in analyzing wind speed in Ughelli, Delta State and its connection with relative humidity and temperature using the Gaussian kernel function for a period of five consecutive years from 2018 to 2022. The performance measure employ is the asymptotic mean integrated squared error (AMISE) with the Pearson R test that measures the strength of the relationship that exists between parameters. The results of the investigation with regards to the AMISE shows that 2018 recorded best performance with wind speed and relative humidity while 2021 recorded best performance for wind speed and temperature but 2019 recorded unsatisfactory outcomes for wind speed and the two parameters. This implies that human activities that depend on these parameters for their performance did best in 2018 and 2021 respectively. Furthermore, in terms of connectivity, wind speed and relative humidity are negatively correlated in 2018 and 2022 but positively correlated in 2019, 2020 and 2021 while wind speed and temperature are negatively correlated which implies that as temperature increases, wind speed decreases.
{"title":"A statistical study of wind speed and its connectivity with relative humidity and temperature in Ughelli, Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"I.U. Siloko, O.O. Uddin","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.13","url":null,"abstract":"One of the vital climatic parameters with significant roles in many natural phenomena is wind. The importance of wind cannot be overemphasized due to its role as a source of renewable energy. The understanding of wind is of great importance particularly for the purpose of prediction and management of severe weather events. However, wind as a climatic parameter depends on relative humidity and temperature as well as other weather parameters and several statistical approaches such as time series analysis, extreme value analysis and spatial analysis have been used to analyze wind speed data. This study uses the kernel density method in analyzing wind speed in Ughelli, Delta State and its connection with relative humidity and temperature using the Gaussian kernel function for a period of five consecutive years from 2018 to 2022. The performance measure employ is the asymptotic mean integrated squared error (AMISE) with the Pearson R test that measures the strength of the relationship that exists between parameters. The results of the investigation with regards to the AMISE shows that 2018 recorded best performance with wind speed and relative humidity while 2021 recorded best performance for wind speed and temperature but 2019 recorded unsatisfactory outcomes for wind speed and the two parameters. This implies that human activities that depend on these parameters for their performance did best in 2018 and 2021 respectively. Furthermore, in terms of connectivity, wind speed and relative humidity are negatively correlated in 2018 and 2022 but positively correlated in 2019, 2020 and 2021 while wind speed and temperature are negatively correlated which implies that as temperature increases, wind speed decreases.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lawan Musa Yalwa, Sani Garba Durumin-Iya, Abdulhamid Mikail Abdulhamid, Muhammad Uzair, Suleiman Bashir Adamu, Ibrahim Garba Shitu
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a stable food in many countries in the world including Africa. The present of heavy metals in the environment which are toxics affect the nutritional value of the rice. The accumulation of heavy metals in the body may lead to different health problems such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney failure. The study was conducted to access the presence of some selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Ni, Zn) in rice sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Five sample of rice (EXCHINA, CP, WHEETER-4, ROBBER, and YERMALINTA) which were cultivated in Damashewa village of Kirikasamma local government area were collected. Wet digestion method was used to destroy organic matter in the sample. The result of analysis showed that the concentration of Zinc( Zn) in all the four sample of rice range from (16.50-36.02mg/kg) and that of Cadmium Cd ( 0.05-0.18mg/kg) and that of copper Cu (7.02-22.20mg/kg) which is far below the safety limit of 50-100mg/kg for zinc and 0.4mg/kg for cadmium, and copper is 73.3mg/kg set up by the FAO/WHO (2001), this could lead to anaemia, renal damage, bones disorder and cancer of the lungs. While the concentration of lead Pb (3.57- 16.24mg/kg), nickel Ni (2.50-11.24mg/kg) and that of Arsenic As (0.98-4.33mg/kg) is also above the set safety limit of 0.3mg/kg for lead. Based on this research all rice sample were highly contaminated with lead, arsenic and nickel as a pollutant. Thus, the need for physical examination of the consumers and inhabitants within the study area.
{"title":"Investigation of heavy metals contaminantion level in the locally cultivated rice using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)","authors":"Lawan Musa Yalwa, Sani Garba Durumin-Iya, Abdulhamid Mikail Abdulhamid, Muhammad Uzair, Suleiman Bashir Adamu, Ibrahim Garba Shitu","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Rice (Oryza sativa) is a stable food in many countries in the world including Africa. The present of heavy metals in the environment which are toxics affect the nutritional value of the rice. The accumulation of heavy metals in the body may lead to different health problems such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney failure. The study was conducted to access the presence of some selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Ni, Zn) in rice sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Five sample of rice (EXCHINA, CP, WHEETER-4, ROBBER, and YERMALINTA) which were cultivated in Damashewa village of Kirikasamma local government area were collected. Wet digestion method was used to destroy organic matter in the sample. The result of analysis showed that the concentration of Zinc( Zn) in all the four sample of rice range from (16.50-36.02mg/kg) and that of Cadmium Cd ( 0.05-0.18mg/kg) and that of copper Cu (7.02-22.20mg/kg) which is far below the safety limit of 50-100mg/kg for zinc and 0.4mg/kg for cadmium, and copper is 73.3mg/kg set up by the FAO/WHO (2001), this could lead to anaemia, renal damage, bones disorder and cancer of the lungs. While the concentration of lead Pb (3.57- 16.24mg/kg), nickel Ni (2.50-11.24mg/kg) and that of Arsenic As (0.98-4.33mg/kg) is also above the set safety limit of 0.3mg/kg for lead. Based on this research all rice sample were highly contaminated with lead, arsenic and nickel as a pollutant. Thus, the need for physical examination of the consumers and inhabitants within the study area.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compared the extrapolation strengths of two models: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with an Exogenous Variable (ARIMAX) in the forecast of Nigeria's electricity consumption. Annual data on power generation and consumption from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for 2006 and 2016 over a 51-year period (1970-2020) was used. Industrial and residential electricity consumptions were examined for possible unit roots (non-stationarity) using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test approach. The ADF test result showed that the time series achieved a stationary state for the variables under consideration at first difference. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to assess the performance of each models. Comparing the ARIMA and ARIMAX forecast models, ARIMA(0, 1, 1) emerged for modelling and forecasting industrial electricity consumption in Nigeria while ARIMAX (1, 1, 1) with installation capacity as exogenous variable was suitable for modelling and forecasting residential electricity consumption in Nigeria. The study recommended that for optimal residential electricity consumption in Nigeria, installation capacity and the total power generation in Nigeria should be enhanced.
本研究比较了两种模型的外推强度:自回归综合移动平均(ARIMA)和带外生变量的自回归综合移动平均(ARIMAX)预测尼日利亚电力消耗。本文使用了51年(1970-2020年)期间尼日利亚中央银行统计公报2006年和2016年的发电和消费年度数据。工业和住宅用电量的可能单位根(非平稳性)检查使用增强迪基-富勒测试方法。ADF检验结果表明，对于所考虑的变量，时间序列在一阶差分时达到平稳状态。采用赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)和均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)对各模型的性能进行评价。对比ARIMA和ARIMAX预测模型，ARIMA(0,1,1)适用于尼日利亚工业用电量的建模和预测，而以装机容量为外生变量的ARIMAX(1,1,1)适用于尼日利亚居民用电量的建模和预测。研究建议，为使尼日利亚居民用电达到最优，应提高装机容量和总发电量。
{"title":"Modeling and forecasting electricity consumption in Nigeria using Arima and Arimax time series models","authors":"T.O Maku, M.U. Adehi, M.O. Adenomon","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared the extrapolation strengths of two models: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with an Exogenous Variable (ARIMAX) in the forecast of Nigeria's electricity consumption. Annual data on power generation and consumption from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for 2006 and 2016 over a 51-year period (1970-2020) was used. Industrial and residential electricity consumptions were examined for possible unit roots (non-stationarity) using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test approach. The ADF test result showed that the time series achieved a stationary state for the variables under consideration at first difference. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to assess the performance of each models. Comparing the ARIMA and ARIMAX forecast models, ARIMA(0, 1, 1) emerged for modelling and forecasting industrial electricity consumption in Nigeria while ARIMAX (1, 1, 1) with installation capacity as exogenous variable was suitable for modelling and forecasting residential electricity consumption in Nigeria. The study recommended that for optimal residential electricity consumption in Nigeria, installation capacity and the total power generation in Nigeria should be enhanced.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136359118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education is one of the most significant investments a nation can make in its citizens that can address poverty and inequality in the nearest future. This study sought to assess the spatial pattern of public primary schools in Moro Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to look at the geographic distribution and the level of inequality of the public primary schools in the study area. The number, names and addresses of public primary schools were obtained from the unit of the planning, research and statistics department of Moro Local Government Education Authority (MGLEA) while the data on the geographic location of the public primary schools were gotten via GPS device (Mreno 120, Garmin). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages and Lorenz curve were used to assess the distribution of public primary schools in the study area. These data were also analyzed using Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) to derive the spatial pattern of public primary schools in the area. Findings revealed that there are one hundred and fifty six (156) public primary schools in Moro LGA. Findings further revealed that Malete had the highest percentage of public primary schools with 10.3%, followed by Megida with 9.6% while Ajanaku and Pakunma had the least public primary schools, with 1.9% and 2.6%, respectively. The NNA result of the spatial pattern of public primary schools produced a clustered pattern at 0.01% significance level with the Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR) of 0.86 and a Z-Score of -3.39. The paper consequently recommends that Moro LGC should liaise with the Kwara state government and other relevant stakeholders in order to ensure that the allocation of primary schools is distributed equitably throughout the LGA for easy accessibility.
{"title":"Assessing the spatial pattern of public primary schools in Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria","authors":"Abdulkarim Abubakar, Bitrus Eniyekenimi Daukere, Idris Jamilu, Ishaya Kuku Yahaya","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Education is one of the most significant investments a nation can make in its citizens that can address poverty and inequality in the nearest future. This study sought to assess the spatial pattern of public primary schools in Moro Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to look at the geographic distribution and the level of inequality of the public primary schools in the study area. The number, names and addresses of public primary schools were obtained from the unit of the planning, research and statistics department of Moro Local Government Education Authority (MGLEA) while the data on the geographic location of the public primary schools were gotten via GPS device (Mreno 120, Garmin). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages and Lorenz curve were used to assess the distribution of public primary schools in the study area. These data were also analyzed using Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) to derive the spatial pattern of public primary schools in the area. Findings revealed that there are one hundred and fifty six (156) public primary schools in Moro LGA. Findings further revealed that Malete had the highest percentage of public primary schools with 10.3%, followed by Megida with 9.6% while Ajanaku and Pakunma had the least public primary schools, with 1.9% and 2.6%, respectively. The NNA result of the spatial pattern of public primary schools produced a clustered pattern at 0.01% significance level with the Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR) of 0.86 and a Z-Score of -3.39. The paper consequently recommends that Moro LGC should liaise with the Kwara state government and other relevant stakeholders in order to ensure that the allocation of primary schools is distributed equitably throughout the LGA for easy accessibility.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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