J.U. Ukwenya, P.A. Vantsawa, K.B. Dikwa, T.E. Effiong, S. Bitrus, O. Bello, R. Abdullahi, J. Abdulkadir
Water is very essential for the survival of all living things both plants and animals depend on the availability of water. The aim of this work is to determine the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals content of water samples from domestic and Kaduna River in Kaduna metropolis. Standard method were used for physicochemical parameters and atomic absorption spectrophotometer were used for heavy metals of the water samples. The range of temperature (25.1±0.78°C and 27.6±0.21°C), pH value (6.30±0.29 and 8.46±0.06), turbidity (5.05±0.07m and 9.94±0.08m), the respective water conductivity were 5.95±0.49μS/cm and 98.0±2.82μS/cm, the TDS (4.15±0.35mg/l and 0.71±0.01mg/l), DO content recorded (1.18±0.01mg/l and 8.55±0.12mg/l), COD value were 1.08±0.11mg/l and 6.81±0.11mg/l and BOD (1.08±0.11mg/l and 6.81±0.11 mg/l) domestic and Kaduna River. In heavy metals, copper and cobalt concentrations were higher in domestic and Kaduna River water. The concentration of Zinc in domestic water (0.090±0.044ppm) was higher than that observed in Kaduna River (0.027±0.004ppm). Lead were 0.264±0.011ppm and 0.129±0.07ppm, Cadmium were 0.331±0.013ppm and 0.329±0.019ppm, respectively. The results showed that the water analyzed from domestic and Kaduna River water were within limit except chemical oxygen demand which was below, lead, cadmium and cobalt were above.
{"title":"Determination of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals content of water samples from domestic and Kaduna River in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State","authors":"J.U. Ukwenya, P.A. Vantsawa, K.B. Dikwa, T.E. Effiong, S. Bitrus, O. Bello, R. Abdullahi, J. Abdulkadir","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.22","url":null,"abstract":"Water is very essential for the survival of all living things both plants and animals depend on the availability of water. The aim of this work is to determine the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals content of water samples from domestic and Kaduna River in Kaduna metropolis. Standard method were used for physicochemical parameters and atomic absorption spectrophotometer were used for heavy metals of the water samples. The range of temperature (25.1±0.78°C and 27.6±0.21°C), pH value (6.30±0.29 and 8.46±0.06), turbidity (5.05±0.07m and 9.94±0.08m), the respective water conductivity were 5.95±0.49μS/cm and 98.0±2.82μS/cm, the TDS (4.15±0.35mg/l and 0.71±0.01mg/l), DO content recorded (1.18±0.01mg/l and 8.55±0.12mg/l), COD value were 1.08±0.11mg/l and 6.81±0.11mg/l and BOD (1.08±0.11mg/l and 6.81±0.11 mg/l) domestic and Kaduna River. In heavy metals, copper and cobalt concentrations were higher in domestic and Kaduna River water. The concentration of Zinc in domestic water (0.090±0.044ppm) was higher than that observed in Kaduna River (0.027±0.004ppm). Lead were 0.264±0.011ppm and 0.129±0.07ppm, Cadmium were 0.331±0.013ppm and 0.329±0.019ppm, respectively. The results showed that the water analyzed from domestic and Kaduna River water were within limit except chemical oxygen demand which was below, lead, cadmium and cobalt were above.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135569338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity effects of root extract of G. kola on serum electrolyte, haematological and histological parameters of rats. Rats of both sexes were randomized into groups and orally administered daily with determined doses of G. kola extract using distilled water as a control for 21 days. On the 22nd day, all the animals were sacrificed and dissected to collect blood and selected organs. The serum and whole blood were assayed for serum electrolytes and haematological parameters respectively while selected organs were examined for their weight and histopathological lesions. The extract of G. kola did not cause significant alteration in majority of the serum electrolytes and hematological indices. However, the extract significantly elevated the mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration. On the other hand, the extract reduced mean corpuscular volume, haematocrit (150 and 600 mg/kg), mean platelet volume (150 and 600 mg/kg) and procalcitonin (150 mg/kg). In the vital organs, there were no significant lesions observed except at the highest dose. The root extract of G. kola is relatively safe in rats when repetitively administered orally in small doses for a prolonged period of time to ensure that its use is free of toxicity to humans.
{"title":"Sub-acute toxicity effects of <i>Garcinia kola</i> on serum electrolytes, haematological, visceral organ weights and histopathological profiles in Wistar rats","authors":"A.O. Ojatula, K.C. Ezenwa","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity effects of root extract of G. kola on serum electrolyte, haematological and histological parameters of rats. Rats of both sexes were randomized into groups and orally administered daily with determined doses of G. kola extract using distilled water as a control for 21 days. On the 22nd day, all the animals were sacrificed and dissected to collect blood and selected organs. The serum and whole blood were assayed for serum electrolytes and haematological parameters respectively while selected organs were examined for their weight and histopathological lesions. The extract of G. kola did not cause significant alteration in majority of the serum electrolytes and hematological indices. However, the extract significantly elevated the mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration. On the other hand, the extract reduced mean corpuscular volume, haematocrit (150 and 600 mg/kg), mean platelet volume (150 and 600 mg/kg) and procalcitonin (150 mg/kg). In the vital organs, there were no significant lesions observed except at the highest dose. The root extract of G. kola is relatively safe in rats when repetitively administered orally in small doses for a prolonged period of time to ensure that its use is free of toxicity to humans.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Etafiemor Jacob, Umar Salami Ameuru, Abdulraheem Giwa
A new acid dye was synthesised from the reaction of 6-amno-2-(5-chloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2yl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione with J-acid. The synthesised dye was characterised by melting point, UV-visible absorption, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The synthesised dye was stimulated and subjected to photodegradation using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as photocatalyst in the presence of ultraviolet light in a photo reactor. The rate of degradation of the dye solution was determined on the basis of absorbance measurement. Four factors such as dye concentration, pH of the solution, time of irradiation and catalyst loading were used as the operational parameters for the photo-degradation studies. The Minitab 17 software was used to determine the optimized conditions for the experiment. The main effects and interactions between factors were investigated and results analysed. The results for the optimization parameters in the photocatalytic degradation revealed the following conditions for the percentage degradation: Maximum degradation at 67.9 % with the desirability of 0.96462, dye concentration of 10 mg/L, catalyst loading of 2 mL, with the time of irradiation of 90 minutes at pH of 3.9 for the dye. This showed that (UV/H2O2) photocatalytic degradation of acid dyes using factorial design were effective and efficient technology which can be used in treatment of tannery and textile effluents.
{"title":"Synthesis and photocatalytic degradation of an acid dye using factorial design","authors":"Etafiemor Jacob, Umar Salami Ameuru, Abdulraheem Giwa","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"A new acid dye was synthesised from the reaction of 6-amno-2-(5-chloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2yl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione with J-acid. The synthesised dye was characterised by melting point, UV-visible absorption, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The synthesised dye was stimulated and subjected to photodegradation using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as photocatalyst in the presence of ultraviolet light in a photo reactor. The rate of degradation of the dye solution was determined on the basis of absorbance measurement. Four factors such as dye concentration, pH of the solution, time of irradiation and catalyst loading were used as the operational parameters for the photo-degradation studies. The Minitab 17 software was used to determine the optimized conditions for the experiment. The main effects and interactions between factors were investigated and results analysed. The results for the optimization parameters in the photocatalytic degradation revealed the following conditions for the percentage degradation: Maximum degradation at 67.9 % with the desirability of 0.96462, dye concentration of 10 mg/L, catalyst loading of 2 mL, with the time of irradiation of 90 minutes at pH of 3.9 for the dye. This showed that (UV/H2O2) photocatalytic degradation of acid dyes using factorial design were effective and efficient technology which can be used in treatment of tannery and textile effluents.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the possible composition and functional groups present in a series of quinazoline based mono azo reactive dyes (DM1-5) which was prepared by coupling 2-methyl-3-(2’- methylphenyl)-6-arylazo-4-oxoquinazoline diazonium solution with five (5) cyanurated coupling components . The result of visible absorption spectra showed that the λmax obtained for each dye depends on the coupling component used and that the λmax tend to shift to the shorter wavelength (hypsochromic shift) as the auxochromes appear to have influence on the absorption peak of the dyes... The IR spectral showed all the characteristics and representative of azo reactive dyes, with characteristic band in the range of 3400 - 3309 cm-1 indicating the presence of -OH and –NH stretching vibration, 1382 - 1049 cm-1 for the presence of –C-N, 1141-1010 cm-3 for –S=0 and 925 - 56 cm-1 for the presence of - C-Cl . The azo band occurred in the region of 1458 - 1411 cm-1 which is due to stretching vibration of the -N=N- group. A strong band at 1643 - 1604 cm-1 is due to the stretching vibration of -C=O group of the quinazoline compound. However, the IR spectrum did not actually reveal the chemical structure of the reactive dyes being studied. Further studies could be conducted using GCMS and NMR spectroscopy to confirm the structure of the dyes.
采用紫外-可见和红外光谱技术，对2-甲基-3-(2′-甲基苯基)-6-芳基偶氮-4-氧喹唑啉重氮溶液与5种氰化偶联组分偶联而成的一系列喹唑啉单偶氮活性染料DM1-5的可能组成和官能团进行了研究。可见吸收光谱的结果表明，每种染料的λmax值取决于所使用的耦合成分，并且由于生色对染料吸收峰的影响，λmax值倾向于向较短波长偏移(次色偏移)。红外光谱显示了偶氮活性染料的所有特征和代表性，在3400 ~ 3309 cm-1范围内表示- oh和- nh的存在，1382 ~ 1049 cm-1表示- c - n的存在，1141 ~ 1010 cm-3表示- s =0, 925 ~ 56 cm-1表示- C-Cl的存在。偶氮带出现在1458 ~ 1411 cm-1区域，这是由-N=N-基团的伸缩振动引起的。在1643 ~ 1604 cm-1处有一个强波段，这是由于喹唑啉化合物的- c =O基团的伸缩振动。然而，红外光谱实际上并没有揭示所研究的活性染料的化学结构。进一步的研究可以使用GCMS和核磁共振光谱来确定染料的结构。
{"title":"Spectrophotometric and infra-red analyses of azo reactive dyes derived from 2-methyl-3-(2’- methylphenyl)-6-arylazo-4- oxoquinazoline","authors":"Adedeji Olumide Adeniyi, D.E.A. Boyro, Istifanus Yarkasuwa Chindo, A.A. Mahmoud","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the possible composition and functional groups present in a series of quinazoline based mono azo reactive dyes (DM1-5) which was prepared by coupling 2-methyl-3-(2’- methylphenyl)-6-arylazo-4-oxoquinazoline diazonium solution with five (5) cyanurated coupling components . The result of visible absorption spectra showed that the λmax obtained for each dye depends on the coupling component used and that the λmax tend to shift to the shorter wavelength (hypsochromic shift) as the auxochromes appear to have influence on the absorption peak of the dyes... The IR spectral showed all the characteristics and representative of azo reactive dyes, with characteristic band in the range of 3400 - 3309 cm-1 indicating the presence of -OH and –NH stretching vibration, 1382 - 1049 cm-1 for the presence of –C-N, 1141-1010 cm-3 for –S=0 and 925 - 56 cm-1 for the presence of - C-Cl . The azo band occurred in the region of 1458 - 1411 cm-1 which is due to stretching vibration of the -N=N- group. A strong band at 1643 - 1604 cm-1 is due to the stretching vibration of -C=O group of the quinazoline compound. However, the IR spectrum did not actually reveal the chemical structure of the reactive dyes being studied. Further studies could be conducted using GCMS and NMR spectroscopy to confirm the structure of the dyes.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Protected areas are the cornerstones of wildlife conservation efforts; hence it’s monitoring and protection is fundamental to halting biodiversity declines. This work then assess the effectiveness of wildlife monitoring efforts such as anti-poaching patrol in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria to evaluate the level of success of protective operations for the improvement of anti-poaching programmes for sustainable wildlife management. Secondary data were sourced from the official records of anti-poaching activities including arrests and prosecutions were obtained from the management information unit of the park. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis using table, figure and graph. The results show that arrest and prosecution made for grazing of livestock and poaching were the major offences committed in the ten (10) years appraised. Highest offenders (206) were arrest and prosecuted for grazing of livestock in 2018. The year 2016 had the lowest arrested offenders in Kainji Lake National Park in the last decade (123 offenders) while 2018 had the highest with 287 offenders. The total number of arrest and prosecution made within the ten year period was 1,849. The highest revenue generated in Park in a year was ₦9,010,108.22 in 2018 while the lowest revenue generated in the last ten years was ₦6,466,223.60 in 2016. The total revenue generated in the study area from 2010 to 2019 was ₦74, 355,351.24. There appears to be relationship between arrests of offenders and revenue generation across the years (direct proportion). Evaluation of records of arrests and prosecution between 2010 and 2019 show that high number of offenders arrested and prosecuted for grazing of livestock and poaching for the period evaluated could heighten conflict in the study area. Therefore, local participation of communities surrounding the park is also important to the effectiveness of protective practices.
{"title":"Assessment of wildlife monitoring efforts of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria (2010 - 2019)","authors":"D.A. Joshua, S.M. Ayeni, H.L. Mohammed, R.O. Olatunbosun","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.19","url":null,"abstract":"Protected areas are the cornerstones of wildlife conservation efforts; hence it’s monitoring and protection is fundamental to halting biodiversity declines. This work then assess the effectiveness of wildlife monitoring efforts such as anti-poaching patrol in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria to evaluate the level of success of protective operations for the improvement of anti-poaching programmes for sustainable wildlife management. Secondary data were sourced from the official records of anti-poaching activities including arrests and prosecutions were obtained from the management information unit of the park. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis using table, figure and graph. The results show that arrest and prosecution made for grazing of livestock and poaching were the major offences committed in the ten (10) years appraised. Highest offenders (206) were arrest and prosecuted for grazing of livestock in 2018. The year 2016 had the lowest arrested offenders in Kainji Lake National Park in the last decade (123 offenders) while 2018 had the highest with 287 offenders. The total number of arrest and prosecution made within the ten year period was 1,849. The highest revenue generated in Park in a year was ₦9,010,108.22 in 2018 while the lowest revenue generated in the last ten years was ₦6,466,223.60 in 2016. The total revenue generated in the study area from 2010 to 2019 was ₦74, 355,351.24. There appears to be relationship between arrests of offenders and revenue generation across the years (direct proportion). Evaluation of records of arrests and prosecution between 2010 and 2019 show that high number of offenders arrested and prosecuted for grazing of livestock and poaching for the period evaluated could heighten conflict in the study area. Therefore, local participation of communities surrounding the park is also important to the effectiveness of protective practices.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater is a very important component of water resources in nature. Since the demand of groundwater increases with population growth, it is necessary to explore groundwater more intensively. The importance of groundwater cannot be overemphasized. For this reason, the exploration for water is therefore a vital aspect of Geophysics. The resistivity method of surveying was carried out for the study of Groundwater potential in Biu town, Borno State, Nigeria. Data were acquired using the ABEM Terrameter 300C using the Schlumberger array. The data obtained were subjected to interpretation by partial curve matching and then by computer iteration and the results correlated with records from existing wells. A total of four geologic layers namely; top soil, weathered basalt, fractured basalt and fresh basement was delineated in this study. Results showed that the aquifer is located within the second and third layers comprising mainly of weathered and fracture materials. The first aquifer is the weathered basalt with resistivity ranging from 11.5 to 106.8 Ωm and thickness ranges from 2.73 to 31.32 m. while the second aquifer is the fractured basalt with resistivity ranging from 16.5 to 372.2 Ωm with thickness from 2.9 to 11.17 m. Appropriate depths to which potable water can be obtained from the various locations varies from 21.89 m to 38.33 m are recommended in this study. While depths in VES 6 and VES 7 are 10.45 m and 14.97 m are not good for groundwater exploration.
{"title":"Subsurface investigation for groundwater potential of biu plateau basalt north eastern Nigeria, using vertical electrical sounding","authors":"S. Bello","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a very important component of water resources in nature. Since the demand of groundwater increases with population growth, it is necessary to explore groundwater more intensively. The importance of groundwater cannot be overemphasized. For this reason, the exploration for water is therefore a vital aspect of Geophysics. The resistivity method of surveying was carried out for the study of Groundwater potential in Biu town, Borno State, Nigeria. Data were acquired using the ABEM Terrameter 300C using the Schlumberger array. The data obtained were subjected to interpretation by partial curve matching and then by computer iteration and the results correlated with records from existing wells. A total of four geologic layers namely; top soil, weathered basalt, fractured basalt and fresh basement was delineated in this study. Results showed that the aquifer is located within the second and third layers comprising mainly of weathered and fracture materials. The first aquifer is the weathered basalt with resistivity ranging from 11.5 to 106.8 Ωm and thickness ranges from 2.73 to 31.32 m. while the second aquifer is the fractured basalt with resistivity ranging from 16.5 to 372.2 Ωm with thickness from 2.9 to 11.17 m. Appropriate depths to which potable water can be obtained from the various locations varies from 21.89 m to 38.33 m are recommended in this study. While depths in VES 6 and VES 7 are 10.45 m and 14.97 m are not good for groundwater exploration.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examined the factors and determinants of housing choices in Kaduna metropolis. Respondents were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive techniques. Also, data for the research adopt the use of Key Informant Interview (KII), questionnaire and field observation. The result shows the various types of houses that includes 3 Bedrooms Detached (66.7%), 2 Bedroom Detached (11.4%), 3 Bedrooms Semi Detached (9.8%) as types of housing residence. Also, the findings revealed that aluminum roofing was the major roofing material used for the houses (48%). In addition, the major sources of water supply in the study area were borehole (72.4%). Also, the distance from house to school shows that half of the respondents covered almost less than 10km. The studies revealed that MPH estate was the major housing private partnership provider with 33.3% and preferred choice followed by Tripple A, while the Tapiddac was the least private partnership provider. Despite the preferences of private partnership providers, the respondent preferred affordability of houses (43.1%) rather than housing quality (29.3%), security (15.4) and housing accessibility (12.2%) was the lowest reason for the choice of houses. The result also revealed that too much bureaucratic process as one of the major challenges during acquiring of a house unit followed by a long waiting period. Also, the findings revealed that beneficiary must be an active civil servant with monthly salary or a registered business to serve as one of the criteria to be fulfilled before he/she can own a house.
{"title":"Factors and determinants of housing choices in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"Y. Saleh, A.A. Dabo, A.S. Tanko","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the factors and determinants of housing choices in Kaduna metropolis. Respondents were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive techniques. Also, data for the research adopt the use of Key Informant Interview (KII), questionnaire and field observation. The result shows the various types of houses that includes 3 Bedrooms Detached (66.7%), 2 Bedroom Detached (11.4%), 3 Bedrooms Semi Detached (9.8%) as types of housing residence. Also, the findings revealed that aluminum roofing was the major roofing material used for the houses (48%). In addition, the major sources of water supply in the study area were borehole (72.4%). Also, the distance from house to school shows that half of the respondents covered almost less than 10km. The studies revealed that MPH estate was the major housing private partnership provider with 33.3% and preferred choice followed by Tripple A, while the Tapiddac was the least private partnership provider. Despite the preferences of private partnership providers, the respondent preferred affordability of houses (43.1%) rather than housing quality (29.3%), security (15.4) and housing accessibility (12.2%) was the lowest reason for the choice of houses. The result also revealed that too much bureaucratic process as one of the major challenges during acquiring of a house unit followed by a long waiting period. Also, the findings revealed that beneficiary must be an active civil servant with monthly salary or a registered business to serve as one of the criteria to be fulfilled before he/she can own a house.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unit root test is an important means to determine the integration order of a variable which has involved different methods of testing for stationarity. Simulation method is adopted in this study to verify whether unit root, structural breaks and regime shifts exist in the sample considered. For sample sizes of 20 and 50 as small, 100 and 250 as medium, and 2500 and 5000 as large, the enhanced Dickey-Fuller test and Zivot-Andrews test were used. The experiment was conducted 5000 times for each sample size, and the results demonstrated that there is presence of unit root at level for all sample sizes taken into consideration, but they were integrated of order 1. This implies that they are stationary at first difference. The results also showed that there are structural breaks at various levels depending on sample size, but it was noted that the breaks remained stable regardless of size when the sample size was large. The MSVAR results demonstrated that regime 1 is more resilient than regime 2, and that regime 1 is projected to last longer than regime 2. As a result, we draw the conclusion that simulation can be utilized to verify a real-world situation.
{"title":"Sample size simulation for unit root, structural break and regime shifts","authors":"V.A. Micheal, M.O. Adenomon, N.O. Nweze","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Unit root test is an important means to determine the integration order of a variable which has involved different methods of testing for stationarity. Simulation method is adopted in this study to verify whether unit root, structural breaks and regime shifts exist in the sample considered. For sample sizes of 20 and 50 as small, 100 and 250 as medium, and 2500 and 5000 as large, the enhanced Dickey-Fuller test and Zivot-Andrews test were used. The experiment was conducted 5000 times for each sample size, and the results demonstrated that there is presence of unit root at level for all sample sizes taken into consideration, but they were integrated of order 1. This implies that they are stationary at first difference. The results also showed that there are structural breaks at various levels depending on sample size, but it was noted that the breaks remained stable regardless of size when the sample size was large. The MSVAR results demonstrated that regime 1 is more resilient than regime 2, and that regime 1 is projected to last longer than regime 2. As a result, we draw the conclusion that simulation can be utilized to verify a real-world situation.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chabiya Denis Terrang, Bashiru Kayode Sodipo, Muhammad Sani Abubakar
Solar energy is a good option to replace the fossil driven energy market. Research is still ongoing to make solar technologies more efficient and affordable. Modeling is key in this area. Parameter extraction of PV modules enables easier simulation and accurate modeling of various PV cells/modules. The parameters are namely: (I) the photo generated current, ????????ℎ, (II) the reverse saturation current, ????????, (III) ideality factor, n, (IV) the series resistance, ???????? and (V) the shunt resistance, ????????ℎ. This research work extracted the equivalent circuit parameters of polycrystalline and amorphous solar panels. An 11 V polycrystalline and 6 V amorphous solar panels were illuminated with a 500 W halogen lamp to generate I-V characteristics with the aid of a data capture device. A Matlab/Simulink model was modified using the single diode equation to model the two test solar panels. The Orthogonal Distance Regression (ODR) method from the origin lab was adopted to solve the nonlinear/transcendental equation of the solar cell/module with the single diode model to determine the parameters of a polycrystalline and amorphous solar panel. The results show a variation in the parameters of the two test solar panels. The polycrystalline indicates a higher ????????ℎ and ????????ℎ with low ???????? and n values, which result to high efficiency. The amorphous panel shows higher n and ???????? values, which makes it have low efficiency. The polycrystalline solar panel has smaller residual sum of square (RSS) which makes it a better retrieval while the amorphous solar panel has a higher residual sum of square (RSS), the ODR method for polycrystalline was more accurate than the amorphous solar panel as observed from the validation results of the two test panels.
{"title":"PV module single–diode model, parameter extraction of polycrystalline and amorphous solar panel","authors":"Chabiya Denis Terrang, Bashiru Kayode Sodipo, Muhammad Sani Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.20","url":null,"abstract":"Solar energy is a good option to replace the fossil driven energy market. Research is still ongoing to make solar technologies more efficient and affordable. Modeling is key in this area. Parameter extraction of PV modules enables easier simulation and accurate modeling of various PV cells/modules. The parameters are namely: (I) the photo generated current, ????????ℎ, (II) the reverse saturation current, ????????, (III) ideality factor, n, (IV) the series resistance, ???????? and (V) the shunt resistance, ????????ℎ. This research work extracted the equivalent circuit parameters of polycrystalline and amorphous solar panels. An 11 V polycrystalline and 6 V amorphous solar panels were illuminated with a 500 W halogen lamp to generate I-V characteristics with the aid of a data capture device. A Matlab/Simulink model was modified using the single diode equation to model the two test solar panels. The Orthogonal Distance Regression (ODR) method from the origin lab was adopted to solve the nonlinear/transcendental equation of the solar cell/module with the single diode model to determine the parameters of a polycrystalline and amorphous solar panel. The results show a variation in the parameters of the two test solar panels. The polycrystalline indicates a higher ????????ℎ and ????????ℎ with low ???????? and n values, which result to high efficiency. The amorphous panel shows higher n and ???????? values, which makes it have low efficiency. The polycrystalline solar panel has smaller residual sum of square (RSS) which makes it a better retrieval while the amorphous solar panel has a higher residual sum of square (RSS), the ODR method for polycrystalline was more accurate than the amorphous solar panel as observed from the validation results of the two test panels.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high demand for energy as a result of the increase in population and the need to keep our environments clean makes research on biogas from wastes very necessary. The study was conducted to use poultry wastes mixed with sawdust to generate gases that can be used for cooking. The poultry waste was mixed with saw dust in the ratio 4:0, 4:1, 2:1 and 1:1 over a period of 4 weeks. The gases collected were subjected to laboratory analysis using Gas Chromatography of Perkin Elmer model. Methane yields of 3.45 x 10-3m3, 3.05 x 10-3m3, 2.03 x 10-3m3 and 1.00 x 10-3m3 were generated respectively. The more saw dust added the less gas of interest produced. Analysis of residue showed concentrations of N, P, and K in the residue are 0.847 %, 0.28 %, and 2.09 % respectively which implies materials that can be incorporated in soil amendment. Removing saw dust from the environment to generate gas reduces environmental pollution caused by burning.
{"title":"Biogas production from poultry waste modified with sawdust","authors":"H. Ayedun, A.I. Adeyemo, P.O. Ayadi","doi":"10.4314/swj.v18i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The high demand for energy as a result of the increase in population and the need to keep our environments clean makes research on biogas from wastes very necessary. The study was conducted to use poultry wastes mixed with sawdust to generate gases that can be used for cooking. The poultry waste was mixed with saw dust in the ratio 4:0, 4:1, 2:1 and 1:1 over a period of 4 weeks. The gases collected were subjected to laboratory analysis using Gas Chromatography of Perkin Elmer model. Methane yields of 3.45 x 10-3m3, 3.05 x 10-3m3, 2.03 x 10-3m3 and 1.00 x 10-3m3 were generated respectively. The more saw dust added the less gas of interest produced. Analysis of residue showed concentrations of N, P, and K in the residue are 0.847 %, 0.28 %, and 2.09 % respectively which implies materials that can be incorporated in soil amendment. Removing saw dust from the environment to generate gas reduces environmental pollution caused by burning.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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