This study assessed the concentration of radionuclides (Ra-266, Th-232, U-238, and K-40) in selected dumpsites within some Local Government Areas of Kaduna State. Radiological analysis was carried out using a gamma spectrometer (HPGE) located at the Energy Research Center, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The results of the concentration of Ra-266, Th-232, U-238 and K-40 in the study area were as follows: 196.12 – 239.14 Bq/kg, 126.79 – 171.32 Bq/kg, 84.96 – 115.96 Bq/kg, and 317.11 – 521.77 Bq/kg respectively for Chikun LGA; 213.84 – 268.98 Bq/kg, 102.17 – 122.90 Bq/kg, 110.89 – 137.80 Bq/kg, 407.64 – 486.38 Bq/kg respectively for Igabi LGA; 187.15 – 364.50 Bq/kg, 166.04 – 387.00 Bq/kg, 97.35 – 180.57 Bq/kg, and 541.72 – 801.08 Bq/kg respectively for Kaduna North LGA; and 128.98 – 293.45 Bq/kg, 139.43 – 182.96 Bq/kg, 70.57 – 132.02 Bq/kg and 526.19 – 707.42 Bq/kg respectively for dumpsites in Kaduna South. The results revealed that K-40 had the highest concentration in all the study areas and was found to be above the UNSCEAR (2000) recommended limit of 300 bq/kg. Ra-266, Th-232, and U-238 were found to be 37, 31, and 51 Bq/kg above the UNSCEAR (2000) recommended limits of 35, 30, and 50 Bq/kg, respectively. The annual effective dose was in the range of 1.23–2.30 mSvy^(-1) above the UNSCEAR (2000) recommended safety limit. The radioactivity level in the study areas was high; therefore, continuous exposure to these radionuclides and their progenies may pose a severe risk to public health. All the sampled radionuclides were found to be within the recommended standard of ≤1.0 WHO reference values.
{"title":"Assessment of radionuclides content of dumpsites within Kaduna Metropolis","authors":"T. Sombo, B. Shehu, A. A. Tyovenda, B. Gabi","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.15","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the concentration of radionuclides (Ra-266, Th-232, U-238, and K-40) in selected dumpsites within some Local Government Areas of Kaduna State. Radiological analysis was carried out using a gamma spectrometer (HPGE) located at the Energy Research Center, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The results of the concentration of Ra-266, Th-232, U-238 and K-40 in the study area were as follows: 196.12 – 239.14 Bq/kg, 126.79 – 171.32 Bq/kg, 84.96 – 115.96 Bq/kg, and 317.11 – 521.77 Bq/kg respectively for Chikun LGA; 213.84 – 268.98 Bq/kg, 102.17 – 122.90 Bq/kg, 110.89 – 137.80 Bq/kg, 407.64 – 486.38 Bq/kg respectively for Igabi LGA; 187.15 – 364.50 Bq/kg, 166.04 – 387.00 Bq/kg, 97.35 – 180.57 Bq/kg, and 541.72 – 801.08 Bq/kg respectively for Kaduna North LGA; and 128.98 – 293.45 Bq/kg, 139.43 – 182.96 Bq/kg, 70.57 – 132.02 Bq/kg and 526.19 – 707.42 Bq/kg respectively for dumpsites in Kaduna South. The results revealed that K-40 had the highest concentration in all the study areas and was found to be above the UNSCEAR (2000) recommended limit of 300 bq/kg. Ra-266, Th-232, and U-238 were found to be 37, 31, and 51 Bq/kg above the UNSCEAR (2000) recommended limits of 35, 30, and 50 Bq/kg, respectively. The annual effective dose was in the range of 1.23–2.30 mSvy^(-1) above the UNSCEAR (2000) recommended safety limit. The radioactivity level in the study areas was high; therefore, continuous exposure to these radionuclides and their progenies may pose a severe risk to public health. All the sampled radionuclides were found to be within the recommended standard of ≤1.0 WHO reference values.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141022435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates whether neonate gender determines the mode of maternal delivery. The Pearson correlation technique and the t -statistic were applied to ascertain whether neonate gender is a determinant of the mode of maternal delivery. The neonate rate of delivery based on gender and mode of delivery was also investigated. The study relied on secondary data from a general hospital in Nigeria. The study consists of 6,491 live births from 2010 to 2017. The analysis showed that 74.9% accounted for normal births while 25.1% for surgical births. The gender analysis showed that 47.5% of males and 52.5% of females were normal births while 47.8% of males and 52.2% of females were delivered via surgical mode. The study showed that 47.6% of males and 52.4% of females were delivered for the period under review. The correlation value r=0.5 suggests that neonates irrespective of gender can be delivered via a normal or surgical procedure. The analysis based on the t-statistic failed to reject the null hypothesis implying that neonate gender does not determine the mode of maternal delivery but maternal lifestyle during pregnancy.
本文探讨了新生儿性别是否决定了产妇的分娩方式。本文采用了皮尔逊相关技术和 t 统计量来确定新生儿性别是否是产妇分娩方式的决定因素。此外，还调查了基于性别和分娩方式的新生儿分娩率。研究依赖于尼日利亚一家综合医院的二手数据。研究包括 2010 年至 2017 年的 6 491 例活产。分析结果显示，顺产占 74.9%，手术分娩占 25.1%。性别分析显示，47.5%的男性和52.5%的女性为顺产，47.8%的男性和52.2%的女性为手术分娩。研究显示，在本报告所述期间，47.6%的男性和 52.4%的女性为顺产。相关值 r=0.5 表明，新生儿不分性别均可通过顺产或手术方式分娩。基于 t 统计量的分析未能拒绝零假设，这意味着新生儿的性别并不决定产妇的分娩方式，而是由 产妇在怀孕期间的生活方式决定的。
{"title":"Analysis of neonates gender and mode of delivery using Pearson’s correlation","authors":"F. Okwonu, N. Ahad, J. S. Apanapudor","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether neonate gender determines the mode of maternal delivery. The Pearson correlation technique and the t -statistic were applied to ascertain whether neonate gender is a determinant of the mode of maternal delivery. The neonate rate of delivery based on gender and mode of delivery was also investigated. The study relied on secondary data from a general hospital in Nigeria. The study consists of 6,491 live births from 2010 to 2017. The analysis showed that 74.9% accounted for normal births while 25.1% for surgical births. The gender analysis showed that 47.5% of males and 52.5% of females were normal births while 47.8% of males and 52.2% of females were delivered via surgical mode. The study showed that 47.6% of males and 52.4% of females were delivered for the period under review. The correlation value r=0.5 suggests that neonates irrespective of gender can be delivered via a normal or surgical procedure. The analysis based on the t-statistic failed to reject the null hypothesis implying that neonate gender does not determine the mode of maternal delivery but maternal lifestyle during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shehu Adamu, N. Y. Pindiga, A. Nuhu, Ali Ibrahim, Muhammad Shirama Yakubu
Eco-friendly iron and copper nanoparticles were synthesized using masquerade and eucalyptus leaves extract as a reducing and stabilizing agents. Iron chloride heptahydrate (FeCl2.7H2O) and Copper sulphatepenta hydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) as metal precursors. It was characterized using UV visible, FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. The UV result shows the highest peaks at 500 and 600 nm for iron and copper respectively. This is due to the surface plasma vibration of the phytochemical constituents present in the extract. FTIR shows presence of alkanoids and triterpenes, SEM shows the spherical granular with no well-defined morphology and mono dispersed structures for iron and copper nanoparticles respectively. It shows good antibacterial activity when tested against Escherichia-coli and Pseudomonas auredinosa (gram- negative), Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsella pneumonia (gram-positive).
{"title":"Green synthesis of copper and iron nanoparticles from extracts of eucalyptus with their antimicrobial activities","authors":"Shehu Adamu, N. Y. Pindiga, A. Nuhu, Ali Ibrahim, Muhammad Shirama Yakubu","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.39","url":null,"abstract":"Eco-friendly iron and copper nanoparticles were synthesized using masquerade and eucalyptus leaves extract as a reducing and stabilizing agents. Iron chloride heptahydrate (FeCl2.7H2O) and Copper sulphatepenta hydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) as metal precursors. It was characterized using UV visible, FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. The UV result shows the highest peaks at 500 and 600 nm for iron and copper respectively. This is due to the surface plasma vibration of the phytochemical constituents present in the extract. FTIR shows presence of alkanoids and triterpenes, SEM shows the spherical granular with no well-defined morphology and mono dispersed structures for iron and copper nanoparticles respectively. It shows good antibacterial activity when tested against Escherichia-coli and Pseudomonas auredinosa (gram- negative), Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsella pneumonia (gram-positive).","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"20 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141020315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toxic compounds such as redox-sensitive metals usually contaminate the soil. They are implicated in the causation of oxidative stress, a precursor of human diseases and ecological extinction. Having uncontaminated soil serves as the link between plant and animal health quality, and a sustainable ecosystem. Geological accumulation and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in agricultural land can significantly hinder soil fertility, ecological health, food safety, and food security. This study used the soil samples from farmlands near the Lafarge industrial area at Mfamosing, Akamkpa local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria, to assess eight redox-sensitive metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Arsenic, Cobalt, and Zinc), their spatial distribution, and geo-accumulation. The redox-sensitive metals were screened with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer connected with mass spectroscopy. A geographic information system (GIS) and ArcMap version 10:8:2 was used to infer the risk of the industrial area regarding geo-accumulation, and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in the farmlands. The result shows Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Co and Zn have different concentrations among the samples. Three samples - MS2, MS3, and MS8, had the highest arsenic concentration, while samples Ms1, Ms2, Ms5, and Ms8, had the second-highest concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium, respectively. The polluted area was moderately contaminated and distributed with other metals - Cu, Ni, and Co, respectively. Comparing these results with those of non-industrial areas, one can infer that the Lafarge industrial area is more contaminated with redox-sensitive metal. To advance this investigation, some microorganisms within the area can be used to verify a metal-hazard impact on the ecosystem and monitor the rise in redox-sensitive metals to predict the risk.
{"title":"Estimation of redox-sensitive metals in Lafarge cement company’s area in Akamkpa Nigeria: Assessment of ecological health risk","authors":"V. Okpashi","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic compounds such as redox-sensitive metals usually contaminate the soil. They are implicated in the causation of oxidative stress, a precursor of human diseases and ecological extinction. Having uncontaminated soil serves as the link between plant and animal health quality, and a sustainable ecosystem. Geological accumulation and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in agricultural land can significantly hinder soil fertility, ecological health, food safety, and food security. This study used the soil samples from farmlands near the Lafarge industrial area at Mfamosing, Akamkpa local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria, to assess eight redox-sensitive metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Arsenic, Cobalt, and Zinc), their spatial distribution, and geo-accumulation. The redox-sensitive metals were screened with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer connected with mass spectroscopy. A geographic information system (GIS) and ArcMap version 10:8:2 was used to infer the risk of the industrial area regarding geo-accumulation, and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in the farmlands. The result shows Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Co and Zn have different concentrations among the samples. Three samples - MS2, MS3, and MS8, had the highest arsenic concentration, while samples Ms1, Ms2, Ms5, and Ms8, had the second-highest concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium, respectively. The polluted area was moderately contaminated and distributed with other metals - Cu, Ni, and Co, respectively. Comparing these results with those of non-industrial areas, one can infer that the Lafarge industrial area is more contaminated with redox-sensitive metal. To advance this investigation, some microorganisms within the area can be used to verify a metal-hazard impact on the ecosystem and monitor the rise in redox-sensitive metals to predict the risk.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In statistical applications the Normal distribution is adjudged to be the best. Recent studies Terna (2017) using classical method indicated that Weibull-Normal distribution outperformed the Normal distribution. In this study we used the non-classical Bayesian method of estimation to estimate and compare the Weibull-Normal distribution with some other distributions including Normal and Gamma-Normal distributions. This study derived explicit expressions for basic statistical properties such as moments, moment generating function, the characteristic function, reliability analysis and the distribution of order statistics. It looks at estimation of confidence intervals for the parameters of the Weibull-Normal distribution and estimated the parameters of the new distribution using a non-classical approach for the purpose of theoretical comparisons. The two other distributions whose parameters were also estimated by using Bayesian estimation are the normal distribution and gamma distribution as well as the combination Gamma-Normal distribution. Based on the analyses and interpretations of the results obtained it was found that the parameters and other general properties of Normal distribution gives a better fit than other distributions. R-software was used; the models were written as an R code in R program using the rjags library, the distribution parameters were obtained from a Gibbs sampling of a Bayesian Fit for data set I and data set II. The criteria used in R for comparisons were the negative log-likelihood, AIC (Akaike information criterion), CAIC (Consistent Akaike Information Criterion) and BIC (Bayesian information Criterion).
在统计应用中，正态分布被认为是最好的分布。最近 Terna（2017 年）使用经典方法进行的研究表明，Weibull-正态分布的表现优于正态分布。在本研究中，我们使用非经典的贝叶斯估计方法来估计 Weibull-Normal 分布，并将其与其他一些分布（包括正态分布和伽马-正态分布）进行比较。本研究推导了基本统计属性的明确表达式，如矩、矩产生函数、特征函数、可靠性分析和阶次统计分布。它研究了魏布尔-正态分布参数置信区间的估计，并使用非经典方法估计了新分布的参数，以便进行理论比较。使用贝叶斯估计法估计参数的其他两种分布是正态分布和伽马分布以及伽马-正态分布组合。根据对所获结果的分析和解释，发现正态分布的参数和其他一般属性比其他分布的拟合效果更好。研究使用了 R 软件；模型是使用 rjags 库在 R 程序中编写的 R 代码，分布参数是通过对数据集 I 和数据集 II 进行贝叶斯拟合的 Gibbs 采样获得的。R 中用于比较的标准是负对数似然、AIC（阿凯克信息标准）、CAIC（一致阿凯克信息标准）和 BIC（贝叶斯信息标准）。
{"title":"Estimation and comparison of Weibull-Normal distribution with some other probability models using Bayesian method of estimation","authors":"Suleiman Aliyu, M. A. Bamanga","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"In statistical applications the Normal distribution is adjudged to be the best. Recent studies Terna (2017) using classical method indicated that Weibull-Normal distribution outperformed the Normal distribution. In this study we used the non-classical Bayesian method of estimation to estimate and compare the Weibull-Normal distribution with some other distributions including Normal and Gamma-Normal distributions. This study derived explicit expressions for basic statistical properties such as moments, moment generating function, the characteristic function, reliability analysis and the distribution of order statistics. It looks at estimation of confidence intervals for the parameters of the Weibull-Normal distribution and estimated the parameters of the new distribution using a non-classical approach for the purpose of theoretical comparisons. The two other distributions whose parameters were also estimated by using Bayesian estimation are the normal distribution and gamma distribution as well as the combination Gamma-Normal distribution. Based on the analyses and interpretations of the results obtained it was found that the parameters and other general properties of Normal distribution gives a better fit than other distributions. R-software was used; the models were written as an R code in R program using the rjags library, the distribution parameters were obtained from a Gibbs sampling of a Bayesian Fit for data set I and data set II. The criteria used in R for comparisons were the negative log-likelihood, AIC (Akaike information criterion), CAIC (Consistent Akaike Information Criterion) and BIC (Bayesian information Criterion).","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of Terminalia avicennioides leaf extract against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea. The phytochemical constituents of the ethanol of Terminalia avicennioides leaf, aqueous, n- butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf extract were determined using standard analytical methods. The antibacterial activities of the leaf extract and extract fractions against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeaic patients were determined in vitro by agar diffusion, dilution and time - kill methods. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoides, tannins, alkaloids, phenols and triterpenes. The crude extract and extract fractions of T. avicennioides leaf were effective against the test bacterial isolates at varied concentration of extracts but the n-butanol fraction was more effective with Minimum inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 6.25 and 12.5mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were completely killed within 180 minutes of exposure to ethanol leaf extract and extract fractions at varied MBCs of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were more susceptible to n-butanol fraction within 120 minutes of exposure to the extract fraction.
{"title":"Evaluation of phytochemical, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of Terminalia avicennioides leaf against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea","authors":"F. M. Musa, Z.K. Muhammad-Idris, J. R. Wartu","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.30","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of Terminalia avicennioides leaf extract against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea. The phytochemical constituents of the ethanol of Terminalia avicennioides leaf, aqueous, n- butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf extract were determined using standard analytical methods. The antibacterial activities of the leaf extract and extract fractions against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeaic patients were determined in vitro by agar diffusion, dilution and time - kill methods. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoides, tannins, alkaloids, phenols and triterpenes. The crude extract and extract fractions of T. avicennioides leaf were effective against the test bacterial isolates at varied concentration of extracts but the n-butanol fraction was more effective with Minimum inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 6.25 and 12.5mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were completely killed within 180 minutes of exposure to ethanol leaf extract and extract fractions at varied MBCs of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were more susceptible to n-butanol fraction within 120 minutes of exposure to the extract fraction.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141018774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is one of the high-risk viruses that cause cervical cancers. Persistent infection with the virus leads to development of precancerous lesions of the cervix in infected women, which without medical intervention can progress to invasive cervical cancer. This study assessed HPV16-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the serum of women attendees of General Outpatient Department (GOPD) at General Hospital Kafanchan and Kagarko in Kaduna State. This was a cross-sectional study. Structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information and blood samples were also collected for testing. This was in addition to information collected from the laboratory analyzed. Five milliliters (5mls) of blood were aseptically collected from each of the 200 women, who had no history of HPV vaccination at the time of the study for the determination of HPV16-specific IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The sero-positivity for HPV 16-specific IgG antibodies among the women was 24.5%. The sero-positivity among women who had their first sexual intercourse at age 13-19 years was 37.6%, and it was significantly different from those who had their sexual debut at ≥20 years (14.8 %) (p=0.001). Sero-positivity also increased from 9.2 % in women with one lifetime sexual partner to 60.0% in those with multiple sexual partners(p=0.001). The finding showed that the women in this study have been exposed to the HPV-16 virus. Further study with a larger population of women in this locality to determine the level of susceptibility or immunity to HPV-16 is strongly advocated, among others.
{"title":"Human papillomavirus 16 specific immunoglobulin g antibodies and its correlates among women attendees of selected hospitals in Southern Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"J.M. Banda, L.O. Adama, I.A. Joshua, S.F. Banda, O.J. Okojokwu, G.C. Onyemelukwe","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.35","url":null,"abstract":"Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is one of the high-risk viruses that cause cervical cancers. Persistent infection with the virus leads to development of precancerous lesions of the cervix in infected women, which without medical intervention can progress to invasive cervical cancer. This study assessed HPV16-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the serum of women attendees of General Outpatient Department (GOPD) at General Hospital Kafanchan and Kagarko in Kaduna State. This was a cross-sectional study. Structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information and blood samples were also collected for testing. This was in addition to information collected from the laboratory analyzed. Five milliliters (5mls) of blood were aseptically collected from each of the 200 women, who had no history of HPV vaccination at the time of the study for the determination of HPV16-specific IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The sero-positivity for HPV 16-specific IgG antibodies among the women was 24.5%. The sero-positivity among women who had their first sexual intercourse at age 13-19 years was 37.6%, and it was significantly different from those who had their sexual debut at ≥20 years (14.8 %) (p=0.001). Sero-positivity also increased from 9.2 % in women with one lifetime sexual partner to 60.0% in those with multiple sexual partners(p=0.001). The finding showed that the women in this study have been exposed to the HPV-16 virus. Further study with a larger population of women in this locality to determine the level of susceptibility or immunity to HPV-16 is strongly advocated, among others.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"6 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, the control and treatment of African trypanosomiasis are limited by the number of chemotherapeutic drugs with associated side effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a non-toxic herbal treatment for African trypanosomiasis. Leaf, stem, and root bark extracts of Acacia nilotica L. and Guiera senegalensis J. F. Gmel and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst ex A. Rich were sequentially extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as solvents and evaluated for in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities against Trypanosoma brucei, and phytochemical contents. Results revealed that out of the 36 extracts, Methanol leaf extracts of G. senegalensis, aqueous leaf extract of G. senegalensis, methanol leaf extract of A. nilotica and methanol leaf extract of Z. abyssinica leaf extract (MIC 3.93±2.88, 10.98±3.21, 16.91±3.21 and 18.88±3.44 μg/ml respectively), gave the best in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity against T. b. brucei compare to the control. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the 4 most trypanocidal plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, quinines, saponins and tannins, with alkaloids and flavonoids having the highest concentrations (4.3.13±0.05 mg/100 g and 4.5±0.02 mg/100 g respectively) in the methanol leaf extract of G. senegalensis and quinone with the lowest concentration (0.1±0.07 mg/100 g).The methanol leaf extracts of G. senegalensis were found to have the most in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities (MIC of 3.93±2.88 ug/ml), possibly due to the high content of alkaloids and flavonoids. The results of this study revealed the potential of G. senegalensis for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. Consequently, further studies are needed with this plant to evaluate its in vivo anti-trypanosomal potential, the structures of the bioactive compounds responsible for its activity, and its other medicinal properties.
{"title":"Evaluation of in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities of leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts of Acacia nilotica (L) Willd ex Del., Guiera senegalensis j. F. Gmel and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst ex A. rich","authors":"U.O. Adamu, A. Mann, J.O. Tijani, Y.A. Kabir","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.37","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the control and treatment of African trypanosomiasis are limited by the number of chemotherapeutic drugs with associated side effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a non-toxic herbal treatment for African trypanosomiasis. Leaf, stem, and root bark extracts of Acacia nilotica L. and Guiera senegalensis J. F. Gmel and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst ex A. Rich were sequentially extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as solvents and evaluated for in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities against Trypanosoma brucei, and phytochemical contents. Results revealed that out of the 36 extracts, Methanol leaf extracts of G. senegalensis, aqueous leaf extract of G. senegalensis, methanol leaf extract of A. nilotica and methanol leaf extract of Z. abyssinica leaf extract (MIC 3.93±2.88, 10.98±3.21, 16.91±3.21 and 18.88±3.44 μg/ml respectively), gave the best in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity against T. b. brucei compare to the control. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the 4 most trypanocidal plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, quinines, saponins and tannins, with alkaloids and flavonoids having the highest concentrations (4.3.13±0.05 mg/100 g and 4.5±0.02 mg/100 g respectively) in the methanol leaf extract of G. senegalensis and quinone with the lowest concentration (0.1±0.07 mg/100 g).The methanol leaf extracts of G. senegalensis were found to have the most in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities (MIC of 3.93±2.88 ug/ml), possibly due to the high content of alkaloids and flavonoids. The results of this study revealed the potential of G. senegalensis for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. Consequently, further studies are needed with this plant to evaluate its in vivo anti-trypanosomal potential, the structures of the bioactive compounds responsible for its activity, and its other medicinal properties.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141020602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiesel as the renewable source of energy has become one of the alternative solutions towards the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels in energy generation. Most of the biodiesel produced via tansesterification process are associated with viscosity that is above diesel limit. This problem can be mitigated through the use of solid materials as additive. This paper investigates the influence of fly ash as additive on the viscosity of transesterified neem oil. The morphology and chemical constituent of fly ash were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Xray Fluoroscopy (XRF). The crude neem oil was purified; transesterified and 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3wt%, 0.4wt% and 0.5wt% of fly ash were used as additive. The viscosity of crude, purified, transesterified and transesterified with 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3wt%, 0.5wt% and 0.5wt% of fly ash as additive were measured using brookfield digital viscometer. SEM shows that the mophorlogy of fly ash was dispersed particle with cloudy structure while XRF shows that the major compound presence on fly ash was silicon oxide. The viscosity of the samples decreases as the temperature increases and with the addition of fly ash. But on the addition of 0.3wt% it shows significant variation at equal range of temperature. This indicated that the fly ash can be used as biodiesel additive on neem oil as it decreases the level of viscosity presence on the oil.
{"title":"Influence of fly ash as additive on the viscosity of transesterified neem oil","authors":"Mubarak Musa Zakari, Auwalu Musa, U. I. Ismail","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.33","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel as the renewable source of energy has become one of the alternative solutions towards the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels in energy generation. Most of the biodiesel produced via tansesterification process are associated with viscosity that is above diesel limit. This problem can be mitigated through the use of solid materials as additive. This paper investigates the influence of fly ash as additive on the viscosity of transesterified neem oil. The morphology and chemical constituent of fly ash were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Xray Fluoroscopy (XRF). The crude neem oil was purified; transesterified and 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3wt%, 0.4wt% and 0.5wt% of fly ash were used as additive. The viscosity of crude, purified, transesterified and transesterified with 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3wt%, 0.5wt% and 0.5wt% of fly ash as additive were measured using brookfield digital viscometer. SEM shows that the mophorlogy of fly ash was dispersed particle with cloudy structure while XRF shows that the major compound presence on fly ash was silicon oxide. The viscosity of the samples decreases as the temperature increases and with the addition of fly ash. But on the addition of 0.3wt% it shows significant variation at equal range of temperature. This indicated that the fly ash can be used as biodiesel additive on neem oil as it decreases the level of viscosity presence on the oil.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulase turns the most widespread biopolymer and biologically sustainable resource, 'cellulose,' into reducing sugar. The study aimed at producing cellulase enzymes by bacteria isolated from anthill soil. Cellulase-producing bacteria were isolated from anthill soil using Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) medium. The isolates were screened for cellulase production by cultural, morphological, biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Optimization of the fermentation medium for maximum cellulase production was carried out by one factor at a time (OFAT). Data obtained were analysed with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 2007, version 16.0. The identified Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, E. coli and Bacillus sp were isolated with highest potential of cellulase production. The culture conditions like pH, temperature, carbon sources and nitrogen sources were optimized. The optimum conditions found for cellulase production were 40oC at pH 8.5 with maltose as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source. The highest activity and stability of cellulase enzymes between neutral to alkaline pH and high temperature.
{"title":"Production of cellulase enzymes by Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp isolated from anthill soil","authors":"R.S. Ibrahim, J. Maiangwa, S. Idris, J. Musa","doi":"10.4314/swj.v19i1.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.34","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulase turns the most widespread biopolymer and biologically sustainable resource, 'cellulose,' into reducing sugar. The study aimed at producing cellulase enzymes by bacteria isolated from anthill soil. Cellulase-producing bacteria were isolated from anthill soil using Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) medium. The isolates were screened for cellulase production by cultural, morphological, biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Optimization of the fermentation medium for maximum cellulase production was carried out by one factor at a time (OFAT). Data obtained were analysed with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 2007, version 16.0. The identified Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, E. coli and Bacillus sp were isolated with highest potential of cellulase production. The culture conditions like pH, temperature, carbon sources and nitrogen sources were optimized. The optimum conditions found for cellulase production were 40oC at pH 8.5 with maltose as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source. The highest activity and stability of cellulase enzymes between neutral to alkaline pH and high temperature.","PeriodicalId":21583,"journal":{"name":"Science World Journal","volume":"25 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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