Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1185
Nizar J. Hussein, Assel Al-Naqshabendy
The purpose of this study was to apply sheep pain facial expression scales (SPFES) to sheep infected with mastitis, measuring peripheral temperatures and serum cortisol hormone. Twenty-three healthy ewes and 23 infected ewes with clinical mastitis were included in this research from January 2022 to April 2023. Images were taken from each ewe to detect facial grimace scales of ewes. Nasal, eye and ear temperatures were collected using infrared thermal imaging camera. Moreover, serum cortisol hormone was collected from the blood. It was found that there was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in nasal, eye and ear temperatures of infected ewes in comparison to healthy ewes. Additionally, cortisol hormone was found significantly (p<0.01) higher in infected ewes at day 1 and day 7 compared to non-infected animals. The changes in facial expressions for all the determined five regions were significantly (p<0.01) different than healthy ewes. The total pain score was significantly (p<0.05) higher on day 1 and day 7, compared to healthy ewes. It was concluded that sheep facial grimace scale was a useful and practical tool for measuring pain in sheep. In addition, cortisol from the serum and peripheral temperatures were found to be useful pain indicators.
{"title":"USING SHEEP FACIAL GRIMACE SCALE, INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY AND CORTISOL HORMONE TO MEASURE PAIN IN SHEEP INFECTED WITH MASTITIS DISEASE","authors":"Nizar J. Hussein, Assel Al-Naqshabendy","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1185","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to apply sheep pain facial expression scales (SPFES) to sheep infected with mastitis, measuring peripheral temperatures and serum cortisol hormone. Twenty-three healthy ewes and 23 infected ewes with clinical mastitis were included in this research from January 2022 to April 2023. Images were taken from each ewe to detect facial grimace scales of ewes. Nasal, eye and ear temperatures were collected using infrared thermal imaging camera. Moreover, serum cortisol hormone was collected from the blood. It was found that there was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in nasal, eye and ear temperatures of infected ewes in comparison to healthy ewes. Additionally, cortisol hormone was found significantly (p<0.01) higher in infected ewes at day 1 and day 7 compared to non-infected animals. The changes in facial expressions for all the determined five regions were significantly (p<0.01) different than healthy ewes. The total pain score was significantly (p<0.05) higher on day 1 and day 7, compared to healthy ewes. It was concluded that sheep facial grimace scale was a useful and practical tool for measuring pain in sheep. In addition, cortisol from the serum and peripheral temperatures were found to be useful pain indicators.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140429327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-18DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1221
S. Othman, S. I. Mohammed, Ali H. Ahmed
This study examined the effects of radon on the endogenous antioxidants, biochemical, and hematological parameters of workers in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. This was carried out to ascertain how radon affects the health of those who work in certain factories producing building materials. The case study group consisted of 70 workers, who were then divided into seven subgroups (gypsum, cement plant, lightweight block, marble, red brick 1, crushed stone, and concrete block 2), while the control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), the complete blood count (CBC), and liver function tests were evaluated. The statistical analysis revealed that the antioxidant activities and CEA levels between the case study group and the control group differed significantly. Also, antioxidant enzyme activities and indoor radon concentration, the annual effective dosage, were found to be highly significantly correlated by Pearson and Spearman analyses in the case study group. Additionally, the results demonstrated a substantial correlation in the data between the levels of CEA biomarkers and radon (r=0.478, p˂0.000). The present results showed that radon concentration increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in a radon concentration-dependent manner (r=0.263 and p ˂0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin activities, on the other hand, were not significantly affected by radon. The most significantly influenced CBC parameter was the low white blood cells (WBC) in the case study group compared to the controls. Low platelet count (PLT) was the second-highest problematic metric. The other CBC values, however, did not significantly differ between the research group and the control group. This study offers a preliminary image of the endogenous antioxidant systems in employees, especially to show a connection between radon and the occurrence of cancer among workers in Iraq Kurdistan Region.
{"title":"ANTIOXIDANTS, BIOCHEMICAL, AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS CHANGE IN WORKERS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO RADON INHALATION AT CERTAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL INDUSTRIES IN ERBIL, IRAQ","authors":"S. Othman, S. I. Mohammed, Ali H. Ahmed","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1221","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effects of radon on the endogenous antioxidants, biochemical, and hematological parameters of workers in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. This was carried out to ascertain how radon affects the health of those who work in certain factories producing building materials. The case study group consisted of 70 workers, who were then divided into seven subgroups (gypsum, cement plant, lightweight block, marble, red brick 1, crushed stone, and concrete block 2), while the control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), the complete blood count (CBC), and liver function tests were evaluated. The statistical analysis revealed that the antioxidant activities and CEA levels between the case study group and the control group differed significantly. Also, antioxidant enzyme activities and indoor radon concentration, the annual effective dosage, were found to be highly significantly correlated by Pearson and Spearman analyses in the case study group. Additionally, the results demonstrated a substantial correlation in the data between the levels of CEA biomarkers and radon (r=0.478, p˂0.000). The present results showed that radon concentration increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in a radon concentration-dependent manner (r=0.263 and p ˂0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin activities, on the other hand, were not significantly affected by radon. The most significantly influenced CBC parameter was the low white blood cells (WBC) in the case study group compared to the controls. Low platelet count (PLT) was the second-highest problematic metric. The other CBC values, however, did not significantly differ between the research group and the control group. This study offers a preliminary image of the endogenous antioxidant systems in employees, especially to show a connection between radon and the occurrence of cancer among workers in Iraq Kurdistan Region.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139959682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-04DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1205
Ribar A. Salh, M. A. Ibrahem
Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) hold immense promise as self-powered devices for harvesting mechanical energy from the environment. This study introduces an efficient and scalable synthesis method for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, a pivotal material in piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs), with several key results. A Chemical Bath Deposition technique is employed, optimizing parameters such as growth time, temperature, and precursor concentrations to achieve well-aligned and high-quality ZnO nanorods. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanorods are systematically investigated using advanced characterization techniques. The synthesized ZnO nanorods exhibit an average length of 400nm, demonstrating their slender shape. Furthermore, the study determines an energy gap value of 3.5 eV for multilayer zinc oxide thin films, indicating the transition from the valence band to the conduction band. Notably, thermal annealing at 500°C leads to a substantial increase in average output voltage, reaching 1.95 V, a fourfold improvement compared to as-deposited nanopowders. These findings emphasize the efficiency and potential of the proposed synthesis method and underscore its practical applications in enhancing energy harvesting capabilities for sustainable power generation from mechanical sources in piezoelectric NGs.
{"title":"EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF ZNO AS AN ELECTRODE OF PIEZOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS","authors":"Ribar A. Salh, M. A. Ibrahem","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1205","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) hold immense promise as self-powered devices for harvesting mechanical energy from the environment. This study introduces an efficient and scalable synthesis method for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, a pivotal material in piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs), with several key results. A Chemical Bath Deposition technique is employed, optimizing parameters such as growth time, temperature, and precursor concentrations to achieve well-aligned and high-quality ZnO nanorods. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanorods are systematically investigated using advanced characterization techniques. The synthesized ZnO nanorods exhibit an average length of 400nm, demonstrating their slender shape. Furthermore, the study determines an energy gap value of 3.5 eV for multilayer zinc oxide thin films, indicating the transition from the valence band to the conduction band. Notably, thermal annealing at 500°C leads to a substantial increase in average output voltage, reaching 1.95 V, a fourfold improvement compared to as-deposited nanopowders. These findings emphasize the efficiency and potential of the proposed synthesis method and underscore its practical applications in enhancing energy harvesting capabilities for sustainable power generation from mechanical sources in piezoelectric NGs.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139806511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-04DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1205
Ribar A. Salh, M. A. Ibrahem
Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) hold immense promise as self-powered devices for harvesting mechanical energy from the environment. This study introduces an efficient and scalable synthesis method for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, a pivotal material in piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs), with several key results. A Chemical Bath Deposition technique is employed, optimizing parameters such as growth time, temperature, and precursor concentrations to achieve well-aligned and high-quality ZnO nanorods. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanorods are systematically investigated using advanced characterization techniques. The synthesized ZnO nanorods exhibit an average length of 400nm, demonstrating their slender shape. Furthermore, the study determines an energy gap value of 3.5 eV for multilayer zinc oxide thin films, indicating the transition from the valence band to the conduction band. Notably, thermal annealing at 500°C leads to a substantial increase in average output voltage, reaching 1.95 V, a fourfold improvement compared to as-deposited nanopowders. These findings emphasize the efficiency and potential of the proposed synthesis method and underscore its practical applications in enhancing energy harvesting capabilities for sustainable power generation from mechanical sources in piezoelectric NGs.
{"title":"EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF ZNO AS AN ELECTRODE OF PIEZOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS","authors":"Ribar A. Salh, M. A. Ibrahem","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1205","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) hold immense promise as self-powered devices for harvesting mechanical energy from the environment. This study introduces an efficient and scalable synthesis method for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, a pivotal material in piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs), with several key results. A Chemical Bath Deposition technique is employed, optimizing parameters such as growth time, temperature, and precursor concentrations to achieve well-aligned and high-quality ZnO nanorods. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanorods are systematically investigated using advanced characterization techniques. The synthesized ZnO nanorods exhibit an average length of 400nm, demonstrating their slender shape. Furthermore, the study determines an energy gap value of 3.5 eV for multilayer zinc oxide thin films, indicating the transition from the valence band to the conduction band. Notably, thermal annealing at 500°C leads to a substantial increase in average output voltage, reaching 1.95 V, a fourfold improvement compared to as-deposited nanopowders. These findings emphasize the efficiency and potential of the proposed synthesis method and underscore its practical applications in enhancing energy harvesting capabilities for sustainable power generation from mechanical sources in piezoelectric NGs.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1210
R. H. Khalaf, N. M. Abd-Alghafour, Ahmed F. Abdulrahman
In this study, a polymeric-based composite material was made using 80% epoxy polyester 20% and unsaturated polyester resin. The polymeric composites were prepared by manual moulding method by adding a support material of silica powder to the mixture by weight (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) to examine one of the thermal properties which are thermal expansion. A comparison was made with the polymeric mixture before and after the reinforcement. The results of the study showed that the coefficient of thermal expansion increases with increasing temperatures, while it decreases at high temperatures. The results also showed that there is a decrease in the degree of glass transition with an increase in the concentration of the additive, and it was also noted that an increase in the percentage of silica at 15% decreases the value of the thermal expansion coefficient compared to other samples.
{"title":"VARIATION IN THERMAL STRESS BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BY THERMOMECHANICAL TECHNIQUE (TMA)","authors":"R. H. Khalaf, N. M. Abd-Alghafour, Ahmed F. Abdulrahman","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1210","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a polymeric-based composite material was made using 80% epoxy polyester 20% and unsaturated polyester resin. The polymeric composites were prepared by manual moulding method by adding a support material of silica powder to the mixture by weight (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) to examine one of the thermal properties which are thermal expansion. A comparison was made with the polymeric mixture before and after the reinforcement. The results of the study showed that the coefficient of thermal expansion increases with increasing temperatures, while it decreases at high temperatures. The results also showed that there is a decrease in the degree of glass transition with an increase in the concentration of the additive, and it was also noted that an increase in the percentage of silica at 15% decreases the value of the thermal expansion coefficient compared to other samples.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1215
Ismael A. Ali
Having a professional team of web developers can produce a professional website, but cannot guarantee an expected usable website. This study presents a comprehensive multilayer approach for examining the correlations between different layers of user consciousness in website usability testing. It utilizes visual attention data from eye-tracking, emotional engagement data from galvanic skin response, and self-reporting data from the system usability scale. Testing AUK and UoZ university websites with 18 users using the Gazepoint GP3 system revealed insightful correlations among different layers of user consciousness, such as high emotional engagement is associated with higher fixation counts and shorter time-to-complete and thus lower SUS scores. Whereas low emotional engagement is associated with lower fixation counts, longer time-to-complete, and thus higher SUS scores. Gender preferences verifies the results from the literature on female users generally experiencing higher emotional arousal thus having lower time-to-complete and lower SUS scores. Design problems are presented in the form of improvement recommendations. The findings of the study highlight the importance of considering different layers of user consciousness in website usability testing, as well as the importance of gender preferences. Finally, current limitations and future works are presented.
拥有专业的网站开发团队可以制作出专业的网站，但并不能保证网站达到预期的可用性。本研究提出了一种多层次的综合方法，用于研究网站可用性测试中不同用户意识层之间的相关性。它利用了眼动跟踪的视觉注意力数据、皮肤电反应的情感投入数据和系统可用性量表的自我报告数据。使用Gazepoint GP3系统对18名用户进行的AUK和UoZ大学网站测试显示，用户意识的不同层次之间存在深刻的关联，例如高情感投入与较高的固定次数和较短的完成时间相关，因此SUS分数较低。而低情感投入与较低的固定次数、较长的完成时间相关，因此 SUS 分数较高。性别偏好验证了文献中的结果，即女性用户的情绪亢奋程度通常较高，因此完成时间较短，SUS 分数较低。设计问题以改进建议的形式呈现。研究结果强调了在网站可用性测试中考虑不同层次用户意识的重要性，以及性别偏好的重要性。最后，介绍了目前的局限性和未来的工作。
{"title":"ENHANCING WEBSITE USABILITY TESTING: CORRELATING EYE-TRACKING, GSR, AND SUS DATA WITH RESPECT TO GENDER PREFERENCES","authors":"Ismael A. Ali","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1215","url":null,"abstract":"Having a professional team of web developers can produce a professional website, but cannot guarantee an expected usable website. This study presents a comprehensive multilayer approach for examining the correlations between different layers of user consciousness in website usability testing. It utilizes visual attention data from eye-tracking, emotional engagement data from galvanic skin response, and self-reporting data from the system usability scale. Testing AUK and UoZ university websites with 18 users using the Gazepoint GP3 system revealed insightful correlations among different layers of user consciousness, such as high emotional engagement is associated with higher fixation counts and shorter time-to-complete and thus lower SUS scores. Whereas low emotional engagement is associated with lower fixation counts, longer time-to-complete, and thus higher SUS scores. Gender preferences verifies the results from the literature on female users generally experiencing higher emotional arousal thus having lower time-to-complete and lower SUS scores. Design problems are presented in the form of improvement recommendations. The findings of the study highlight the importance of considering different layers of user consciousness in website usability testing, as well as the importance of gender preferences. Finally, current limitations and future works are presented.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139604398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1203
Fatima T. Sabri, M. A. Mahammed
In this research, nonwoven nanofiber mats were prepared using the electrospinning method for the solution of polyurethane polymer dissolved in acetic acid. Effects of solution concentration, solution flow rate, as well as high voltage on the morphonology and wettability of the prepared nanofibers were studied. Nanofiber morphology was investigated through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs using ImageJ software, while the wettability of the nanofiber mat surfaces was studied through the measurement of the contact angle. Results revealed that when the concentration of the solution was changed from 8wt% to 12wt%, the average nanofiber diameter showed a significant increase from 0.326 µm to 0.380 µm, while the contact angle increased from 39 degrees to 79 degrees. Results also showed that when the applied high voltage was changed from 10 KV to 25 KV, the average nanofiber diameter decreased and then increased within the range of 0.380 to 0.497 µm and that the contact angle was increased from 81 degrees to 108 degrees showing an obvious switching from hydrophilic towards hydrophobic surface. When the syringe pump flow rate was changed from 0.012 ml/min to 0.02 ml/min, morphology measurements showed that the average nanofiber diameter showed a significant increase from 0.351 µm to 0.456 µm, and the surface contact angle was also increased from 43 degrees to 98 degrees. Finally, the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) tests showed that the electrospun polyurethane polymer material used in this work was not changed during the electrospinning process.
{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN POLYURETHANE NANOFIBERS","authors":"Fatima T. Sabri, M. A. Mahammed","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1203","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, nonwoven nanofiber mats were prepared using the electrospinning method for the solution of polyurethane polymer dissolved in acetic acid. Effects of solution concentration, solution flow rate, as well as high voltage on the morphonology and wettability of the prepared nanofibers were studied. Nanofiber morphology was investigated through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs using ImageJ software, while the wettability of the nanofiber mat surfaces was studied through the measurement of the contact angle. Results revealed that when the concentration of the solution was changed from 8wt% to 12wt%, the average nanofiber diameter showed a significant increase from 0.326 µm to 0.380 µm, while the contact angle increased from 39 degrees to 79 degrees. Results also showed that when the applied high voltage was changed from 10 KV to 25 KV, the average nanofiber diameter decreased and then increased within the range of 0.380 to 0.497 µm and that the contact angle was increased from 81 degrees to 108 degrees showing an obvious switching from hydrophilic towards hydrophobic surface. When the syringe pump flow rate was changed from 0.012 ml/min to 0.02 ml/min, morphology measurements showed that the average nanofiber diameter showed a significant increase from 0.351 µm to 0.456 µm, and the surface contact angle was also increased from 43 degrees to 98 degrees. Finally, the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) tests showed that the electrospun polyurethane polymer material used in this work was not changed during the electrospinning process. ","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1198
Shivan H. Haji, Faris A. Kochary, Sabah M. Ahmed
There has been considerable interest in graphene as a transparent electrode material because of its extraordinary features, such as high optical transmittance, high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal conductivity, exceptional mechanical strength, and remarkable electrochemical capacity. In addition, transparent conductors’ graphene thin films have been considered a promising candidate to replace currently utilized indium tin oxide films, which are unlikely to meet future demands because of their rising cost. In this study, a vacuum filtration process along with isopropyl alcohol (IPA)-assisted with direct transfer (IDT) technique is used to prepare wide-area highly conductive graphene thin films on different substrates including (glass, and PET). The graphene thin films' optical, structural, and electrical properties are studied. The graphene sheets are deposited homogeneously on the substrate, and the distribution of small graphene sheets is observed in SEM images. XPS analysis revealed that the amount of oxygen in graphene decreases significantly with annealing at 500°C and treated with HNO3. Furthermore, the graphene transparent conductive films prepared by the adjusted vacuum filtration method show low sheet resistances of 12.2, 1.41, 1.18, and 0.8 kΩ/sq with transmittances of 81%, 70%, 64.3%, and 46.4% respectively after being annealing at 500°C and treated with HNO3.
{"title":"ELECTRICAL, OPTICAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE THIN FILMS FABRICATED BY VACUUM FILTRATION TECHNIQUE","authors":"Shivan H. Haji, Faris A. Kochary, Sabah M. Ahmed","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1198","url":null,"abstract":"There has been considerable interest in graphene as a transparent electrode material because of its extraordinary features, such as high optical transmittance, high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal conductivity, exceptional mechanical strength, and remarkable electrochemical capacity. In addition, transparent conductors’ graphene thin films have been considered a promising candidate to replace currently utilized indium tin oxide films, which are unlikely to meet future demands because of their rising cost. In this study, a vacuum filtration process along with isopropyl alcohol (IPA)-assisted with direct transfer (IDT) technique is used to prepare wide-area highly conductive graphene thin films on different substrates including (glass, and PET). The graphene thin films' optical, structural, and electrical properties are studied. The graphene sheets are deposited homogeneously on the substrate, and the distribution of small graphene sheets is observed in SEM images. XPS analysis revealed that the amount of oxygen in graphene decreases significantly with annealing at 500°C and treated with HNO3. Furthermore, the graphene transparent conductive films prepared by the adjusted vacuum filtration method show low sheet resistances of 12.2, 1.41, 1.18, and 0.8 kΩ/sq with transmittances of 81%, 70%, 64.3%, and 46.4% respectively after being annealing at 500°C and treated with HNO3.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139622163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1195
S. Khalid, Ismael A. Ali
The mindBot robot is a new educational robot toy that can be controlled by brain signals and voice commands. It was evaluated with children with disabilities as well as healthy children as the potential users. The most significant challenge was the size of the used Emotiv Insight electroencephalogram headset when adjusting it on the children’s’ heads. Despite all the challenges, the mindBot robot is a promising technology that could be fun and educational for disabled children. The 11 participants took 36 minutes to finish all tasks on average. This includes the time they spent setting up the robot for the first time, putting on the headset, learning how to use the robot, and using the main educational features. The System Usability Scale usability score for the robot is 71.13, which is considered to be the score of good. The future stages of improving the mindBot includes adding more mobility capabilities and adding the feature of educational assessment.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.4.1192
M. H. Khalil, Raghad Y. Mohammed, M. Ibrahem
This article studies the effects of annealing temperatures on the stoichiometry, structure, and optical characteristics of Zinc Oxysulphide thin films deposited on glass substrates using the thermal spray method. The annealing was done in the air under a temperature of 150 ºC, 250 ºC and 350 ºC. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer were utilized to examine the thin films' morphological, structure, and optical characteristics as grown and annealed samples. It has been observed that the film thickness decreases as the annealing temperature increases. The XRD pattern demonstrates that as-prepared and annealed samples at 250C, and 350C are amorphous, while film annealed at 150 C is crystalline with the hexagonal phase and orientated along (110) plane. FESEM image of the as-prepared Zinc Oxysulphide thin films shows flower-like sheet nanostructures. However, for the annealed samples, the FESEM images show cone-like with a combination of sheets and aggregate nanoparticles. EDX analysis reveals the presence of Zn, O as well as sulfur. The transmittance of the film decreases from 63% to 37% and the band gap energy reduces slightly from 3.99 to 3.92 eV as the annealing temperature increase.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON ZINC OXYSULPHIDE THIN FILMS PROPERTIES DEPOSITED BY THERMAL SPRAY TECHNIQUE","authors":"M. H. Khalil, Raghad Y. Mohammed, M. Ibrahem","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.4.1192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.4.1192","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the effects of annealing temperatures on the stoichiometry, structure, and optical characteristics of Zinc Oxysulphide thin films deposited on glass substrates using the thermal spray method. The annealing was done in the air under a temperature of 150 ºC, 250 ºC and 350 ºC. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer were utilized to examine the thin films' morphological, structure, and optical characteristics as grown and annealed samples. It has been observed that the film thickness decreases as the annealing temperature increases. The XRD pattern demonstrates that as-prepared and annealed samples at 250C, and 350C are amorphous, while film annealed at 150 C is crystalline with the hexagonal phase and orientated along (110) plane. FESEM image of the as-prepared Zinc Oxysulphide thin films shows flower-like sheet nanostructures. However, for the annealed samples, the FESEM images show cone-like with a combination of sheets and aggregate nanoparticles. EDX analysis reveals the presence of Zn, O as well as sulfur. The transmittance of the film decreases from 63% to 37% and the band gap energy reduces slightly from 3.99 to 3.92 eV as the annealing temperature increase.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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