Zihao Ou, Yi-Shiou Duh, Nicholas J. Rommelfanger, Carl H. C. Keck, Shan Jiang, Kenneth Brinson Jr, Su Zhao, Elizabeth L. Schmidt, Xiang Wu, Fan Yang, Betty Cai, Han Cui, Wei Qi, Shifu Wu, Adarsh Tantry, Richard Roth, Jun Ding, Xiaoke Chen, Julia A. Kaltschmidt, Mark L. Brongersma, Guosong Hong
Optical imaging plays a central role in biology and medicine but is hindered by light scattering in live tissue. We report the counterintuitive observation that strongly absorbing molecules can achieve optical transparency in live animals. We explored the physics behind this observation and found that when strongly absorbing molecules dissolve in water, they can modify the refractive index of the aqueous medium through the Kramers-Kronig relations to match that of high-index tissue components such as lipids. We have demonstrated that our straightforward approach can reversibly render a live mouse body transparent to allow visualization of a wide range of deep-seated structures and activities. This work suggests that the search for high-performance optical clearing agents should focus on strongly absorbing molecules.
{"title":"Achieving optical transparency in live animals with absorbing molecules","authors":"Zihao Ou, Yi-Shiou Duh, Nicholas J. Rommelfanger, Carl H. C. Keck, Shan Jiang, Kenneth Brinson Jr, Su Zhao, Elizabeth L. Schmidt, Xiang Wu, Fan Yang, Betty Cai, Han Cui, Wei Qi, Shifu Wu, Adarsh Tantry, Richard Roth, Jun Ding, Xiaoke Chen, Julia A. Kaltschmidt, Mark L. Brongersma, Guosong Hong","doi":"10.1126/science.adm6869","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adm6869","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Optical imaging plays a central role in biology and medicine but is hindered by light scattering in live tissue. We report the counterintuitive observation that strongly absorbing molecules can achieve optical transparency in live animals. We explored the physics behind this observation and found that when strongly absorbing molecules dissolve in water, they can modify the refractive index of the aqueous medium through the Kramers-Kronig relations to match that of high-index tissue components such as lipids. We have demonstrated that our straightforward approach can reversibly render a live mouse body transparent to allow visualization of a wide range of deep-seated structures and activities. This work suggests that the search for high-performance optical clearing agents should focus on strongly absorbing molecules.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1126/science.ads9195
Jay Bennett
Timekeepers based on energy transitions in atomic nuclei could be stable, portable, and able to probe new physics.
基于原子核能量跃迁的计时器可以稳定、便携，并且能够探测新的物理学。
{"title":"Breakthrough promises new era of ultraprecise nuclear clocks.","authors":"Jay Bennett","doi":"10.1126/science.ads9195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads9195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timekeepers based on energy transitions in atomic nuclei could be stable, portable, and able to probe new physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1126/science.ads9197
Jeffrey Mervis
Many researchers and tribes see the change as long overdue but say it means new burdens.
许多研究人员和部落认为这一变化早该做出，但也表示这意味着新的负担。
{"title":"NSF says tribes must OK studies that affect them.","authors":"Jeffrey Mervis","doi":"10.1126/science.ads9197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads9197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many researchers and tribes see the change as long overdue but say it means new burdens.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1126/science.ads9196
Christie Wilcox
Chromosomal chaos may have aided their moves to fresh water and land.
染色体的混乱可能有助于它们向淡水和陆地迁移。
{"title":"Genomes were 'scrambled' when worms left the sea.","authors":"Christie Wilcox","doi":"10.1126/science.ads9196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads9196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chromosomal chaos may have aided their moves to fresh water and land.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1126/science.ads8200
David Caballero
{"title":"Why are they leaving?","authors":"David Caballero","doi":"10.1126/science.ads8200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads8200","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laksshman Sundaram, Arvind Kumar, Matthew Zatzman, Adriana Salcedo, Neal Ravindra, Shadi Shams, Brian H. Louie, S. Tansu Bagdatli, Matthew A. Myers, Shahab Sarmashghi, Hyo Young Choi, Won-Young Choi, Kathryn E. Yost, Yanding Zhao, Jeffrey M. Granja, Toshinori Hinoue, D. Neil Hayes, Andrew Cherniack, Ina Felau, Hani Choudhry, Jean C. Zenklusen, Kyle Kai-How Farh, Andrew McPherson, Christina Curtis, Peter W. Laird, The Cancer Genome Atlas Analysis Network, M. Ryan Corces, Howard Y. Chang, William J. Greenleaf
To identify cancer-associated gene regulatory changes, we generated single-cell chromatin accessibility landscapes across eight tumor types as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Tumor chromatin accessibility is strongly influenced by copy number alterations that can be used to identify subclones, yet underlying cis-regulatory landscapes retain cancer type–specific features. Using organ-matched healthy tissues, we identified the “nearest healthy” cell types in diverse cancers, demonstrating that the chromatin signature of basal-like–subtype breast cancer is most similar to secretory-type luminal epithelial cells. Neural network models trained to learn regulatory programs in cancer revealed enrichment of model-prioritized somatic noncoding mutations near cancer-associated genes, suggesting that dispersed, nonrecurrent, noncoding mutations in cancer are functional. Overall, these data and interpretable gene regulatory models for cancer and healthy tissue provide a framework for understanding cancer-specific gene regulation.
{"title":"Single-cell chromatin accessibility reveals malignant regulatory programs in primary human cancers","authors":"Laksshman Sundaram, Arvind Kumar, Matthew Zatzman, Adriana Salcedo, Neal Ravindra, Shadi Shams, Brian H. Louie, S. Tansu Bagdatli, Matthew A. Myers, Shahab Sarmashghi, Hyo Young Choi, Won-Young Choi, Kathryn E. Yost, Yanding Zhao, Jeffrey M. Granja, Toshinori Hinoue, D. Neil Hayes, Andrew Cherniack, Ina Felau, Hani Choudhry, Jean C. Zenklusen, Kyle Kai-How Farh, Andrew McPherson, Christina Curtis, Peter W. Laird, The Cancer Genome Atlas Analysis Network, M. Ryan Corces, Howard Y. Chang, William J. Greenleaf","doi":"10.1126/science.adk9217","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adk9217","url":null,"abstract":"<div >To identify cancer-associated gene regulatory changes, we generated single-cell chromatin accessibility landscapes across eight tumor types as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Tumor chromatin accessibility is strongly influenced by copy number alterations that can be used to identify subclones, yet underlying cis-regulatory landscapes retain cancer type–specific features. Using organ-matched healthy tissues, we identified the “nearest healthy” cell types in diverse cancers, demonstrating that the chromatin signature of basal-like–subtype breast cancer is most similar to secretory-type luminal epithelial cells. Neural network models trained to learn regulatory programs in cancer revealed enrichment of model-prioritized somatic noncoding mutations near cancer-associated genes, suggesting that dispersed, nonrecurrent, noncoding mutations in cancer are functional. Overall, these data and interpretable gene regulatory models for cancer and healthy tissue provide a framework for understanding cancer-specific gene regulation.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiversity loss is accelerating, yet we know little about how these ecosystem disruptions affect human well-being. Ecologists have documented both the importance of bats as natural predators of insects as well as their population declines after the emergence of a wildlife disease, resulting in a potential decline in biological pest control. In this work, I study how species interactions can extend beyond an ecosystem and affect agriculture and human health. I find that farmers compensated for bat decline by increasing their insecticide use by 31.1%. The compensatory increase in insecticide use by farmers adversely affected health—human infant mortality increased by 7.9% in the counties that experienced bat die-offs. These findings provide empirical validation to previous theoretical predictions about how ecosystem disruptions can have meaningful social costs.
{"title":"The economic impacts of ecosystem disruptions: Costs from substituting biological pest control","authors":"Eyal G. Frank","doi":"10.1126/science.adg0344","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adg0344","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Biodiversity loss is accelerating, yet we know little about how these ecosystem disruptions affect human well-being. Ecologists have documented both the importance of bats as natural predators of insects as well as their population declines after the emergence of a wildlife disease, resulting in a potential decline in biological pest control. In this work, I study how species interactions can extend beyond an ecosystem and affect agriculture and human health. I find that farmers compensated for bat decline by increasing their insecticide use by 31.1%. The compensatory increase in insecticide use by farmers adversely affected health—human infant mortality increased by 7.9% in the counties that experienced bat die-offs. These findings provide empirical validation to previous theoretical predictions about how ecosystem disruptions can have meaningful social costs.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adg0344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1126/science.ads8454
Vaishnavi Chandrashekhar
{"title":"India goes local for the language of science.","authors":"Vaishnavi Chandrashekhar","doi":"10.1126/science.ads8454","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ads8454","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam S. Lee, Evan Sweren, Erika Dare, Paige Derr, Kristy Derr, Chen Chia Wang, Brooke Hardesty, Aiden A. Willis, Junjie Chen, Jonathan K. Vuillier, Joseph Du, Julia Wool, Amanda Ruci, Vicky Y. Wang, Chaewon Lee, Sampada Iyengar, Soichiro Asami, Maria Daskam, Claudia Lee, Jeremy C. Lee, Darren Cho, Joshua Kim, Eddie Gibson Martinez-Peña, So Min Lee, Xu He, Michael Wakeman, Iralde Sicilia, Dalhart T. Dobbs, Amy van Ee, Ang Li, Yingchao Xue, Kaitlin L. Williams, Charles S. Kirby, Dongwon Kim, Sooah Kim, Lillian Xu, Ruizhi Wang, Marc Ferrer, Yun Chen, Jin U. Kang, Reza Kalhor, Sewon Kang, Luis A. Garza
Skin identity is controlled by intrinsic features of the epidermis and dermis and their interactions. Modifying skin identity has clinical potential, such as the conversion of residual limb and stump (nonvolar) skin of amputees to pressure-responsive palmoplantar (volar) skin to enhance prosthesis use and minimize skin breakdown. Greater keratin 9 (KRT9) expression, higher epidermal thickness, keratinocyte cytoplasmic size, collagen length, and elastin are markers of volar skin and likely contribute to volar skin resiliency. Given fibroblasts’ capacity to modify keratinocyte differentiation, we hypothesized that volar fibroblasts influence these features. Bioprinted skin constructs confirmed the capacity of volar fibroblasts to induce volar keratinocyte features. A clinical trial of healthy volunteers demonstrated that injecting volar fibroblasts into nonvolar skin increased volar features that lasted up to 5 months, highlighting a potential cellular therapy.
{"title":"The use of ectopic volar fibroblasts to modify skin identity","authors":"Sam S. Lee, Evan Sweren, Erika Dare, Paige Derr, Kristy Derr, Chen Chia Wang, Brooke Hardesty, Aiden A. Willis, Junjie Chen, Jonathan K. Vuillier, Joseph Du, Julia Wool, Amanda Ruci, Vicky Y. Wang, Chaewon Lee, Sampada Iyengar, Soichiro Asami, Maria Daskam, Claudia Lee, Jeremy C. Lee, Darren Cho, Joshua Kim, Eddie Gibson Martinez-Peña, So Min Lee, Xu He, Michael Wakeman, Iralde Sicilia, Dalhart T. Dobbs, Amy van Ee, Ang Li, Yingchao Xue, Kaitlin L. Williams, Charles S. Kirby, Dongwon Kim, Sooah Kim, Lillian Xu, Ruizhi Wang, Marc Ferrer, Yun Chen, Jin U. Kang, Reza Kalhor, Sewon Kang, Luis A. Garza","doi":"10.1126/science.adi1650","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adi1650","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Skin identity is controlled by intrinsic features of the epidermis and dermis and their interactions. Modifying skin identity has clinical potential, such as the conversion of residual limb and stump (nonvolar) skin of amputees to pressure-responsive palmoplantar (volar) skin to enhance prosthesis use and minimize skin breakdown. Greater keratin 9 (<i>KRT9</i>) expression, higher epidermal thickness, keratinocyte cytoplasmic size, collagen length, and elastin are markers of volar skin and likely contribute to volar skin resiliency. Given fibroblasts’ capacity to modify keratinocyte differentiation, we hypothesized that volar fibroblasts influence these features. Bioprinted skin constructs confirmed the capacity of volar fibroblasts to induce volar keratinocyte features. A clinical trial of healthy volunteers demonstrated that injecting volar fibroblasts into nonvolar skin increased volar features that lasted up to 5 months, highlighting a potential cellular therapy.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1126/science.ads9190
{"title":"News at a glance.","authors":"","doi":"10.1126/science.ads9190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads9190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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