Gui-Geng Liu, Subhaskar Mandal, Xiang Xi, Qiang Wang, Chiara Devescovi, Antonio Morales-Pérez, Ziyao Wang, Linyun Yang, Rimi Banerjee, Yang Long, Yan Meng, Peiheng Zhou, Zhen Gao, Yidong Chong, Aitzol García-Etxarri, Maia G. Vergniory, Baile Zhang
Axions, hypothetical elementary particles that remain undetectable in nature, can arise as quasiparticles in three-dimensional crystals known as axion insulators. Previous implementations of axion insulators have largely been limited to two-dimensional systems, leaving their topological properties in three dimensions unexplored in experiment. Here, we realize an axion insulator in a three-dimensional photonic crystal and probe its topological properties. Demonstrated features include half-quantized Chern numbers on each surface that resembles a fractional Chern insulator, unidirectional chiral hinge states forming topological transport in three dimensions, and arithmetic operations between fractional and integer Chern numbers. Our work experimentally establishes the axion insulator as a three-dimensional topological phase of matter and enables chiral states to form complex, unidirectional three-dimensional networks through braiding.
{"title":"Photonic axion insulator","authors":"Gui-Geng Liu, Subhaskar Mandal, Xiang Xi, Qiang Wang, Chiara Devescovi, Antonio Morales-Pérez, Ziyao Wang, Linyun Yang, Rimi Banerjee, Yang Long, Yan Meng, Peiheng Zhou, Zhen Gao, Yidong Chong, Aitzol García-Etxarri, Maia G. Vergniory, Baile Zhang","doi":"10.1126/science.adr5234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adr5234","url":null,"abstract":"Axions, hypothetical elementary particles that remain undetectable in nature, can arise as quasiparticles in three-dimensional crystals known as axion insulators. Previous implementations of axion insulators have largely been limited to two-dimensional systems, leaving their topological properties in three dimensions unexplored in experiment. Here, we realize an axion insulator in a three-dimensional photonic crystal and probe its topological properties. Demonstrated features include half-quantized Chern numbers on each surface that resembles a fractional Chern insulator, unidirectional chiral hinge states forming topological transport in three dimensions, and arithmetic operations between fractional and integer Chern numbers. Our work experimentally establishes the axion insulator as a three-dimensional topological phase of matter and enables chiral states to form complex, unidirectional three-dimensional networks through braiding.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arindam Ghosh, Mara Meub, Dominic A. Helmerich, Julia Weingart, Patrick Eiring, Thomas Nerreter, K. Martin Kortüm, Sören Doose, Markus Sauer
Elucidating the interaction between membrane proteins and antibodies requires whole-cell imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution. Lattice light-sheet (LLS) microscopy offers fast volumetric imaging but suffers from limited spatial resolution. DNA-based point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) achieves molecular resolution but is restricted to two-dimensional imaging owing to long acquisition times. We have developed two-dye imager (TDI) probes that enable ~15-fold faster imaging. Combining TDI-DNA-PAINT and LLS microscopy on immunological B cells revealed the oligomeric states and interaction of endogenous CD20 with the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rituximab, ofatumumab, and obinutuzumab. Our results demonstrate that CD20 is abundantly expressed on microvilli that bind mAbs, which leads to an antibody concentration–dependent B cell polarization and stabilization of microvilli protrusions. These findings could aid rational design of improved immunotherapies targeting tumor-associated antigens.
{"title":"Decoding the molecular interplay of CD20 and therapeutic antibodies with fast volumetric nanoscopy","authors":"Arindam Ghosh, Mara Meub, Dominic A. Helmerich, Julia Weingart, Patrick Eiring, Thomas Nerreter, K. Martin Kortüm, Sören Doose, Markus Sauer","doi":"10.1126/science.adq4510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq4510","url":null,"abstract":"Elucidating the interaction between membrane proteins and antibodies requires whole-cell imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution. Lattice light-sheet (LLS) microscopy offers fast volumetric imaging but suffers from limited spatial resolution. DNA-based point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) achieves molecular resolution but is restricted to two-dimensional imaging owing to long acquisition times. We have developed two-dye imager (TDI) probes that enable ~15-fold faster imaging. Combining TDI-DNA-PAINT and LLS microscopy on immunological B cells revealed the oligomeric states and interaction of endogenous CD20 with the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rituximab, ofatumumab, and obinutuzumab. Our results demonstrate that CD20 is abundantly expressed on microvilli that bind mAbs, which leads to an antibody concentration–dependent B cell polarization and stabilization of microvilli protrusions. These findings could aid rational design of improved immunotherapies targeting tumor-associated antigens.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesca Lanzarini, Monica Maranesi, Elena Hilary Rondoni, Davide Albertini, Elena Ferretti, Marco Lanzilotto, Silvestro Micera, Alberto Mazzoni, Luca Bonini
The current understanding of primate natural action organization derives from laboratory experiments in restrained contexts (RCs) under the assumption that this knowledge generalizes to freely moving contexts (FMCs). In this work, we developed a neurobehavioral platform to enable wireless recording of the same premotor neurons in both RCs and FMCs. Neurons often encoded the same hand and mouth actions differently in RCs and FMCs. Furthermore, in FMCs, we identified cells that selectively encoded actions untestable during RCs and others that displayed mixed selectivity for multiple actions, which is compatible with an organization based on cortical motor synergies at different levels of complexity. Cross-context decoding demonstrated that neural activity in FMCs is richer and more generalizable than in RCs, which suggests that neuroethological approaches are better suited to unveil the neural bases of behavior.
{"title":"Neuroethology of natural actions in freely moving monkeys","authors":"Francesca Lanzarini, Monica Maranesi, Elena Hilary Rondoni, Davide Albertini, Elena Ferretti, Marco Lanzilotto, Silvestro Micera, Alberto Mazzoni, Luca Bonini","doi":"10.1126/science.adq6510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq6510","url":null,"abstract":"The current understanding of primate natural action organization derives from laboratory experiments in restrained contexts (RCs) under the assumption that this knowledge generalizes to freely moving contexts (FMCs). In this work, we developed a neurobehavioral platform to enable wireless recording of the same premotor neurons in both RCs and FMCs. Neurons often encoded the same hand and mouth actions differently in RCs and FMCs. Furthermore, in FMCs, we identified cells that selectively encoded actions untestable during RCs and others that displayed mixed selectivity for multiple actions, which is compatible with an organization based on cortical motor synergies at different levels of complexity. Cross-context decoding demonstrated that neural activity in FMCs is richer and more generalizable than in RCs, which suggests that neuroethological approaches are better suited to unveil the neural bases of behavior.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles J. Marsh, Edgar C. Turner, Benjamin Wong Blonder, Boris Bongalov, Sabine Both, Rudi S. Cruz, Dafydd M. O. Elias, David Hemprich-Bennett, Palasiah Jotan, Victoria Kemp, Ully H. Kritzler, Sol Milne, David T. Milodowski, Simon L. Mitchell, Milenka Montoya Pillco, Matheus Henrique Nunes, Terhi Riutta, Samuel J. B. Robinson, Eleanor M. Slade, Henry Bernard, David F. R. P. Burslem, Arthur Y. C. Chung, Elizabeth L. Clare, David A. Coomes, Zoe G. Davies, David P. Edwards, David Johnson, Pavel Kratina, Yadvinder Malhi, Noreen Majalap, Reuben Nilus, Nicholas J. Ostle, Stephen J. Rossiter, Matthew J. Struebig, Joseph A. Tobias, Mathew Williams, Robert M. Ewers, Owen T. Lewis, Glen Reynolds, Yit Arn Teh, Andy Hector
The impacts of degradation and deforestation on tropical forests are poorly understood, particularly at landscape scales. We present an extensive ecosystem analysis of the impacts of logging and conversion of tropical forest to oil palm from a large-scale study in Borneo, synthesizing responses from 82 variables categorized into four ecological levels spanning a broad suite of ecosystem properties: (i) structure and environment, (ii) species traits, (iii) biodiversity, and (iv) ecosystem functions. Responses were highly heterogeneous and often complex and nonlinear. Variables that were directly impacted by the physical process of timber extraction, such as soil structure, were sensitive to even moderate amounts of logging, whereas measures of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning were generally resilient to logging but more affected by conversion to oil palm plantation.
{"title":"Tropical forest clearance impacts biodiversity and function, whereas logging changes structure","authors":"Charles J. Marsh, Edgar C. Turner, Benjamin Wong Blonder, Boris Bongalov, Sabine Both, Rudi S. Cruz, Dafydd M. O. Elias, David Hemprich-Bennett, Palasiah Jotan, Victoria Kemp, Ully H. Kritzler, Sol Milne, David T. Milodowski, Simon L. Mitchell, Milenka Montoya Pillco, Matheus Henrique Nunes, Terhi Riutta, Samuel J. B. Robinson, Eleanor M. Slade, Henry Bernard, David F. R. P. Burslem, Arthur Y. C. Chung, Elizabeth L. Clare, David A. Coomes, Zoe G. Davies, David P. Edwards, David Johnson, Pavel Kratina, Yadvinder Malhi, Noreen Majalap, Reuben Nilus, Nicholas J. Ostle, Stephen J. Rossiter, Matthew J. Struebig, Joseph A. Tobias, Mathew Williams, Robert M. Ewers, Owen T. Lewis, Glen Reynolds, Yit Arn Teh, Andy Hector","doi":"10.1126/science.adf9856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf9856","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of degradation and deforestation on tropical forests are poorly understood, particularly at landscape scales. We present an extensive ecosystem analysis of the impacts of logging and conversion of tropical forest to oil palm from a large-scale study in Borneo, synthesizing responses from 82 variables categorized into four ecological levels spanning a broad suite of ecosystem properties: (i) structure and environment, (ii) species traits, (iii) biodiversity, and (iv) ecosystem functions. Responses were highly heterogeneous and often complex and nonlinear. Variables that were directly impacted by the physical process of timber extraction, such as soil structure, were sensitive to even moderate amounts of logging, whereas measures of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning were generally resilient to logging but more affected by conversion to oil palm plantation.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel D. Arman, Grant A. Gully, Gavin J. Prideaux
Identifying what drove the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on the continents remains one of the most contested topics in historical science. This is especially so in Australia, which lost 90% of its large species by 40,000 years ago, more than half of them kangaroos. Determining causation has been obstructed by a poor understanding of their ecology. Using dental microwear texture analysis, we show that most members of Australia’s richest Pleistocene kangaroo assemblage had diets that were much more generalized than their craniodental anatomy implies. Mixed feeding across most kangaroos pinpoints dietary breadth as a key behavioral adaptation to climate-driven fluctuations in vegetation structure, dispelling the likelihood that late Pleistocene climatic variation was a primary driver of their disappearance.
{"title":"Dietary breadth in kangaroos facilitated resilience to Quaternary climatic variations","authors":"Samuel D. Arman, Grant A. Gully, Gavin J. Prideaux","doi":"10.1126/science.adq4340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq4340","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying what drove the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on the continents remains one of the most contested topics in historical science. This is especially so in Australia, which lost 90% of its large species by 40,000 years ago, more than half of them kangaroos. Determining causation has been obstructed by a poor understanding of their ecology. Using dental microwear texture analysis, we show that most members of Australia’s richest Pleistocene kangaroo assemblage had diets that were much more generalized than their craniodental anatomy implies. Mixed feeding across most kangaroos pinpoints dietary breadth as a key behavioral adaptation to climate-driven fluctuations in vegetation structure, dispelling the likelihood that late Pleistocene climatic variation was a primary driver of their disappearance.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sociosexual preference is critical for reproduction and survival. However, neural mechanisms encoding social decisions on sex preference remain unclear. In this study, we show that both male and female mice exhibit female preference but shift to male preference when facing survival threats; their preference is mediated by the dimorphic changes in the excitability of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic (VTA DA ) neurons. In males, VTA DA projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) mediate female preference, and those to the medial preoptic area mediate male preference. In females, firing-pattern (phasic-like versus tonic-like) alteration of the VTA DA -NAc projection determines sociosexual preferences. These findings define VTA DA neurons as a key node for social decision-making and reveal the sexually dimorphic DA circuit mechanisms underlying sociosexual preference.
{"title":"Sexually dimorphic dopaminergic circuits determine sex preference","authors":"Anqi Wei, Anran Zhao, Chaowen Zheng, Nan Dong, Xu Cheng, Xueting Duan, Shuaijie Zhong, Xiaoying Liu, Jie Jian, Yuhao Qin, Yuxin Yang, Yuhao Gu, Bianbian Wang, Niki Gooya, Jingxiao Huo, Jingyu Yao, Weiwei Li, Kai Huang, Haiyao Liu, Fenghan Mao, Ruolin Wang, Mingjie Shao, Botao Wang, Yichi Zhang, Yang Chen, Qian Song, Rong Huang, Qiumin Qu, Chunxiang Zhang, Xinjiang Kang, Huadong Xu, Changhe Wang","doi":"10.1126/science.adq7001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq7001","url":null,"abstract":"Sociosexual preference is critical for reproduction and survival. However, neural mechanisms encoding social decisions on sex preference remain unclear. In this study, we show that both male and female mice exhibit female preference but shift to male preference when facing survival threats; their preference is mediated by the dimorphic changes in the excitability of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic (VTA <jats:sup>DA</jats:sup> ) neurons. In males, VTA <jats:sup>DA</jats:sup> projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) mediate female preference, and those to the medial preoptic area mediate male preference. In females, firing-pattern (phasic-like versus tonic-like) alteration of the VTA <jats:sup>DA</jats:sup> -NAc projection determines sociosexual preferences. These findings define VTA <jats:sup>DA</jats:sup> neurons as a key node for social decision-making and reveal the sexually dimorphic DA circuit mechanisms underlying sociosexual preference.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermoelectrics have been limited by the scarcity of their constituent elements, especially telluride. The earth-abundant, wide-bandgap ( Eg ≈ 46 kBT ) tin sulfide (SnS) has shown promising performance in its crystal form. We improved the thermoelectric efficiency in SnS crystals by promoting the convergence of energy and momentum of four valance bands, termed quadruple-band synglisis. We introduced more Sn vacancies to activate quadruple-band synglisis and facilitate carrier transport by inducing SnS 2 in selenium (Se)–alloyed SnS, leading to a high dimensionless figure of merit ( ZT ) of ~1.0 at 300 kelvin and an average ZT of ~1.3 at 300 to 773 kelvin in p-type SnS crystals. We further obtained an experimental efficiency of ~6.5%, and our fabricated cooler demonstrated a maximum cooling temperature difference of ~48.4 kelvin at 353 kelvin. Our observations should draw interest to earth-abundant SnS crystals for applications of waste-heat recovery and thermoelectric cooling.
{"title":"Quadruple-band synglisis enables high thermoelectric efficiency in earth-abundant tin sulfide crystals","authors":"Shan Liu, Shulin Bai, Yi Wen, Jing Lou, Yongzhen Jiang, Yingcai Zhu, Dongrui Liu, Yichen Li, Haonan Shi, Shibo Liu, Lei Wang, Junqing Zheng, Zhe Zhao, Yongxin Qin, ZhongKai Liu, Xiang Gao, Bingchao Qin, Cheng Chang, Chao Chang, Li-Dong Zhao","doi":"10.1126/science.ado1133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado1133","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectrics have been limited by the scarcity of their constituent elements, especially telluride. The earth-abundant, wide-bandgap ( <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>g</jats:sub> ≈ 46 <jats:italic>k</jats:italic> <jats:sub>B</jats:sub> <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> ) tin sulfide (SnS) has shown promising performance in its crystal form. We improved the thermoelectric efficiency in SnS crystals by promoting the convergence of energy and momentum of four valance bands, termed quadruple-band synglisis. We introduced more Sn vacancies to activate quadruple-band synglisis and facilitate carrier transport by inducing SnS <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> in selenium (Se)–alloyed SnS, leading to a high dimensionless figure of merit ( <jats:italic>ZT</jats:italic> ) of ~1.0 at 300 kelvin and an average <jats:italic>ZT</jats:italic> of ~1.3 at 300 to 773 kelvin in p-type SnS crystals. We further obtained an experimental efficiency of ~6.5%, and our fabricated cooler demonstrated a maximum cooling temperature difference of ~48.4 kelvin at 353 kelvin. Our observations should draw interest to earth-abundant SnS crystals for applications of waste-heat recovery and thermoelectric cooling.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harrison J. Ostridge, Claudia Fontsere, Esther Lizano, Daniela C. Soto, Joshua M. Schmidt, Vrishti Saxena, Marina Alvarez-Estape, Christopher D. Barratt, Paolo Gratton, Gaëlle Bocksberger, Jack D. Lester, Paula Dieguez, Anthony Agbor, Samuel Angedakin, Alfred Kwabena Assumang, Emma Bailey, Donatienne Barubiyo, Mattia Bessone, Gregory Brazzola, Rebecca Chancellor, Heather Cohen, ` Coupland, Emmanuel Danquah, Tobias Deschner, Laia Dotras, Jef Dupain, Villard Ebot Egbe, Anne-Céline Granjon, Josephine Head, Daniela Hedwig, Veerle Hermans, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Parag Kadam, Michael Kaiser, Ammie K. Kalan, Mbangi Kambere, Ivonne Kienast, Deo Kujirakwinja, Kevin E. Langergraber, Juan Lapuente, Bradley Larson, Anne Laudisoit, Kevin C. Lee, Manuel Llana, Giovanna Maretti, Rumen Martín, Amelia C. Meier, David Morgan, Emily Neil, Sonia Nicholl, Stuart Nixon, Emmanuelle Normand, Christopher Orbell, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Robinson Orume, Liliana Pacheco, Jodie Preece, Sebastien Regnaut, Martha M. Robbins, Aaron Rundus, Crickette Sanz, Lilah Sciaky, Volker Sommer, Fiona A. Stewart, Nikki Tagg, Luc Roscelin Tédonzong, Joost van Schijndel, Elleni Vendras, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Roman M. Wittig, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Kyle Yurkiw, Linda Vigilant, Alex K. Piel, Christophe Boesch, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Megan Y. Dennis, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Mimi Arandjelovic, Aida M. Andrés
How populations adapt to their environment is a fundamental question in biology. Yet, we know surprisingly little about this process, especially for endangered species, such as nonhuman great apes. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, are particularly notable because they inhabit diverse habitats, from rainforest to woodland-savannah. Whether genetic adaptation facilitates such habitat diversity remains unknown, despite it having wide implications for evolutionary biology and conservation. By using newly sequenced exomes from 828 wild chimpanzees (388 postfiltering), we found evidence of fine-scale genetic adaptation to habitat, with signatures of positive selection in forest chimpanzees in the same genes underlying adaptation to malaria in humans. This work demonstrates the power of noninvasive samples to reveal genetic adaptations in endangered populations and highlights the importance of adaptive genetic diversity for chimpanzees.
{"title":"Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees","authors":"Harrison J. Ostridge, Claudia Fontsere, Esther Lizano, Daniela C. Soto, Joshua M. Schmidt, Vrishti Saxena, Marina Alvarez-Estape, Christopher D. Barratt, Paolo Gratton, Gaëlle Bocksberger, Jack D. Lester, Paula Dieguez, Anthony Agbor, Samuel Angedakin, Alfred Kwabena Assumang, Emma Bailey, Donatienne Barubiyo, Mattia Bessone, Gregory Brazzola, Rebecca Chancellor, Heather Cohen, ` Coupland, Emmanuel Danquah, Tobias Deschner, Laia Dotras, Jef Dupain, Villard Ebot Egbe, Anne-Céline Granjon, Josephine Head, Daniela Hedwig, Veerle Hermans, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Parag Kadam, Michael Kaiser, Ammie K. Kalan, Mbangi Kambere, Ivonne Kienast, Deo Kujirakwinja, Kevin E. Langergraber, Juan Lapuente, Bradley Larson, Anne Laudisoit, Kevin C. Lee, Manuel Llana, Giovanna Maretti, Rumen Martín, Amelia C. Meier, David Morgan, Emily Neil, Sonia Nicholl, Stuart Nixon, Emmanuelle Normand, Christopher Orbell, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Robinson Orume, Liliana Pacheco, Jodie Preece, Sebastien Regnaut, Martha M. Robbins, Aaron Rundus, Crickette Sanz, Lilah Sciaky, Volker Sommer, Fiona A. Stewart, Nikki Tagg, Luc Roscelin Tédonzong, Joost van Schijndel, Elleni Vendras, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Roman M. Wittig, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Kyle Yurkiw, Linda Vigilant, Alex K. Piel, Christophe Boesch, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Megan Y. Dennis, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Mimi Arandjelovic, Aida M. Andrés","doi":"10.1126/science.adn7954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn7954","url":null,"abstract":"How populations adapt to their environment is a fundamental question in biology. Yet, we know surprisingly little about this process, especially for endangered species, such as nonhuman great apes. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, are particularly notable because they inhabit diverse habitats, from rainforest to woodland-savannah. Whether genetic adaptation facilitates such habitat diversity remains unknown, despite it having wide implications for evolutionary biology and conservation. By using newly sequenced exomes from 828 wild chimpanzees (388 postfiltering), we found evidence of fine-scale genetic adaptation to habitat, with signatures of positive selection in forest chimpanzees in the same genes underlying adaptation to malaria in humans. This work demonstrates the power of noninvasive samples to reveal genetic adaptations in endangered populations and highlights the importance of adaptive genetic diversity for chimpanzees.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the primary challenges in commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sufficient stability. We integrate wafer-scale continuous monolayer MoS 2 buffers at the top and bottom of a perovskite layer through a transfer process. These films physically block ion migration of perovskite into carrier transport layers and chemically stabilize the formamidinium lead iodide phase through strong coordination interaction. Effective chemical passivation results from the formation of Pb-S bonds, and minority carriers are blocked through a type-I band alignment. Planar p-i-n PSCs (0.074 square centimeters) and modules (9.6 square centimeters) with MoS 2 /perovskite/MoS 2 configuration achieve PCEs up to 26.2% (certified steady-state PCE of 25.9%) and 22.8%, respectively. Moreover, the devices show excellent damp heat (85°C and 85% relative humidity) stability with <5% PCE loss after 1200 hours and notable high temperature (85°C) operational stability with <4% PCE loss after 1200 hours.
{"title":"Wafer-scale monolayer MoS 2 film integration for stable, efficient perovskite solar cells","authors":"Huachao Zai, Pengfei Yang, Jie Su, Ruiyang Yin, Rundong Fan, Yuetong Wu, Xiao Zhu, Yue Ma, Tong Zhou, Wentao Zhou, Yu Zhang, Zijian Huang, Yiting Jiang, Nengxu Li, Yang Bai, Cheng Zhu, Zhaohui Huang, Jingjing Chang, Qi Chen, Yanfeng Zhang, Huanping Zhou","doi":"10.1126/science.ado2351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado2351","url":null,"abstract":"One of the primary challenges in commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sufficient stability. We integrate wafer-scale continuous monolayer MoS <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> buffers at the top and bottom of a perovskite layer through a transfer process. These films physically block ion migration of perovskite into carrier transport layers and chemically stabilize the formamidinium lead iodide phase through strong coordination interaction. Effective chemical passivation results from the formation of Pb-S bonds, and minority carriers are blocked through a type-I band alignment. Planar p-i-n PSCs (0.074 square centimeters) and modules (9.6 square centimeters) with MoS <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> /perovskite/MoS <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> configuration achieve PCEs up to 26.2% (certified steady-state PCE of 25.9%) and 22.8%, respectively. Moreover, the devices show excellent damp heat (85°C and 85% relative humidity) stability with <5% PCE loss after 1200 hours and notable high temperature (85°C) operational stability with <4% PCE loss after 1200 hours.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siva Karthik Varanasi, Dan Chen, Yingluo Liu, Melissa A. Johnson, Cayla M. Miller, Souradipta Ganguly, Kathryn Lande, Michael A. LaPorta, Filipe Araujo Hoffmann, Thomas H. Mann, Marcos G. Teneche, Eduardo Casillas, Kailash C. Mangalhara, Varsha Mathew, Ming Sun, Isaac J. Jensen, Yagmur Farsakoglu, Timothy Chen, Bianca Parisi, Shaunak Deota, Aaron Havas, Jin Lee, H. Kay Chung, Andrea Schietinger, Satchidananda Panda, April E. Williams, Donna L. Farber, Debanjan Dhar, Peter D. Adams, Gen-Sheng Feng, Gerald S. Shadel, Mark S. Sundrud, Susan M. Kaech
The metabolic landscape of cancer greatly influences antitumor immunity, yet it remains unclear how organ-specific metabolites in the tumor microenvironment influence immunosurveillance. We found that accumulation of primary conjugated and secondary bile acids (BAs) are metabolic features of human hepatocellular carcinoma and experimental liver cancer models. Inhibiting conjugated BA synthesis in hepatocytes through deletion of the BA-conjugating enzyme bile acid–CoA:amino acid N -acyltransferase (BAAT) enhanced tumor-specific T cell responses, reduced tumor growth, and sensitized tumors to anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD-1) immunotherapy. Furthermore, different BAs regulated CD8 + T cells differently; primary BAs induced oxidative stress, whereas the secondary BA lithocholic acid inhibited T cell function through endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was countered by ursodeoxycholic acid. We demonstrate that modifying BA synthesis or dietary intake of ursodeoxycholic acid could improve tumor immunotherapy in liver cancer model systems.
{"title":"Bile acid synthesis impedes tumor-specific T cell responses during liver cancer","authors":"Siva Karthik Varanasi, Dan Chen, Yingluo Liu, Melissa A. Johnson, Cayla M. Miller, Souradipta Ganguly, Kathryn Lande, Michael A. LaPorta, Filipe Araujo Hoffmann, Thomas H. Mann, Marcos G. Teneche, Eduardo Casillas, Kailash C. Mangalhara, Varsha Mathew, Ming Sun, Isaac J. Jensen, Yagmur Farsakoglu, Timothy Chen, Bianca Parisi, Shaunak Deota, Aaron Havas, Jin Lee, H. Kay Chung, Andrea Schietinger, Satchidananda Panda, April E. Williams, Donna L. Farber, Debanjan Dhar, Peter D. Adams, Gen-Sheng Feng, Gerald S. Shadel, Mark S. Sundrud, Susan M. Kaech","doi":"10.1126/science.adl4100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl4100","url":null,"abstract":"The metabolic landscape of cancer greatly influences antitumor immunity, yet it remains unclear how organ-specific metabolites in the tumor microenvironment influence immunosurveillance. We found that accumulation of primary conjugated and secondary bile acids (BAs) are metabolic features of human hepatocellular carcinoma and experimental liver cancer models. Inhibiting conjugated BA synthesis in hepatocytes through deletion of the BA-conjugating enzyme bile acid–CoA:amino acid <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> -acyltransferase (BAAT) enhanced tumor-specific T cell responses, reduced tumor growth, and sensitized tumors to anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD-1) immunotherapy. Furthermore, different BAs regulated CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cells differently; primary BAs induced oxidative stress, whereas the secondary BA lithocholic acid inhibited T cell function through endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was countered by ursodeoxycholic acid. We demonstrate that modifying BA synthesis or dietary intake of ursodeoxycholic acid could improve tumor immunotherapy in liver cancer model systems.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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