Fiorentia Zoi Anglou, Robert Evan Sanders, Ioannis Stamatopoulos
Diverting food waste from landfills is crucial to reduce emissions and meet Paris Agreement targets. Between 2014 and 2024, nine US states banned commercial waste generators—such as grocery chains—from landfilling food waste, expecting a 10 to 15% waste reduction. However, no evaluation of these bans exists. We compile a comprehensive waste dataset covering 36 US states between 1996 and 2019 to evaluate the first five implemented state-level bans. Contrary to policy-makers’ expectations, we can reject aggregate waste reductions higher than 3.2%, and we cannot reject a zero-null aggregate effect. Moreover, we cannot reject a zero-null effect for any other state except Massachusetts, which gradually achieved a 13.2% reduction. Our findings reveal the need to reassess food waste bans using Massachusetts as a benchmark for success.
{"title":"Of the first five US states with food waste bans, Massachusetts alone has reduced landfill waste","authors":"Fiorentia Zoi Anglou, Robert Evan Sanders, Ioannis Stamatopoulos","doi":"10.1126/science.adn4216","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adn4216","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Diverting food waste from landfills is crucial to reduce emissions and meet Paris Agreement targets. Between 2014 and 2024, nine US states banned commercial waste generators—such as grocery chains—from landfilling food waste, expecting a 10 to 15% waste reduction. However, no evaluation of these bans exists. We compile a comprehensive waste dataset covering 36 US states between 1996 and 2019 to evaluate the first five implemented state-level bans. Contrary to policy-makers’ expectations, we can reject aggregate waste reductions higher than 3.2%, and we cannot reject a zero-null aggregate effect. Moreover, we cannot reject a zero-null effect for any other state except Massachusetts, which gradually achieved a 13.2% reduction. Our findings reveal the need to reassess food waste bans using Massachusetts as a benchmark for success.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marc S. Lavine, Bianca Lopez, Stella M. Hurtley, Ekeoma Uzogara, Sarah H. Ross, Melissa McCartney, Ian S. Osborne
{"title":"In Other Journals","authors":"Marc S. Lavine, Bianca Lopez, Stella M. Hurtley, Ekeoma Uzogara, Sarah H. Ross, Melissa McCartney, Ian S. Osborne","doi":"10.1126/science.adt0513","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adt0513","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adt0513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decades-old project has new funding and a new set of compounds to test.
有几十年历史的项目有了新的资金和一组新的化合物进行测试。
{"title":"Hunt for longevity drugs gets new life.","authors":"Mitch Leslie","doi":"10.1126/science.adt0783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt0783","url":null,"abstract":"Decades-old project has new funding and a new set of compounds to test.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine algae account for almost half of global carbon fixation. A substantial proportion of this photosynthetic biomass is exported to the deep ocean through the biological carbon pump (see the figure). As algal biomass sinks through the water column, it is slowly degraded by diverse microorganisms (1). Ultimately, only a fraction reaches the seafloor, where it becomes buried over geologic timescales (2). Although studies have uncovered the microbial networks associated with sinking particle degradation (3), the processes that transform organic material as it descends remain poorly understood. On page 1182 of this issue, Behrendt et al. (4) report that cooperation between marine bacteria with distinct dietary preferences for lipid components of sinking organic matter can influence the transport efficiency of lipid carbon to the seabed. Understanding how microbial metabolism constrains the biological carbon pump is vital given its role as a regulator for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (2).
{"title":"Going deep on marine lipid metabolism","authors":"Florence Schubotz","doi":"10.1126/science.ads0919","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ads0919","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Marine algae account for almost half of global carbon fixation. A substantial proportion of this photosynthetic biomass is exported to the deep ocean through the biological carbon pump (see the figure). As algal biomass sinks through the water column, it is slowly degraded by diverse microorganisms (<i>1</i>). Ultimately, only a fraction reaches the seafloor, where it becomes buried over geologic timescales (<i>2</i>). Although studies have uncovered the microbial networks associated with sinking particle degradation (<i>3</i>), the processes that transform organic material as it descends remain poorly understood. On page 1182 of this issue, Behrendt <i>et al</i>. (<i>4</i>) report that cooperation between marine bacteria with distinct dietary preferences for lipid components of sinking organic matter can influence the transport efficiency of lipid carbon to the seabed. Understanding how microbial metabolism constrains the biological carbon pump is vital given its role as a regulator for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations (<i>2</i>).</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Post-2030 global goals need explicit targets for cities and businesses","authors":"Xuemei Bai","doi":"10.1126/science.adq4993","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adq4993","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum for the Research Article “Where and with whom does a brief social-belonging intervention promote progress in college?” by G. M. Walton et al.","authors":"","doi":"10.1126/science.ads9718","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ads9718","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interactions between electron pair acceptors (Lewis acids) and electron pair donors (Lewis bases) to create bimolecular Lewis adducts are fundamental to understanding and designing a multitude of chemical reactions. The eponymous acids and bases were codified by Gilbert Lewis in 1923 (1), and in 1952, Robert Mulliken posited that Lewis acids and bases associate through “inner” and “outer” forms (2). Yet, the molecular structures of these two forms of the Lewis adduct have been elusive. On page 1184 of this issue, Liu and Gabbaï (3) report the crystal structures of the inner and outer forms of a Lewis adduct. This work provides a long-awaited opportunity to compare and study these fundamental compounds.
{"title":"A crystallized view of acid-base chemistry","authors":"Andrew R. Jupp","doi":"10.1126/science.ads0207","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ads0207","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Interactions between electron pair acceptors (Lewis acids) and electron pair donors (Lewis bases) to create bimolecular Lewis adducts are fundamental to understanding and designing a multitude of chemical reactions. The eponymous acids and bases were codified by Gilbert Lewis in 1923 (<i>1</i>), and in 1952, Robert Mulliken posited that Lewis acids and bases associate through “inner” and “outer” forms (<i>2</i>). Yet, the molecular structures of these two forms of the Lewis adduct have been elusive. On page 1184 of this issue, Liu and Gabbaï (<i>3</i>) report the crystal structures of the inner and outer forms of a Lewis adduct. This work provides a long-awaited opportunity to compare and study these fundamental compounds.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For many years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating SAR have been debated. We found that in Arabidopsis thaliana, after a local infection, the conserved cysteine residue of the transcription factor CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE) undergoes sulfenylation in systemic tissues, which enhances its binding to the promoter of the SA-synthesis gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1) and increases SA production. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced through NADPH oxidases is the mobile signal that sulfenylates CHE in a concentration-dependent manner. Accumulation of SA and the previously reported signal molecules, such as N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), then form a signal amplification loop to establish SAR.
在植物中，局部感染可通过增加水杨酸（SA）的产生而导致全身获得性抗性（SAR）。多年来，人们一直在争论启动 SAR 的移动信号及其系统性 SA 合成的直接传导机制。我们发现，在拟南芥中，局部感染后，转录因子 CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION（CHE）的保守半胱氨酸残基在系统组织中发生亚磺酰化，从而增强其与 SA 合成基因 ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1（ICS1）启动子的结合，增加 SA 的产生。此外，通过 NADPH 氧化酶产生的过氧化氢（H2O2）是一种移动信号，能以浓度依赖的方式使 CHE 亚磺酰化。SA 和之前报道的信号分子（如 N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP)）的积累会形成一个信号放大环，从而建立 SAR。
{"title":"H2O2 sulfenylates CHE, linking local infection to the establishment of systemic acquired resistance","authors":"Lijun Cao, Sargis Karapetyan, Heejin Yoo, Tianyuan Chen, Musoki Mwimba, Xing Zhang, Xinnian Dong","doi":"10.1126/science.adj7249","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adj7249","url":null,"abstract":"<div >In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For many years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating SAR have been debated. We found that in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, after a local infection, the conserved cysteine residue of the transcription factor CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE) undergoes sulfenylation in systemic tissues, which enhances its binding to the promoter of the SA-synthesis gene <i>ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1</i> (<i>ICS1</i>) and increases SA production. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) produced through NADPH oxidases is the mobile signal that sulfenylates CHE in a concentration-dependent manner. Accumulation of SA and the previously reported signal molecules, such as <i>N</i>-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), then form a signal amplification loop to establish SAR.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hundreds of papers bear signs of reviewers using templates for personal gain.
数以百计的论文都有审稿人利用模板谋取私利的痕迹。
{"title":"Duplicated phrases in peer review draw scrutiny.","authors":"Jeffrey Brainard","doi":"10.1126/science.adt0784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt0784","url":null,"abstract":"Hundreds of papers bear signs of reviewers using templates for personal gain.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Observatory reveals a surfeit of ultraviolet light from the first stars and giant black holes.
天文台揭示了来自第一批恒星和巨型黑洞的大量紫外线。
{"title":"What ionized the universe? JWST finds too many culprits.","authors":"Daniel Clery","doi":"10.1126/science.adt0782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt0782","url":null,"abstract":"Observatory reveals a surfeit of ultraviolet light from the first stars and giant black holes.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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