Vaccination of the elderly was suspended during an outbreak on Réunion last year. A new vaccine may be safer.
在去年埃博拉病毒爆发期间，暂停了对老年人的疫苗接种。一种新的疫苗可能更安全。
{"title":"Side effects dim hopes for first chikungunya vaccine.","authors":"Vaishnavi Chandrashekhar","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg1217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg1217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination of the elderly was suspended during an outbreak on Réunion last year. A new vaccine may be safer.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":"536-537"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jakob Wolfram, Dino Bussen, Sascha Bub, Lara L. Petschick, Larissa Z. Herrmann, Ralf Schulz
The 15th United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP15) obligates all countries to reduce pesticide risks by 50% by 2030. In this study, we derived the trends of total applied toxicity (TAT) globally between 2013 and 2019, weighting applied masses by ecotoxicity, of 625 pesticides for eight species groups to assess pathways toward this reduction goal. We found that the TAT of most species groups has increased; that only 20 ± 14 pesticides per group define >90% of the TAT nationally; that fruits, vegetables, maize, soybean, rice, and other cereals contribute 76 to 83% of the global TAT; and that China, Brazil, the United States, and India contribute 53 to 68% of the global TAT. Our target achievement categorization shows that substantial actions, combining shifts to less-toxic pesticides, increased adoption of organic agriculture, and also provision of national pesticide use data, will be required globally to approach the United Nations’ target.
{"title":"Increasing applied pesticide toxicity trends counteract the global reduction target to safeguard biodiversity","authors":"Jakob Wolfram, Dino Bussen, Sascha Bub, Lara L. Petschick, Larissa Z. Herrmann, Ralf Schulz","doi":"10.1126/science.aea8602","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aea8602","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The 15th United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP15) obligates all countries to reduce pesticide risks by 50% by 2030. In this study, we derived the trends of total applied toxicity (TAT) globally between 2013 and 2019, weighting applied masses by ecotoxicity, of 625 pesticides for eight species groups to assess pathways toward this reduction goal. We found that the TAT of most species groups has increased; that only 20 ± 14 pesticides per group define >90% of the TAT nationally; that fruits, vegetables, maize, soybean, rice, and other cereals contribute 76 to 83% of the global TAT; and that China, Brazil, the United States, and India contribute 53 to 68% of the global TAT. Our target achievement categorization shows that substantial actions, combining shifts to less-toxic pesticides, increased adoption of organic agriculture, and also provision of national pesticide use data, will be required globally to approach the United Nations’ target.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Continental mantle earthquakes (CMEs) and their implications for the rheological structure of continents have fascinated geophysicists for more than half a century. Existence of these earthquakes is no longer debated, but their identification remains sparse across the globe. Comparing the Sn and Lg seismic wave amplitude ratio (Sn/Lg) of an earthquake with that of nearby earthquakes distinguishes CMEs and, unlike previous methods, can be applied globally. We present a global distribution of CMEs that extends well beyond previous individual detections and areas of speculation. CME occurrence is widespread globally yet patterned regionally, reflecting local lithospheric structure and tectonic history. Our results highlight the value of CMEs for understanding continents and global tectonics.
{"title":"Continental mantle earthquakes of the world","authors":"Shiqi Wang, Simon L. Klemperer","doi":"10.1126/science.adz4367","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adz4367","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Continental mantle earthquakes (CMEs) and their implications for the rheological structure of continents have fascinated geophysicists for more than half a century. Existence of these earthquakes is no longer debated, but their identification remains sparse across the globe. Comparing the <i>Sn</i> and <i>Lg</i> seismic wave amplitude ratio (<i>Sn/Lg</i>) of an earthquake with that of nearby earthquakes distinguishes CMEs and, unlike previous methods, can be applied globally. We present a global distribution of CMEs that extends well beyond previous individual detections and areas of speculation. CME occurrence is widespread globally yet patterned regionally, reflecting local lithospheric structure and tectonic history. Our results highlight the value of CMEs for understanding continents and global tectonics.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Secondary representations enable our minds to depart from the here-and-now and generate imaginary, hypothetical, or alternate possibilities that are decoupled from reality, supporting many of our richest cognitive capacities such as mental-state attribution, simulation of possible futures, and pretense. We present experimental evidence that a nonhuman primate can represent pretend objects. Kanzi, a lexigram-trained bonobo, correctly identified the location of pretend objects (e.g., “juice” poured between empty containers), in response to verbal prompts in scaffolded pretense interactions. Across three experiments, we conceptually replicated this finding and excluded key alternative explanations. Our findings suggest that the capacity to form secondary representations of pretend objects is within the cognitive potential of, at least, an enculturated ape and likely dates back 6 to 9 million years, to our common evolutionary ancestors.
{"title":"Evidence for representation of pretend objects by Kanzi, a language-trained bonobo","authors":"Amalia P. M. Bastos, Christopher Krupenye","doi":"10.1126/science.adz0743","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adz0743","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Secondary representations enable our minds to depart from the here-and-now and generate imaginary, hypothetical, or alternate possibilities that are decoupled from reality, supporting many of our richest cognitive capacities such as mental-state attribution, simulation of possible futures, and pretense. We present experimental evidence that a nonhuman primate can represent pretend objects. Kanzi, a lexigram-trained bonobo, correctly identified the location of pretend objects (e.g., “juice” poured between empty containers), in response to verbal prompts in scaffolded pretense interactions. Across three experiments, we conceptually replicated this finding and excluded key alternative explanations. Our findings suggest that the capacity to form secondary representations of pretend objects is within the cognitive potential of, at least, an enculturated ape and likely dates back 6 to 9 million years, to our common evolutionary ancestors.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stella M. Hurtley, Sarah H. Ross, Di Jiang, Jake S. Yeston, Angela Hessler, Brad Wible, Sacha Vignieri
{"title":"In Other Journals","authors":"Stella M. Hurtley, Sarah H. Ross, Di Jiang, Jake S. Yeston, Angela Hessler, Brad Wible, Sacha Vignieri","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg0768","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aeg0768","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retraction of Research Article “Integrative phylogenomics positions sponges at the root of the animal tree”","authors":"H. Holden Thorp","doi":"10.1126/science.aef5589","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aef5589","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sacha Vignieri, Ian S. Osborne, Marc S. Lavine, Angela Hessler, Mark Aldenderfer, Claire Olingy, Phil Szuromi, Mattia Maroso, Sarah H. Ross, Yevgeniya Nusinovich, Corinne Simonti, Madeleine Seale, Jesse Smith, Di Jiang, Jake S. Yeston, Michael A. Funk, Wei Wong, Dorothy Hallberg
{"title":"In Science Journals","authors":"Sacha Vignieri, Ian S. Osborne, Marc S. Lavine, Angela Hessler, Mark Aldenderfer, Claire Olingy, Phil Szuromi, Mattia Maroso, Sarah H. Ross, Yevgeniya Nusinovich, Corinne Simonti, Madeleine Seale, Jesse Smith, Di Jiang, Jake S. Yeston, Michael A. Funk, Wei Wong, Dorothy Hallberg","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg0767","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aeg0767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent winter storm traced the path of an emerging ice corridor.
最近的一场冬季风暴追踪了一条正在形成的冰走廊的路径。
{"title":"As the world warms, freezing rain shifts to U.S. South.","authors":"Hannah Richter","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg1220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg1220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent winter storm traced the path of an emerging ice corridor.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":"541-542"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sixty years ago, three studies revolutionized the scientific view of genetic diversity in natural populations by documenting substantial protein variation at numerous genetic loci in the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura and in humans (1–3). This discovery enabled predictions of the modern synthesis, an integration of Darwin’s theory of natural selection with Mendelian genetics, on the basis of empirical data. It also spawned the neutral theory of molecular evolution (4) and the rise of today’s metrics for DNA sequence–based variation (5, 6). During the past decade, comparative genomics has revealed surprising structural variation within species and that diversity has been recognized as a species’ pangenome. On pages 577 and 576 of this issue, Huang et al. (7) and Ma et al. (8) report extensive pangenomic variation in the flowering plants sugarcane and Brassica rapa, respectively. Does this variation carry the same transformative weight as the protein analyses of 60 years ago?
60年前，三项研究通过记录果蝇和人类大量遗传位点的蛋白质变异，彻底改变了自然种群遗传多样性的科学观点（1-3）。这一发现使现代综合预测成为可能，即在经验数据的基础上，将达尔文的自然选择理论与孟德尔遗传学相结合。它还催生了分子进化的中性理论(4)，以及今天基于DNA序列的变异指标的兴起（5,6）。在过去的十年中，比较基因组学揭示了物种内部令人惊讶的结构变异，多样性已被认为是物种的泛基因组。在本期的第577和576页，Huang et al.(7)和Ma et al.(8)分别报道了开花植物甘蔗和油菜的广泛全基因组变异。这种变异是否与60年前的蛋白质分析具有同样的变革意义？
{"title":"A panorama of plant pangenomes","authors":"Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis","doi":"10.1126/science.aee6527","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aee6527","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Sixty years ago, three studies revolutionized the scientific view of genetic diversity in natural populations by documenting substantial protein variation at numerous genetic loci in the fruit fly <i>Drosophila pseudoobscura</i> and in humans (<i>1</i>–<i>3</i>). This discovery enabled predictions of the modern synthesis, an integration of Darwin’s theory of natural selection with Mendelian genetics, on the basis of empirical data. It also spawned the neutral theory of molecular evolution (<i>4</i>) and the rise of today’s metrics for DNA sequence–based variation (<i>5</i>, <i>6</i>). During the past decade, comparative genomics has revealed surprising structural variation within species and that diversity has been recognized as a species’ pangenome. On pages 577 and 576 of this issue, Huang <i>et al</i>. (<i>7</i>) and Ma <i>et al</i>. (<i>8</i>) report extensive pangenomic variation in the flowering plants sugarcane and <i>Brassica rapa</i>, respectively. Does this variation carry the same transformative weight as the protein analyses of 60 years ago?</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sugarcane genus Saccharum is characterized by complex genomes with diverse ploidy levels. We developed a multiscale graph–based pangenome representation, which integrates nine genome assemblies into a unified reference, representing modern cultivars and founding species. Each homo(eo)logous (encompasses both homologous and homeologous relationships) chromosome set retains 47 to 57 haplotypes and ~74,000 to 271,000 gene alleles. This framework enables multiomics exploration, encompassing homo(eo)log systems and epigenomic signatures. The pangenome facilitates population genomics analyses of 417 mixed-ploidy Saccharum accessions, revealing convergent selection and identifying the Andropogoneae TB1 homolog linked to tillering as a promising gene-editing target to boost cane yield. Additionally, the pangenome supports dosage-informed genome-wide association study, improving heritability estimates and identification of sugar or leaf-angle–associated loci, including SaIRX10 and SaBAK5. Our analytical framework establishes a foundation for graph-based genetic studies in sugarcane and other polyploid genomes.
{"title":"Multiscale pangenome graphs empower the genomic dissection of mixed-ploidy sugarcane species","authors":"Yumin Huang, Yixing Zhang, Qing Zhang, Gui Zhuang, Chunjia Li, Baiyu Wang, Ruiting Gao, Yi Xu, Yiying Qi, Xiuting Hua, Huihong Shi, Qiutao Xu, Wei Yao, Xinlong Liu, Yongwen Qi, Baoshan Chen, Muqing Zhang, Ray Ming, Haibao Tang, Jisen Zhang","doi":"10.1126/science.adx1616","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adx1616","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The sugarcane genus <i>Saccharum</i> is characterized by complex genomes with diverse ploidy levels. We developed a multiscale graph–based pangenome representation, which integrates nine genome assemblies into a unified reference, representing modern cultivars and founding species. Each homo(eo)logous (encompasses both homologous and homeologous relationships) chromosome set retains 47 to 57 haplotypes and ~74,000 to 271,000 gene alleles. This framework enables multiomics exploration, encompassing homo(eo)log systems and epigenomic signatures. The pangenome facilitates population genomics analyses of 417 mixed-ploidy <i>Saccharum</i> accessions, revealing convergent selection and identifying the Andropogoneae <i>TB1</i> homolog linked to tillering as a promising gene-editing target to boost cane yield. Additionally, the pangenome supports dosage-informed genome-wide association study, improving heritability estimates and identification of sugar or leaf-angle–associated loci, including <i>SaIRX10</i> and <i>SaBAK5</i>. Our analytical framework establishes a foundation for graph-based genetic studies in sugarcane and other polyploid genomes.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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