Geopolitics cast shadow over preparations for 2032 effort to study poles.
地缘政治给2032年研究极地的准备工作蒙上了阴影。
{"title":"Polar Year plans heat up.","authors":"Richard Stone","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg3561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg3561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geopolitics cast shadow over preparations for 2032 effort to study poles.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":"648-649"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146182098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oregon university votes to explore NIH offer to transform national facility.
俄勒冈大学投票决定探索国立卫生研究院改造国家设施的提议。
{"title":"Giant primate research center may become sanctuary.","authors":"David Grimm","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg3557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg3557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oregon university votes to explore NIH offer to transform national facility.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":"642-643"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146182116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon Greenhill, Solomon Hsiang, Clare Balboni, Lint Barrage, Ian W. Bolliger, Judson Boomhower, Delavane Diaz, Hannah Druckenmiller, Teevrat Garg, Miyuki Hino, Harrison Hong, Carolyn Kousky, Jeremy Martinich, Ishan Nath, Kimberly L. Oremus, R. Jisung Park, Toan Phan, Jonathan Proctor, Will Rafey, Marcus C. Sarofim, Wolfram Schlenker, Benjamin Simon
Even under the most ambitious greenhouse gas emissions mitigation scenarios, climate change will continue to affect human well-being for generations, with the severity of these impacts differing across mitigation pathways. Adapting to climate change is thus a necessary complement to mitigation. Because individuals, businesses, and communities benefit directly from their adaptation choices, the incentives they face as individuals to adapt are generally stronger than the incentives they face to mitigate emissions. Yet evidence to date suggests that communities are not systematically adapting to recent climate changes (1). What can policy-makers do to facilitate adaptation? Here, we draw on a burgeoning field of economic research on climate adaptation to identify when and how markets can be a promising tool for effective and efficient adaptation.
{"title":"Using markets to adapt to climate change","authors":"Simon Greenhill, Solomon Hsiang, Clare Balboni, Lint Barrage, Ian W. Bolliger, Judson Boomhower, Delavane Diaz, Hannah Druckenmiller, Teevrat Garg, Miyuki Hino, Harrison Hong, Carolyn Kousky, Jeremy Martinich, Ishan Nath, Kimberly L. Oremus, R. Jisung Park, Toan Phan, Jonathan Proctor, Will Rafey, Marcus C. Sarofim, Wolfram Schlenker, Benjamin Simon","doi":"10.1126/science.aea7431","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aea7431","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Even under the most ambitious greenhouse gas emissions mitigation scenarios, climate change will continue to affect human well-being for generations, with the severity of these impacts differing across mitigation pathways. Adapting to climate change is thus a necessary complement to mitigation. Because individuals, businesses, and communities benefit directly from their adaptation choices, the incentives they face as individuals to adapt are generally stronger than the incentives they face to mitigate emissions. Yet evidence to date suggests that communities are not systematically adapting to recent climate changes (<i>1</i>). What can policy-makers do to facilitate adaptation? Here, we draw on a burgeoning field of economic research on climate adaptation to identify when and how markets can be a promising tool for effective and efficient adaptation.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many plant pathogenic fungi penetrate host surfaces mechanically, using turgor pressure generated by specialized infection cells called appressoria. These appressoria develop semipermeable cell walls and accumulate osmolytes internally to create turgor by osmosis. Although melanin is known to be important for turgor generation, the mechanism underlying wall semipermeability remains unclear. By using reverse genetics, we identified that the enzymes PKS2 and PBG13 are required for forming the semipermeable barrier in fungi causing anthracnose and rice blast diseases. These enzymes synthesize 3,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid polymers that are essential for pathogenicity. These polymers reduce cell wall permeability and generate turgor, independently of melanization. Our findings uncover a mechanism of fungal turgor generation, linking enzyme function to pathogen penetration and disease potential, presenting new targets for disease control.
{"title":"Dihydroxyhexanoic acid biosynthesis controls turgor in pathogenic fungi","authors":"Naoyoshi Kumakura, Takayuki Motoyama, Keisuke Miyazawa, Toshihiko Nogawa, Julien Pernier, Katsuma Yonehara, Mayuko Sato, Yumi Goto, Kaori Sakai, Nobuaki Ishihama, Kaisei Matsumori, Pamela Gan, Kiminori Toyooka, Sandrine Lévêque-Fort, Hiroyuki Koshino, Takeshi Fukuma, Richard J. O’Connell, Ken Shirasu","doi":"10.1126/science.aec9443","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aec9443","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Many plant pathogenic fungi penetrate host surfaces mechanically, using turgor pressure generated by specialized infection cells called appressoria. These appressoria develop semipermeable cell walls and accumulate osmolytes internally to create turgor by osmosis. Although melanin is known to be important for turgor generation, the mechanism underlying wall semipermeability remains unclear. By using reverse genetics, we identified that the enzymes PKS2 and PBG13 are required for forming the semipermeable barrier in fungi causing anthracnose and rice blast diseases. These enzymes synthesize 3,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid polymers that are essential for pathogenicity. These polymers reduce cell wall permeability and generate turgor, independently of melanization. Our findings uncover a mechanism of fungal turgor generation, linking enzyme function to pathogen penetration and disease potential, presenting new targets for disease control.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aerin Yang, Hanlun Jiang, Kevin M. Jude, Deniz Akpinaroglu, Stephan Allenspach, Alex Jie Li, James Bowden, Carla Patricia Perez, Liu Liu, Po-Ssu Huang, Tanja Kortemme, Jennifer Listgarten, K. Christopher Garcia
Understanding how protein binding sites evolve interactions with other proteins could hold clues to targeting “undruggable” surfaces. We used synthetic coevolution to engineer new interactions between naïve surfaces, simulating the de novo formation of protein complexes. We isolated seven distinct structural families of protein Z-domain complexes and found that synthetic complexes explore multiple shallow energy wells through ratchet-like docking modes, whereas complexes formed by natural binding sites converged in a deep energy well with a relatively fixed geometry. Epistasis analysis of a machine learning–estimated fitness landscape revealed “seed” contacts between binding partners that anchored the earliest stages of encounter complex formation. Our results suggest that “silent” surfaces have a shallower energy landscape than natural binding sites, disfavoring tight binding, likely owing to evolutionary counterselection.
{"title":"Structural ontogeny of protein-protein interactions","authors":"Aerin Yang, Hanlun Jiang, Kevin M. Jude, Deniz Akpinaroglu, Stephan Allenspach, Alex Jie Li, James Bowden, Carla Patricia Perez, Liu Liu, Po-Ssu Huang, Tanja Kortemme, Jennifer Listgarten, K. Christopher Garcia","doi":"10.1126/science.adx6931","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adx6931","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Understanding how protein binding sites evolve interactions with other proteins could hold clues to targeting “undruggable” surfaces. We used synthetic coevolution to engineer new interactions between naïve surfaces, simulating the de novo formation of protein complexes. We isolated seven distinct structural families of protein Z-domain complexes and found that synthetic complexes explore multiple shallow energy wells through ratchet-like docking modes, whereas complexes formed by natural binding sites converged in a deep energy well with a relatively fixed geometry. Epistasis analysis of a machine learning–estimated fitness landscape revealed “seed” contacts between binding partners that anchored the earliest stages of encounter complex formation. Our results suggest that “silent” surfaces have a shallower energy landscape than natural binding sites, disfavoring tight binding, likely owing to evolutionary counterselection.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The American chestnut tree (Castanea dentata) nearly died off a century ago when the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica decimated chestnut forests across the eastern United States. The loss had large effects on Indigenous and European settler populations as well as on numerous wild species. Restoration efforts have been nearly as long, pursued by scientists and advocated by rural and urban forest lovers alike. Early attempts focused on traditional hybridization-based breeding methods with disease-resistant Asian chestnuts. Over the past several decades, genetic engineering became a prominent approach to producing blight-resistant trees. On page 730 of this issue, Westbrook et al. (1) report the genomic and physiological basis of blight resistance and describe how genes and genomes that contribute to resistance could be bred or transformed into the American chestnut. The analyses point to ways of accelerating the repopulation of the Appalachian forests where the American chestnut once thrived.
{"title":"Driving forward the restoration of an American icon","authors":"Steven H. Strauss, Gancho T. Slavov","doi":"10.1126/science.aee8977","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aee8977","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The American chestnut tree (<i>Castanea dentata</i>) nearly died off a century ago when the fungal pathogen <i>Cryphonectria parasitica</i> decimated chestnut forests across the eastern United States. The loss had large effects on Indigenous and European settler populations as well as on numerous wild species. Restoration efforts have been nearly as long, pursued by scientists and advocated by rural and urban forest lovers alike. Early attempts focused on traditional hybridization-based breeding methods with disease-resistant Asian chestnuts. Over the past several decades, genetic engineering became a prominent approach to producing blight-resistant trees. On page 730 of this issue, Westbrook <i>et al</i>. (<i>1</i>) report the genomic and physiological basis of blight resistance and describe how genes and genomes that contribute to resistance could be bred or transformed into the American chestnut. The analyses point to ways of accelerating the repopulation of the Appalachian forests where the American chestnut once thrived.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renyi Zhang, Yixin Li, Jiayun Zhao, Bianca Aridjis-Olivos, Lijun Zhao, Veronica Kowalewski, Maisha Kabir, Natalie M. Johnson, Erik R. Nielsen, Sarah D. Brooks, Yue Zhang, Arnold Vedlitz, Weston Porter, Simon W. North, Wanhe Li, Michael W. Young, John H. Seinfeld, Yuhan Wang, Yuan Wang
New particle formation (NPF) represents a major source of tropospheric fine aerosols. A common viewpoint is that NPF hinges thermodynamically on the volatility of condensing species and is unfavorable at high temperatures. From an intensive field campaign, we observed frequent NPF events during a heat wave. Size-resolved chemical composition of nanoparticles down to 3 nanometers was first measured, unraveling a dominant presence of carboxylic acids. Our work uncovers a spontaneous mechanism to produce supramolecular nanoparticles through self-assembly of organic acids. This discovery explains not only the unexpected NPF at high temperatures but also its ubiquitous occurrence under diverse atmospheric conditions. As global warming leads to more frequent and intense heat waves, our findings open avenues for assessing the impacts of aerosols on cloud formation, public health, and climate.
{"title":"Detecting supramolecular organic nanoparticles during heat wave","authors":"Renyi Zhang, Yixin Li, Jiayun Zhao, Bianca Aridjis-Olivos, Lijun Zhao, Veronica Kowalewski, Maisha Kabir, Natalie M. Johnson, Erik R. Nielsen, Sarah D. Brooks, Yue Zhang, Arnold Vedlitz, Weston Porter, Simon W. North, Wanhe Li, Michael W. Young, John H. Seinfeld, Yuhan Wang, Yuan Wang","doi":"10.1126/science.ady5192","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ady5192","url":null,"abstract":"<div >New particle formation (NPF) represents a major source of tropospheric fine aerosols. A common viewpoint is that NPF hinges thermodynamically on the volatility of condensing species and is unfavorable at high temperatures. From an intensive field campaign, we observed frequent NPF events during a heat wave. Size-resolved chemical composition of nanoparticles down to 3 nanometers was first measured, unraveling a dominant presence of carboxylic acids. Our work uncovers a spontaneous mechanism to produce supramolecular nanoparticles through self-assembly of organic acids. This discovery explains not only the unexpected NPF at high temperatures but also its ubiquitous occurrence under diverse atmospheric conditions. As global warming leads to more frequent and intense heat waves, our findings open avenues for assessing the impacts of aerosols on cloud formation, public health, and climate.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas G Wilson, Anna M Simpson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Ryan Cloutier, Vardan Adibekyan, Ancy Anna John, Yann Alibert, Manu Stalport, Jo Ann Egger, Andrea Bonfanti, Nicolas Billot, Pascal Guterman, Pierre F L Maxted, Attila E Simon, Sérgio G Sousa, Malcolm Fridlund, Mathias Beck, Anja Bekkelien, Sébastien Salmon, Valérie Van Grootel, Luca Fossati, Alexander James Mustill, Hugh P Osborn, Tiziano Zingales, Matthew J Hooton, Laura Affer, Suzanne Aigrain, Roi Alonso, Guillem Anglada, Alexandros Antoniadis-Karnavas, Tamas Bárczy, David Barrado Navascues, Susana C C Barros, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Thomas Beck, Willy Benz, Federico Biondi, Xavier Bonfils, Luca Borsato, Alexis Brandeker, Christopher Broeg, Lars A Buchhave, Maximilian Buder, Juan Cabrera, Sebastian Carrazco Gaxiola, David Charbonneau, Sébastien Charnoz, David R Ciardi, Karen A Collins, Kevin I Collins, Rosario Cosentino, Szilard Csizmadia, Patricio E Cubillos, Shweta Dalal, Mario Damasso, James R A Davenport, Melvyn B Davies, Magali Deleuil, Laetitia Delrez, Olivier D S Demangeon, Brice-Olivier Demory, Victoria DiTomasso, Diana Dragomir, Courtney D Dressing, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Anders Erikson, Emma Esparza-Borges, Andrea Fortier, Izuru Fukuda, Akihiko Fukui, Davide Gandolfi, Adriano Ghedina, Steven Giacalone, Holden Gill, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Manuel Güdel, Pere Guerra, Maximilian N Günther, Nathan Hara, Avet Harutyunyan, Yuya Hayashi, Raphaëlle D Haywood, Rae Holcomb, Keith Horne, Sergio Hoyer, Chelsea X Huang, Masahiro Ikoma, Kate G Isaak, James A G Jackman, Jon M Jenkins, Eric L N Jensen, Daniel Jontof-Hutter, Yugo Kawai, Laszlo L Kiss, Ben S Lakeland, Jacques Laskar, David W Latham, Alain Lecavelier des Etangs, Adrien Leleu, Monika Lendl, Jerome de Leon, Florian Lienhard, Mercedes López-Morales, Christophe Lovis, Michael B Lund, Rafael Luque, Demetrio Magrin, Luca Malavolta, Aldo F Martínez Fiorenzano, Andrew W Mayo, Michel Mayor, Christoph Mordasini, Annelies Mortier, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, Valerio Nascimbeni, Belinda A Nicholson, Göran Olofsson, Roland Ottensamer, Isabella Pagano, Larissa Palethorpe, Enric Pallé, Hannu Parviainen, Marco Pedani, Francesco A Pepe, Gisbert Peter, Matteo Pinamonti, Giampaolo Piotto, Don Pollacco, Ennio Poretti, Didier Queloz, Samuel N Quinn, Roberto Ragazzoni, Nicola Rando, David Rapetti, Francesco Ratti, Heike Rauer, Federica Rescigno, Ignasi Ribas, Ken Rice, George R Ricker, Paul Robertson, Thierry de Roche, Laurence Sabin, Nuno C Santos, Dimitar D Sasselov, Arjun B Savel, Gaetano Scandariato, Nicole Schanche, Urs Schroffenegger, Richard P Schwarz, Sara Seager, Ramotholo Sefako, Damien Ségransan, Avi Shporer, André M Silva, Alexis M S Smith, Alessandro Sozzetti, Manfred Steller, Gyula M Szabó, Motohide Tamura, Nicolas Thomas, Amy Tuson, Stéphane Udry, Andrew Vanderburg, Roland K Vanderspek, Julia Venturini, Francesco Verrecchia, Nicholas A Walton, Christopher A Watson, Robert D Wells, Joshua N Winn, Roberto Zambelli, Carl Ziegler
The radii of small exoplanets form two populations, super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This could be produced by the removal of some atmospheres by stellar or internal heating, or the lack of an initial envelope. We use transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four exoplanets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf star in the Milky Way's thick disk. The planets have orbital periods from 2.2 to 29.3 days, and span the radius valley within a single planetary system. The derived densities indicate that LHS 1903 b is rocky, while LHS 1903 c and LHS 1903 d have extended atmospheres. The most distant planet from the host star, LHS 1903 e, has no gaseous envelope, indicating it formed from gas-depleted material.
{"title":"Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903.","authors":"Thomas G Wilson, Anna M Simpson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Ryan Cloutier, Vardan Adibekyan, Ancy Anna John, Yann Alibert, Manu Stalport, Jo Ann Egger, Andrea Bonfanti, Nicolas Billot, Pascal Guterman, Pierre F L Maxted, Attila E Simon, Sérgio G Sousa, Malcolm Fridlund, Mathias Beck, Anja Bekkelien, Sébastien Salmon, Valérie Van Grootel, Luca Fossati, Alexander James Mustill, Hugh P Osborn, Tiziano Zingales, Matthew J Hooton, Laura Affer, Suzanne Aigrain, Roi Alonso, Guillem Anglada, Alexandros Antoniadis-Karnavas, Tamas Bárczy, David Barrado Navascues, Susana C C Barros, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Thomas Beck, Willy Benz, Federico Biondi, Xavier Bonfils, Luca Borsato, Alexis Brandeker, Christopher Broeg, Lars A Buchhave, Maximilian Buder, Juan Cabrera, Sebastian Carrazco Gaxiola, David Charbonneau, Sébastien Charnoz, David R Ciardi, Karen A Collins, Kevin I Collins, Rosario Cosentino, Szilard Csizmadia, Patricio E Cubillos, Shweta Dalal, Mario Damasso, James R A Davenport, Melvyn B Davies, Magali Deleuil, Laetitia Delrez, Olivier D S Demangeon, Brice-Olivier Demory, Victoria DiTomasso, Diana Dragomir, Courtney D Dressing, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Anders Erikson, Emma Esparza-Borges, Andrea Fortier, Izuru Fukuda, Akihiko Fukui, Davide Gandolfi, Adriano Ghedina, Steven Giacalone, Holden Gill, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Manuel Güdel, Pere Guerra, Maximilian N Günther, Nathan Hara, Avet Harutyunyan, Yuya Hayashi, Raphaëlle D Haywood, Rae Holcomb, Keith Horne, Sergio Hoyer, Chelsea X Huang, Masahiro Ikoma, Kate G Isaak, James A G Jackman, Jon M Jenkins, Eric L N Jensen, Daniel Jontof-Hutter, Yugo Kawai, Laszlo L Kiss, Ben S Lakeland, Jacques Laskar, David W Latham, Alain Lecavelier des Etangs, Adrien Leleu, Monika Lendl, Jerome de Leon, Florian Lienhard, Mercedes López-Morales, Christophe Lovis, Michael B Lund, Rafael Luque, Demetrio Magrin, Luca Malavolta, Aldo F Martínez Fiorenzano, Andrew W Mayo, Michel Mayor, Christoph Mordasini, Annelies Mortier, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, Valerio Nascimbeni, Belinda A Nicholson, Göran Olofsson, Roland Ottensamer, Isabella Pagano, Larissa Palethorpe, Enric Pallé, Hannu Parviainen, Marco Pedani, Francesco A Pepe, Gisbert Peter, Matteo Pinamonti, Giampaolo Piotto, Don Pollacco, Ennio Poretti, Didier Queloz, Samuel N Quinn, Roberto Ragazzoni, Nicola Rando, David Rapetti, Francesco Ratti, Heike Rauer, Federica Rescigno, Ignasi Ribas, Ken Rice, George R Ricker, Paul Robertson, Thierry de Roche, Laurence Sabin, Nuno C Santos, Dimitar D Sasselov, Arjun B Savel, Gaetano Scandariato, Nicole Schanche, Urs Schroffenegger, Richard P Schwarz, Sara Seager, Ramotholo Sefako, Damien Ségransan, Avi Shporer, André M Silva, Alexis M S Smith, Alessandro Sozzetti, Manfred Steller, Gyula M Szabó, Motohide Tamura, Nicolas Thomas, Amy Tuson, Stéphane Udry, Andrew Vanderburg, Roland K Vanderspek, Julia Venturini, Francesco Verrecchia, Nicholas A Walton, Christopher A Watson, Robert D Wells, Joshua N Winn, Roberto Zambelli, Carl Ziegler","doi":"10.1126/science.adl2348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl2348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The radii of small exoplanets form two populations, super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This could be produced by the removal of some atmospheres by stellar or internal heating, or the lack of an initial envelope. We use transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four exoplanets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf star in the Milky Way's thick disk. The planets have orbital periods from 2.2 to 29.3 days, and span the radius valley within a single planetary system. The derived densities indicate that LHS 1903 b is rocky, while LHS 1903 c and LHS 1903 d have extended atmospheres. The most distant planet from the host star, LHS 1903 e, has no gaseous envelope, indicating it formed from gas-depleted material.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":" ","pages":"eadl2348"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146182082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scientists discover why adenovirus-based shots caused life-threatening blood clots and bleeding in some patients.
科学家发现了为什么基于腺病毒的注射会在一些患者中引起危及生命的血栓和出血。
{"title":"Rare, dangerous side effects from COVID-19 vaccines explained.","authors":"Gretchen Vogel, Kai Kupferschmidt","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg3560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg3560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scientists discover why adenovirus-based shots caused life-threatening blood clots and bleeding in some patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6786","pages":"647-648"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146182026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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