The sugarcane genus Saccharum is characterized by complex genomes with diverse ploidy levels. We developed a multiscale graph–based pangenome representation, which integrates nine genome assemblies into a unified reference, representing modern cultivars and founding species. Each homo(eo)logous (encompasses both homologous and homeologous relationships) chromosome set retains 47 to 57 haplotypes and ~74,000 to 271,000 gene alleles. This framework enables multiomics exploration, encompassing homo(eo)log systems and epigenomic signatures. The pangenome facilitates population genomics analyses of 417 mixed-ploidy Saccharum accessions, revealing convergent selection and identifying the Andropogoneae TB1 homolog linked to tillering as a promising gene-editing target to boost cane yield. Additionally, the pangenome supports dosage-informed genome-wide association study, improving heritability estimates and identification of sugar or leaf-angle–associated loci, including SaIRX10 and SaBAK5. Our analytical framework establishes a foundation for graph-based genetic studies in sugarcane and other polyploid genomes.
{"title":"Multiscale pangenome graphs empower the genomic dissection of mixed-ploidy sugarcane species","authors":"Yumin Huang, Yixing Zhang, Qing Zhang, Gui Zhuang, Chunjia Li, Baiyu Wang, Ruiting Gao, Yi Xu, Yiying Qi, Xiuting Hua, Huihong Shi, Qiutao Xu, Wei Yao, Xinlong Liu, Yongwen Qi, Baoshan Chen, Muqing Zhang, Ray Ming, Haibao Tang, Jisen Zhang","doi":"10.1126/science.adx1616","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adx1616","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The sugarcane genus <i>Saccharum</i> is characterized by complex genomes with diverse ploidy levels. We developed a multiscale graph–based pangenome representation, which integrates nine genome assemblies into a unified reference, representing modern cultivars and founding species. Each homo(eo)logous (encompasses both homologous and homeologous relationships) chromosome set retains 47 to 57 haplotypes and ~74,000 to 271,000 gene alleles. This framework enables multiomics exploration, encompassing homo(eo)log systems and epigenomic signatures. The pangenome facilitates population genomics analyses of 417 mixed-ploidy <i>Saccharum</i> accessions, revealing convergent selection and identifying the Andropogoneae <i>TB1</i> homolog linked to tillering as a promising gene-editing target to boost cane yield. Additionally, the pangenome supports dosage-informed genome-wide association study, improving heritability estimates and identification of sugar or leaf-angle–associated loci, including <i>SaIRX10</i> and <i>SaBAK5</i>. Our analytical framework establishes a foundation for graph-based genetic studies in sugarcane and other polyploid genomes.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Jiang, Laure Schaeffer, Divya Patni, Tommaso Russo, Chao-Zong Lee, Corey Aguilar, Christine Marques, Karen Jansen-West, Marian Hruska-Plochan, Ananya Ray-Soni, Su Min Lim, Aaron Held, Mei Yue, Paula Castellanos Otero, Sandeep Aryal, Hortense D. A. M. Beaussant, Himanish Basu, Hiro Takakuwa, Lillian M. Daughrity, Nandini Ramesh, Paulo Da Costa, Ana Rita A. A. Quadros, Matthew Nolan, Charles Jourdan F. Reyes, Hayden Wheeler, Laura C. Moran, Grant Griesman, Benjamin Wymann, Bianca A. Trombetta, Emma Sofia Lopez-De-Silanes, Michael Canori, Gopinath Krishnan, Yasmim Vieira Souza Da Silva, Gilbert Eriani, Mark W. Albers, Steven E. Arnold, Yuyu Song, Ankur Jain, Isaac M. Chiu, Yong-Jie Zhang, Fen-Biao Gao, Brian J. Wainger, Magdalini Polymenidou, Leonard Petrucelli, Franck Martin, Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Toxicity is thought to result from the accumulation of either repeat RNAs and/or dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) translated from repeat-containing transcripts through repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. To disentangle RNA from DPR toxicity, we mutated a CUG codon predominantly used to initiate DPR translation from all three reading frames. This mutation disrupted DPR synthesis while preserving the expression of repeat-containing RNAs. Despite the accumulation of RNA foci, behavioral deficits and pathological abnormalities, including p-TDP-43 inclusions, STING activation, motor neuron loss, neuroinflammation, and increased plasma neurofilament concentration, were alleviated in C9ORF72 mice. Base editing of the CUG codon also improved molecular phenotypes and survival in patient induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neurons, which highlights the potential of therapeutically targeting DPR production rather than repeat RNAs.
{"title":"Blocking RAN translation without altering repeat RNAs rescues C9ORF72-related ALS and FTD phenotypes","authors":"Xin Jiang, Laure Schaeffer, Divya Patni, Tommaso Russo, Chao-Zong Lee, Corey Aguilar, Christine Marques, Karen Jansen-West, Marian Hruska-Plochan, Ananya Ray-Soni, Su Min Lim, Aaron Held, Mei Yue, Paula Castellanos Otero, Sandeep Aryal, Hortense D. A. M. Beaussant, Himanish Basu, Hiro Takakuwa, Lillian M. Daughrity, Nandini Ramesh, Paulo Da Costa, Ana Rita A. A. Quadros, Matthew Nolan, Charles Jourdan F. Reyes, Hayden Wheeler, Laura C. Moran, Grant Griesman, Benjamin Wymann, Bianca A. Trombetta, Emma Sofia Lopez-De-Silanes, Michael Canori, Gopinath Krishnan, Yasmim Vieira Souza Da Silva, Gilbert Eriani, Mark W. Albers, Steven E. Arnold, Yuyu Song, Ankur Jain, Isaac M. Chiu, Yong-Jie Zhang, Fen-Biao Gao, Brian J. Wainger, Magdalini Polymenidou, Leonard Petrucelli, Franck Martin, Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne","doi":"10.1126/science.adv2600","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adv2600","url":null,"abstract":"<div >GGGGCC (G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>) repeat expansion in <i>C9ORF72</i> is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Toxicity is thought to result from the accumulation of either repeat RNAs and/or dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) translated from repeat-containing transcripts through repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. To disentangle RNA from DPR toxicity, we mutated a CUG codon predominantly used to initiate DPR translation from all three reading frames. This mutation disrupted DPR synthesis while preserving the expression of repeat-containing RNAs. Despite the accumulation of RNA foci, behavioral deficits and pathological abnormalities, including p-TDP-43 inclusions, STING activation, motor neuron loss, neuroinflammation, and increased plasma neurofilament concentration, were alleviated in <i>C9ORF72</i> mice. Base editing of the CUG codon also improved molecular phenotypes and survival in patient induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neurons, which highlights the potential of therapeutically targeting DPR production rather than repeat RNAs.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ciais, Y. Zhu, Y. Cai, X. Lan, S. E. Michel, B. Zheng, Y. Zhao, D. A. Hauglustaine, X. Lin, Y. Zhang, S. Sun, X. Tian, M. Zhao, Y. Wang, J. Chang, X. Dou, Z. Liu, R. Andrew, C. A. Quinn, B. Poulter, Z. Ouyang, W. Yuan, K. Yuan, Q. Zhu, F. Li, N. Pan, H. Tian, X. Yu, G. Rocher-Ros, M. S. Johnson, M. Li, M. Li, D. Feng, P. Raymond, X. Yang, J. G. Canadell, R. B. Jackson, X. Yu, Y. Li, M. Saunois, P. Bousquet, S. Peng
The atmospheric methane (CH4) growth rate surged after 2019, peaking at 16.2 parts per billion per year (ppb year−1) in 2020 before declining to 8.6 ppb year−1 in 2023. Using multiple atmospheric inversions constrained by observation- and model-based prescribed hydroxyl radical (OH) fields and CH4 atmospheric data, we show that a drop of OH radicals in 2020–2021, followed by recovery in 2022–2023, accounted for 83% of year-on-year variations in the CH4 growth rate, the rest being explained by wetland and inland water emissions, which increased between 2019 and 2020–2022 [+8.6 ± 2.6 teragrams of CH4 per year (TgCH4 year−1)] and then decreased between 2022 and 2023 (−9.9 ± 3.3 TgCH4 year−1). Most emission changes from 2019 to 2023 occurred in northern tropical wetlands in Africa and Asia, whereas South American wetlands emissions declined and Arctic emissions increased after 2019.
{"title":"Why methane surged in the atmosphere during the early 2020s","authors":"P. Ciais, Y. Zhu, Y. Cai, X. Lan, S. E. Michel, B. Zheng, Y. Zhao, D. A. Hauglustaine, X. Lin, Y. Zhang, S. Sun, X. Tian, M. Zhao, Y. Wang, J. Chang, X. Dou, Z. Liu, R. Andrew, C. A. Quinn, B. Poulter, Z. Ouyang, W. Yuan, K. Yuan, Q. Zhu, F. Li, N. Pan, H. Tian, X. Yu, G. Rocher-Ros, M. S. Johnson, M. Li, M. Li, D. Feng, P. Raymond, X. Yang, J. G. Canadell, R. B. Jackson, X. Yu, Y. Li, M. Saunois, P. Bousquet, S. Peng","doi":"10.1126/science.adx8262","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adx8262","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The atmospheric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) growth rate surged after 2019, peaking at 16.2 parts per billion per year (ppb year<sup>−1</sup>) in 2020 before declining to 8.6 ppb year<sup>−1</sup> in 2023. Using multiple atmospheric inversions constrained by observation- and model-based prescribed hydroxyl radical (OH) fields and CH<sub>4</sub> atmospheric data, we show that a drop of OH radicals in 2020–2021, followed by recovery in 2022–2023, accounted for 83% of year-on-year variations in the CH<sub>4</sub> growth rate, the rest being explained by wetland and inland water emissions, which increased between 2019 and 2020–2022 [+8.6 ± 2.6 teragrams of CH<sub>4</sub> per year (TgCH<sub>4</sub> year<sup>−1</sup>)] and then decreased between 2022 and 2023 (−9.9 ± 3.3 TgCH<sub>4</sub> year<sup>−1</sup>). Most emission changes from 2019 to 2023 occurred in northern tropical wetlands in Africa and Asia, whereas South American wetlands emissions declined and Arctic emissions increased after 2019.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DNA, the genetic material of life, is being increasingly appreciated as a nanoscale building material. Being programmable, rigid, and highly soluble, DNA can be designed to self-assemble into a vast range of architectures. These properties underpin the field of DNA origami, in which a long single-stranded DNA scaffold is folded into programmed shapes by oligonucleotides that connect different parts of the scaffold (1). On page 574 of this issue, Romanov et al. (2) demonstrate that DNA origami can be used to display human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protein antigens. When given to mice, these nanoparticles elicited antibody responses that may pave the way for broadly protective immunity against infection. This approach could lead to more effective HIV vaccines.
{"title":"A double helix twist in HIV vaccine design","authors":"Oliver Bannard, Mark R. Howarth","doi":"10.1126/science.aee5778","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aee5778","url":null,"abstract":"<div >DNA, the genetic material of life, is being increasingly appreciated as a nanoscale building material. Being programmable, rigid, and highly soluble, DNA can be designed to self-assemble into a vast range of architectures. These properties underpin the field of DNA origami, in which a long single-stranded DNA scaffold is folded into programmed shapes by oligonucleotides that connect different parts of the scaffold (<i>1</i>). On page 574 of this issue, Romanov <i>et al</i>. (<i>2</i>) demonstrate that DNA origami can be used to display human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protein antigens. When given to mice, these nanoparticles elicited antibody responses that may pave the way for broadly protective immunity against infection. This approach could lead to more effective HIV vaccines.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This year marks the 250th anniversary of the discovery of methane by Alessandro Volta. The continuing presence of this gas in the atmosphere was determined in 1948 (1), yet its atmospheric budget—an accounting of all methane entering and leaving the air—is still not well understood. Methane is the second most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. Following sustained strong annual growth around 5 to 10 parts per billion (ppb) in atmospheric abundance (2), the years 2020 to 2022 brought the highest growth (~13 to 18 ppb/year) in the observational record (1 ppb represents 2.8 million tonnes of methane). On page 578 of this issue, Ciais et al. (3) report the causes of the surge, including a decline in the self-cleansing power of the atmosphere coupled with rising biogenic emissions. The findings have implications for developing targeting strategies to mitigate methane emission.
{"title":"What is causing the methane surge?","authors":"Euan G. Nisbet, Martin R. Manning","doi":"10.1126/science.aee6226","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aee6226","url":null,"abstract":"<div >This year marks the 250th anniversary of the discovery of methane by Alessandro Volta. The continuing presence of this gas in the atmosphere was determined in 1948 (<i>1</i>), yet its atmospheric budget—an accounting of all methane entering and leaving the air—is still not well understood. Methane is the second most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. Following sustained strong annual growth around 5 to 10 parts per billion (ppb) in atmospheric abundance (<i>2</i>), the years 2020 to 2022 brought the highest growth (~13 to 18 ppb/year) in the observational record (1 ppb represents 2.8 million tonnes of methane). On page 578 of this issue, Ciais <i>et al.</i> (<i>3</i>) report the causes of the surge, including a decline in the self-cleansing power of the atmosphere coupled with rising biogenic emissions. The findings have implications for developing targeting strategies to mitigate methane emission.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kentucky Senator Mitch McConnell, king of congressional earmarks, steers $165 million to his alma maters.
肯塔基州参议员米奇·麦康奈尔，国会专项拨款之王，向他的母校捐赠了1.65亿美元。
{"title":"Lawmakers spend big on home state science projects.","authors":"Jeffrey Mervis","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg1219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg1219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kentucky Senator Mitch McConnell, king of congressional earmarks, steers $165 million to his alma maters.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":"540"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the political landscape continues to shift, scientific societies worry about future annual meetings.
随着政治格局的不断变化，科学协会对未来的年度会议感到担忧。
{"title":"Attendance drops at some U.S. conferences, but others hold steady.","authors":"Katie Langin","doi":"10.1126/science.aeg1218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeg1218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the political landscape continues to shift, scientific societies worry about future annual meetings.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":"538-539"},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Romanov, Grant A. Knappe, Larance Ronsard, Christopher A. Cottrell, Yiming J. Zhang, Heikyung Suh, Lauren Duhamel, Marjan Omer, Asheley P. Chapman, Katie Spivakovsky, Patrick Skog, Claudia T. Flynn, Jeong Hyun Lee, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Alessia Liguori, Molly F. Parsons, Vanessa R. Lewis, Josue Canales, Boris Reizis, Ryan D. Tingle, Torben Schiffner, William R. Schief, Daniel Lingwood, Mark Bathe, Darrell J. Irvine
Priming rare subdominant precursor B cells in germinal centers (GCs) is a central goal of vaccination to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV. Multivalent immunogen display on protein nanoparticle scaffolds can promote such responses, but it also generates scaffold-specific B cells that could theoretically limit bnAb precursor expansion in GCs. We rationally designed DNA origami–based virus-like particles (DNA-VLPs) displaying a germline-targeting HIV envelope protein immunogen, which elicited no scaffold-specific antibody responses. Compared with a state-of-the-art clinical protein nanoparticle, these DNA-VLPs increased the expansion of epitope-specific GC B cells relative to off-target B cells and enhanced expansion of bnAb-lineage B cells in a humanized mouse model of CD4 binding site priming. Thus, minimizing off-target responses enhances bnAb priming and indicates that DNA-VLPs are a promising vaccine platform.
{"title":"DNA origami vaccines program antigen-focused germinal centers","authors":"Anna Romanov, Grant A. Knappe, Larance Ronsard, Christopher A. Cottrell, Yiming J. Zhang, Heikyung Suh, Lauren Duhamel, Marjan Omer, Asheley P. Chapman, Katie Spivakovsky, Patrick Skog, Claudia T. Flynn, Jeong Hyun Lee, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Alessia Liguori, Molly F. Parsons, Vanessa R. Lewis, Josue Canales, Boris Reizis, Ryan D. Tingle, Torben Schiffner, William R. Schief, Daniel Lingwood, Mark Bathe, Darrell J. Irvine","doi":"10.1126/science.adx6291","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adx6291","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Priming rare subdominant precursor B cells in germinal centers (GCs) is a central goal of vaccination to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV. Multivalent immunogen display on protein nanoparticle scaffolds can promote such responses, but it also generates scaffold-specific B cells that could theoretically limit bnAb precursor expansion in GCs. We rationally designed DNA origami–based virus-like particles (DNA-VLPs) displaying a germline-targeting HIV envelope protein immunogen, which elicited no scaffold-specific antibody responses. Compared with a state-of-the-art clinical protein nanoparticle, these DNA-VLPs increased the expansion of epitope-specific GC B cells relative to off-target B cells and enhanced expansion of bnAb-lineage B cells in a humanized mouse model of CD4 binding site priming. Thus, minimizing off-target responses enhances bnAb priming and indicates that DNA-VLPs are a promising vaccine platform.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo-Wei Lu, Chao-Wei Yang, Run-Qi Wang, Bo-Feng Gao, Yi-Zheng Zhen, Zhen-Gang Wang, Jia-Kai Shi, Zhong-Qi Ren, Thomas A. Hahn, Ernest Y.-Z. Tan, Xiu-Ping Xie, Ming-Yang Zheng, Xiao Jiang, Jun Zhang, Feihu Xu, Qiang Zhang, Xiao-Hui Bao, Jian-Wei Pan
Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) is a key application of the quantum internet. We report the realization of DI-QKD between two single-atom nodes linked by 100–kilometer (km) fibers. To improve the entangling rate, single-photon interference is leveraged for entanglement heralding, and quantum frequency conversion is used to reduce fiber loss. A tailored Rydberg-based emission scheme suppresses the photon recoil effect on the atom without introducing noise. We achieved high-fidelity atom-atom entanglement and positive asymptotic key rates for fiber lengths up to 100 km. At 11 km, 1.2 million heralded Bell pairs were prepared over 624 hours, yielding an estimated extractable finite-size secure key rate of 0.112 bits per event against general attacks. Our results close the gap between proof-of-principle quantum network experiments and real-world applications.
{"title":"Device-independent quantum key distribution over 100 km with single atoms","authors":"Bo-Wei Lu, Chao-Wei Yang, Run-Qi Wang, Bo-Feng Gao, Yi-Zheng Zhen, Zhen-Gang Wang, Jia-Kai Shi, Zhong-Qi Ren, Thomas A. Hahn, Ernest Y.-Z. Tan, Xiu-Ping Xie, Ming-Yang Zheng, Xiao Jiang, Jun Zhang, Feihu Xu, Qiang Zhang, Xiao-Hui Bao, Jian-Wei Pan","doi":"10.1126/science.aec6243","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aec6243","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) is a key application of the quantum internet. We report the realization of DI-QKD between two single-atom nodes linked by 100–kilometer (km) fibers. To improve the entangling rate, single-photon interference is leveraged for entanglement heralding, and quantum frequency conversion is used to reduce fiber loss. A tailored Rydberg-based emission scheme suppresses the photon recoil effect on the atom without introducing noise. We achieved high-fidelity atom-atom entanglement and positive asymptotic key rates for fiber lengths up to 100 km. At 11 km, 1.2 million heralded Bell pairs were prepared over 624 hours, yielding an estimated extractable finite-size secure key rate of 0.112 bits per event against general attacks. Our results close the gap between proof-of-principle quantum network experiments and real-world applications.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"391 6785","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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