The lack of consensus at the United Nations (UN) global plastics treaty negotiations in December may seem like a setback, but declaring the talks a failure is premature. The process has not collapsed but has been extended, with further negotiations anticipated in 2025. This offers a crucial opportunity for the scientific community to assert its role in shaping a robust, evidence-based agreement to address the global plastic pollution crisis. Great progress has been made in building a strong scientific baseline that will be essential to address pivotal areas of contention.
{"title":"Optimism for a global plastics treaty","authors":"Stephen Fletcher, Tegan Evans","doi":"10.1126/science.adv2404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv2404","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of consensus at the United Nations (UN) global plastics treaty negotiations in December may seem like a setback, but declaring the talks a failure is premature. The process has not collapsed but has been extended, with further negotiations anticipated in 2025. This offers a crucial opportunity for the scientific community to assert its role in shaping a robust, evidence-based agreement to address the global plastic pollution crisis. Great progress has been made in building a strong scientific baseline that will be essential to address pivotal areas of contention.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over half of Earth’s land surface is covered with fire-prone vegetation , with grassy ecosystems—such as grasslands, savannas, woodlands, and shrublands—being the most extensive . In the context of the climate crisis, scientists worldwide are exploring adaptation measures to address the heightened fire risk driven by more frequent extreme climatic conditions such as droughts and heatwaves, as well as by non-native plant invasions that increased fuel loads and altered fire regimes. Although fire is intrinsic to grassy ecosystems , rising exposure to wildfire smoke harms human health and the environment. Here, we argue that grazing management in grassy ecosystems could help reduce wildfire risk and its consequences.
{"title":"Grazing can reduce wildfire risk amid climate change","authors":"Valério D. Pillar, Gerhard E. Overbeck","doi":"10.1126/science.adu7471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adu7471","url":null,"abstract":"Over half of Earth’s land surface is covered with <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005102\">fire-prone vegetation</jats:ext-link> , with grassy ecosystems—such as grasslands, savannas, woodlands, and shrublands—being the most <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133401\">extensive</jats:ext-link> . In the context of the climate crisis, scientists worldwide are exploring <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844\">adaptation</jats:ext-link> measures to address the heightened fire risk driven by more frequent extreme climatic conditions such as droughts and heatwaves, as well as by <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-022-02743-4\">non-native plant invasions</jats:ext-link> that increased fuel loads and altered fire regimes. Although fire is intrinsic to <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.025\">grassy ecosystems</jats:ext-link> , rising exposure to wildfire smoke harms human health and the environment. Here, we argue that grazing management in grassy ecosystems could help reduce wildfire risk and its consequences.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Ren, Hui Ma, Jinsu Kim, Mohammed Al Otmi, Ping Lin, Changhui Dai, Young Joo Lee, Zihan Zhai, Woo Jin Jang, Shijie Yang, Akriti Sarswat, Yacine Feliachi, Janani Sampath, Matthew J. Realff, Ryan P. Lively, Sheng Guo
We explored the potential for membrane materials to reduce energy and carbon requirements for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbon feedstocks and products. We developed a series of fluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) polymer membranes that feature rigid polymer backbones with segregated perfluoroalkyl side chains. This combination imbues the polymers with resistance to dilation induced by hydrocarbon immersion without the loss of solution-based membrane fabrication techniques. These materials exhibit good separation of liquid-phase alkane isomers at ambient temperatures. The integration of these polymeric membranes into fuel and chemical feedstock separation processes was investigated in a series of experiments. Technoeconomic analyses based on these experiments indicate that the best-performing membrane materials can substantially reduce the energy costs and associated carbon emissions of hydrocarbon separations (two to 10 times, depending on product specifications).
{"title":"Fluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) membranes for the separation of liquid aliphatic compounds","authors":"Yi Ren, Hui Ma, Jinsu Kim, Mohammed Al Otmi, Ping Lin, Changhui Dai, Young Joo Lee, Zihan Zhai, Woo Jin Jang, Shijie Yang, Akriti Sarswat, Yacine Feliachi, Janani Sampath, Matthew J. Realff, Ryan P. Lively, Sheng Guo","doi":"10.1126/science.adp2619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adp2619","url":null,"abstract":"We explored the potential for membrane materials to reduce energy and carbon requirements for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbon feedstocks and products. We developed a series of fluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) polymer membranes that feature rigid polymer backbones with segregated perfluoroalkyl side chains. This combination imbues the polymers with resistance to dilation induced by hydrocarbon immersion without the loss of solution-based membrane fabrication techniques. These materials exhibit good separation of liquid-phase alkane isomers at ambient temperatures. The integration of these polymeric membranes into fuel and chemical feedstock separation processes was investigated in a series of experiments. Technoeconomic analyses based on these experiments indicate that the best-performing membrane materials can substantially reduce the energy costs and associated carbon emissions of hydrocarbon separations (two to 10 times, depending on product specifications).","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collin M. Schohn, Neal R. Iverson, Lucas K. Zoet, Jacob R. Fowler, Natasha Morgan-Witts
Accurately modeling the deformation of temperate glacier ice, which is at its pressure-melting temperature and contains liquid water at grain boundaries, is essential for predicting ice sheet discharge to the ocean and associated sea-level rise. Central to such modeling is Glen’s flow law, in which strain rate depends on stress raised to a power of n = 3 to 4. In sharp contrast to this nonlinearity, we found by conducting large-scale, shear-deformation experiments that temperate ice is linear-viscous ( n ≈ 1.0) over common ranges of liquid water content and stress expected near glacier beds and in ice-stream margins. This linearity is likely caused by diffusive pressure melting and refreezing at grain boundaries and could help to stabilize modeled responses of ice sheets to shrinkage-induced stress increases.
{"title":"Linear-viscous flow of temperate ice","authors":"Collin M. Schohn, Neal R. Iverson, Lucas K. Zoet, Jacob R. Fowler, Natasha Morgan-Witts","doi":"10.1126/science.adp7708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adp7708","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately modeling the deformation of temperate glacier ice, which is at its pressure-melting temperature and contains liquid water at grain boundaries, is essential for predicting ice sheet discharge to the ocean and associated sea-level rise. Central to such modeling is Glen’s flow law, in which strain rate depends on stress raised to a power of <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 3 to 4. In sharp contrast to this nonlinearity, we found by conducting large-scale, shear-deformation experiments that temperate ice is linear-viscous ( <jats:italic>n ≈</jats:italic> 1.0) over common ranges of liquid water content and stress expected near glacier beds and in ice-stream margins. This linearity is likely caused by diffusive pressure melting and refreezing at grain boundaries and could help to stabilize modeled responses of ice sheets to shrinkage-induced stress increases.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raul Ramos, Kim T. Pham, Richard C. Prince, Leith B. Leiser-Miller, Maneeshi S. Prasad, Xiaojie Wang, Rachel C. Nordberg, Benjamin J. Bielajew, Jerry C. Hu, Kosuke Yamaga, Ji Won Oh, Tao Peng, Rupsa Datta, Aksana Astrowskaja, Axel A. Almet, John T. Burns, Yuchen Liu, Christian Fernando Guerrero-Juarez, Bryant Q. Tran, Yi-Lin Chu, Anh M. Nguyen, Tsai-Ching Hsi, Norman T.-L. Lim, Sandra Schoeniger, Ruiqi Liu, Yun-Ling Pai, Chella K. Vadivel, Sandy Ingleby, Andrew E. McKechnie, Frank van Breukelen, Kyle L. Hoehn, John J. Rasweiler, Michinori Kohara, William J. Loughry, Scott H. Weldy, Raymond Cosper, Chao-Chun Yang, Sung-Jan Lin, Kimberly L. Cooper, Sharlene E. Santana, Jeffrey E. Bradley, Michael A. Kiebish, Michelle Digman, David E. James, Amy E. Merrill, Qing Nie, Thomas F. Schilling, Aliaksandr A. Astrowski, Eric O. Potma, Martín I. García-Castro, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Richard R. Behringer, Maksim V. Plikus
Conventionally, the size, shape, and biomechanics of cartilages are determined by their voluminous extracellular matrix. By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly distinct and produced lipids exclusively through de novo lipogenesis. Consequently, lipochondrocytes grew uniform lipid droplets that resisted systemic lipid surges and did not enlarge upon obesity. Lipochondrocytes also lacked lipid mobilization factors, which enabled exceptional vacuole stability and protected cartilage from shrinking upon starvation. Lipid droplets modulated lipocartilage biomechanics by decreasing the tissue’s stiffness, strength, and resilience. Lipochondrocytes were found in multiple mammals, including humans, but not in nonmammalian tetrapods. Thus, analogous to bubble wrap, superstable lipid vacuoles confer skeletal tissue with cartilage-like properties without “packing foam–like” extracellular matrix.
{"title":"Superstable lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics","authors":"Raul Ramos, Kim T. Pham, Richard C. Prince, Leith B. Leiser-Miller, Maneeshi S. Prasad, Xiaojie Wang, Rachel C. Nordberg, Benjamin J. Bielajew, Jerry C. Hu, Kosuke Yamaga, Ji Won Oh, Tao Peng, Rupsa Datta, Aksana Astrowskaja, Axel A. Almet, John T. Burns, Yuchen Liu, Christian Fernando Guerrero-Juarez, Bryant Q. Tran, Yi-Lin Chu, Anh M. Nguyen, Tsai-Ching Hsi, Norman T.-L. Lim, Sandra Schoeniger, Ruiqi Liu, Yun-Ling Pai, Chella K. Vadivel, Sandy Ingleby, Andrew E. McKechnie, Frank van Breukelen, Kyle L. Hoehn, John J. Rasweiler, Michinori Kohara, William J. Loughry, Scott H. Weldy, Raymond Cosper, Chao-Chun Yang, Sung-Jan Lin, Kimberly L. Cooper, Sharlene E. Santana, Jeffrey E. Bradley, Michael A. Kiebish, Michelle Digman, David E. James, Amy E. Merrill, Qing Nie, Thomas F. Schilling, Aliaksandr A. Astrowski, Eric O. Potma, Martín I. García-Castro, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Richard R. Behringer, Maksim V. Plikus","doi":"10.1126/science.ads9960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads9960","url":null,"abstract":"Conventionally, the size, shape, and biomechanics of cartilages are determined by their voluminous extracellular matrix. By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly distinct and produced lipids exclusively through de novo lipogenesis. Consequently, lipochondrocytes grew uniform lipid droplets that resisted systemic lipid surges and did not enlarge upon obesity. Lipochondrocytes also lacked lipid mobilization factors, which enabled exceptional vacuole stability and protected cartilage from shrinking upon starvation. Lipid droplets modulated lipocartilage biomechanics by decreasing the tissue’s stiffness, strength, and resilience. Lipochondrocytes were found in multiple mammals, including humans, but not in nonmammalian tetrapods. Thus, analogous to bubble wrap, superstable lipid vacuoles confer skeletal tissue with cartilage-like properties without “packing foam–like” extracellular matrix.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dylan M. Klure, Robert Greenhalgh, Teri J. Orr, Michael D. Shapiro, M. Denise Dearing
How mammalian herbivores evolve to feed on chemically defended plants remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the adaptation of two species of woodrats ( Neotoma lepida and N. bryanti ) to creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata ), a toxic shrub that expanded across the southwestern United States after the Last Glacial Maximum. We found that creosote-adapted woodrats have elevated gene dosage across multiple biotransformation enzyme families. These duplication events occurred independently across species and substantially increase expression of biotransformation genes, especially within the glucuronidation pathway. We propose that increased gene dosage resulting from duplication is an important mechanism by which animals initially adapt to novel environmental pressures.
{"title":"Parallel gene expansions drive rapid dietary adaptation in herbivorous woodrats","authors":"Dylan M. Klure, Robert Greenhalgh, Teri J. Orr, Michael D. Shapiro, M. Denise Dearing","doi":"10.1126/science.adp7978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adp7978","url":null,"abstract":"How mammalian herbivores evolve to feed on chemically defended plants remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the adaptation of two species of woodrats ( <jats:italic>Neotoma lepida</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>N. bryanti</jats:italic> ) to creosote bush ( <jats:italic>Larrea tridentata</jats:italic> ), a toxic shrub that expanded across the southwestern United States after the Last Glacial Maximum. We found that creosote-adapted woodrats have elevated gene dosage across multiple biotransformation enzyme families. These duplication events occurred independently across species and substantially increase expression of biotransformation genes, especially within the glucuronidation pathway. We propose that increased gene dosage resulting from duplication is an important mechanism by which animals initially adapt to novel environmental pressures.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03Epub Date: 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1126/science.adu6125
Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa, Geoff Macintyre
Germline structural variants are a risk factor for pediatric extracranial solid tumors.
{"title":"Inherited genome instability.","authors":"Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa, Geoff Macintyre","doi":"10.1126/science.adu6125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adu6125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Germline structural variants are a risk factor for pediatric extracranial solid tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6729","pages":"26-27"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03Epub Date: 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1126/science.adv6042
Richard Stone
Syrian researchers around the world begin to plan for the nation's future, including fixing "miserable" universities.
{"title":"Can war-torn Syria rebuild its scientific community?","authors":"Richard Stone","doi":"10.1126/science.adv6042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv6042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syrian researchers around the world begin to plan for the nation's future, including fixing \"miserable\" universities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6729","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03Epub Date: 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1126/science.adv6045
Jeffrey Mervis
Michael Kratsios and Lynne Parker, veterans of Trump's first term, come with technology backgrounds.
{"title":"Trump names AI-focused team as leaders of his science office.","authors":"Jeffrey Mervis","doi":"10.1126/science.adv6045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv6045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Michael Kratsios and Lynne Parker, veterans of Trump's first term, come with technology backgrounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6729","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03Epub Date: 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1126/science.adv6046
Cathleen O'Grady
New focus on "challenge-led" funding may see decades-old institutes close, scientists warn.
{"title":"Historic U.K. medical research units under threat.","authors":"Cathleen O'Grady","doi":"10.1126/science.adv6046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv6046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New focus on \"challenge-led\" funding may see decades-old institutes close, scientists warn.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6729","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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