Yumin Li, Tzung-May Fu, Jian Zhen Yu, Aoxing Zhang, Xu Yu, Jianhuai Ye, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, Chen Wang, Xin Yang, Shu Tao, Qi Chen, Ying Li, Lei Li, Huizheng Che, Colette L. Heald
Atmospheric organic aerosols (OAs) influence Earth’s climate by absorbing sunlight. However, the link between their evolving composition and their absorptive effects is unclear. We demonstrate that brown nitrogen (BrN), the absorptive nitrogenous component of OAs, dominates their global absorption. Using a global model, we quantified BrN abundance, tracked its optical evolution with chemical aging, and assessed its radiative absorption. BrN contributes 76% of OAs’ surface light absorption over the US and 61% of their global absorptive optical depth. Moreover, the observed variability of OAs’ absorptive capacity is primarily driven by the sources and aging of BrN. BrN represents 18% of the global absorptive direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols, with biomass burning being the largest contributor. Our research establishes a nitrogen-centric framework for attributing the climate impacts of OAs.
{"title":"Nitrogen dominates global atmospheric organic aerosol absorption","authors":"Yumin Li, Tzung-May Fu, Jian Zhen Yu, Aoxing Zhang, Xu Yu, Jianhuai Ye, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, Chen Wang, Xin Yang, Shu Tao, Qi Chen, Ying Li, Lei Li, Huizheng Che, Colette L. Heald","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Atmospheric organic aerosols (OAs) influence Earth’s climate by absorbing sunlight. However, the link between their evolving composition and their absorptive effects is unclear. We demonstrate that brown nitrogen (BrN), the absorptive nitrogenous component of OAs, dominates their global absorption. Using a global model, we quantified BrN abundance, tracked its optical evolution with chemical aging, and assessed its radiative absorption. BrN contributes 76% of OAs’ surface light absorption over the US and 61% of their global absorptive optical depth. Moreover, the observed variability of OAs’ absorptive capacity is primarily driven by the sources and aging of BrN. BrN represents 18% of the global absorptive direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols, with biomass burning being the largest contributor. Our research establishes a nitrogen-centric framework for attributing the climate impacts of OAs.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carl L. McCombe, Alex Wegner, Louisa Wirtz, Chenie S. Zamora, Florencia Casanova, Shouvik Aditya, Julian R. Greenwood, Samuel de Paula, Eleanor England, Sascha Shang, Daniel J. Ericsson, Ely Oliveira-Garcia, Simon J. Williams, Ulrich Schaffrath
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for life, and plant cells monitor Pi availability by sensing inositol pyrophosphate (PP-InsP) levels. In this work, we describe the hijacking of plant phosphate sensing by a conserved family of Nudix hydrolase effectors from pathogenic Magnaporthe and Colletotrichum fungi. Structural and enzymatic analyses of the Nudix effector family demonstrate that they selectively hydrolyze PP-InsP. Gene deletion experiments of Nudix effectors in Magnaporthe oryzae, Colletotrichum higginsianum, and Colletotrichum graminicola indicate that PP-InsP hydrolysis substantially enhances disease symptoms in diverse pathosystems. Further, we show that this conserved effector family induces phosphate starvation signaling in plants. Our study elucidates a molecular mechanism, used by multiple phytopathogenic fungi, that manipulates the highly conserved plant phosphate sensing pathway to exacerbate disease.
{"title":"Plant pathogenic fungi hijack phosphate signaling with conserved enzymatic effectors","authors":"Carl L. McCombe, Alex Wegner, Louisa Wirtz, Chenie S. Zamora, Florencia Casanova, Shouvik Aditya, Julian R. Greenwood, Samuel de Paula, Eleanor England, Sascha Shang, Daniel J. Ericsson, Ely Oliveira-Garcia, Simon J. Williams, Ulrich Schaffrath","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for life, and plant cells monitor Pi availability by sensing inositol pyrophosphate (PP-InsP) levels. In this work, we describe the hijacking of plant phosphate sensing by a conserved family of Nudix hydrolase effectors from pathogenic <i>Magnaporthe</i> and <i>Colletotrichum</i> fungi. Structural and enzymatic analyses of the Nudix effector family demonstrate that they selectively hydrolyze PP-InsP. Gene deletion experiments of Nudix effectors in <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>, <i>Colletotrichum higginsianum</i>, and <i>Colletotrichum graminicola</i> indicate that PP-InsP hydrolysis substantially enhances disease symptoms in diverse pathosystems. Further, we show that this conserved effector family induces phosphate starvation signaling in plants. Our study elucidates a molecular mechanism, used by multiple phytopathogenic fungi, that manipulates the highly conserved plant phosphate sensing pathway to exacerbate disease.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Turning down the outrage","authors":"Sean M. Laurent","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Virtual reality rewrites rules of the swarm","authors":"Camille Buhl, Stephen J. Simpson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adw0733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Greater use of a pesticide usually has two dynamic and countervailing effects on pest populations: (i) To the extent that susceptibility remains in the population, it reduces that population’s growth (population suppression) or crop damage, and (ii) it selects for resistant genotypes, which can increase future crop damage (resistance selection). Because these effects occur simultaneously, it is challenging to disentangle them in field settings. Economists studying pesticide resistance have theorized that two potential market failures inherent to the problem can work in opposing directions; it is an empirical matter whether farms are over- or underusing a pesticide in any given context, compared to what would be optimal for their collective profits. On page 943 of this issue, Ye et al. (1) describe the use of transgenic Bacillus thuringus (Bt) corn to provide an important example of how to empirically assess the balance of these market failures in an applied, policy-relevant setting.
{"title":"Assessing market failures driving pesticide resistance","authors":"Zachary Brown, Dominic Reisig","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Greater use of a pesticide usually has two dynamic and countervailing effects on pest populations: (i) To the extent that susceptibility remains in the population, it reduces that population’s growth (population suppression) or crop damage, and (ii) it selects for resistant genotypes, which can increase future crop damage (resistance selection). Because these effects occur simultaneously, it is challenging to disentangle them in field settings. Economists studying pesticide resistance have theorized that two potential market failures inherent to the problem can work in opposing directions; it is an empirical matter whether farms are over- or underusing a pesticide in any given context, compared to what would be optimal for their collective profits. On page 943 of this issue, Ye <i>et al.</i> (<i>1</i>) describe the use of transgenic <i>Bacillus thuringus</i> (Bt) corn to provide an important example of how to empirically assess the balance of these market failures in an applied, policy-relevant setting.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Opal, a natural gemstone made of tiny silica particles dispersed in water, has a beautiful iridescence. The colloidal silica microspheres self-assemble over geological timescales into a close-packed, ordered crystal from which light diffracts to produce the gradual shift in colors (1). Synthetic techniques have not only reproduced opals in laboratories (2) but have yielded colloidal building blocks with chemical and structural complexity. Nanoparticles of metals, semiconductors, and magnets have been ordered into periodic patterns—so-called superlattice structures (3). Many seemingly exotic crystalline arrangements of spheres and polyhedra predicted computationally have been experimentally realized (4). However, these particles have lacked directionality. On page 978 of this issue, Wan et al. (5) report the self-assembly of dumbbell-shaped nanocrystals into dense lock-and-key structures, as well as low-density, chiral Kagome superlattices. This brings structural complexity to a level in which the surface curvatures of nan oparticles dictate the direction of assembly.
{"title":"Tessellated with tiny dumbbells","authors":"Brian A. Korgel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Opal, a natural gemstone made of tiny silica particles dispersed in water, has a beautiful iridescence. The colloidal silica microspheres self-assemble over geological timescales into a close-packed, ordered crystal from which light diffracts to produce the gradual shift in colors (<i>1</i>). Synthetic techniques have not only reproduced opals in laboratories (<i>2</i>) but have yielded colloidal building blocks with chemical and structural complexity. Nanoparticles of metals, semiconductors, and magnets have been ordered into periodic patterns—so-called superlattice structures (<i>3</i>). Many seemingly exotic crystalline arrangements of spheres and polyhedra predicted computationally have been experimentally realized (<i>4</i>). However, these particles have lacked directionality. On page 978 of this issue, Wan <i>et al.</i> (<i>5</i>) report the self-assembly of dumbbell-shaped nanocrystals into dense lock-and-key structures, as well as low-density, chiral Kagome superlattices. This brings structural complexity to a level in which the surface curvatures of nan oparticles dictate the direction of assembly.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaochen Zhang, Dong Li, Xuxu Yang, Lei Wang, Guo Li, Tuck-Whye Wong, Tiefeng Li, Wei Yang, Zisheng Luo
Hydrogels consist of cross-linked polymers that are highly swollen with water. Water evaporation or freezing during temperature changes may lead to stiff and brittle hydrogels. We introduce a strategy called “hydro-locking,” which involves immobilizing the water molecules within the polymer network of the hydrogel. This is accomplished by establishing robust connections between water molecules and the polymer by using sulfuric acid. A sacrificial network is introduced to shield the prime polymer network from collapsing. Under the hydro-locking mode, an alginate-polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel remains soft and stretchable within a temperature range that spans from –115° to 143°C. The strategy works with a range of hydrogels and solutions and may enable the preservation and observation of materials or even living organisms at extreme temperatures.
{"title":"Hydro-locking in hydrogel for extreme temperature tolerance","authors":"Xiaochen Zhang, Dong Li, Xuxu Yang, Lei Wang, Guo Li, Tuck-Whye Wong, Tiefeng Li, Wei Yang, Zisheng Luo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Hydrogels consist of cross-linked polymers that are highly swollen with water. Water evaporation or freezing during temperature changes may lead to stiff and brittle hydrogels. We introduce a strategy called “hydro-locking,” which involves immobilizing the water molecules within the polymer network of the hydrogel. This is accomplished by establishing robust connections between water molecules and the polymer by using sulfuric acid. A sacrificial network is introduced to shield the prime polymer network from collapsing. Under the hydro-locking mode, an alginate-polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel remains soft and stretchable within a temperature range that spans from –115° to 143°C. The strategy works with a range of hydrogels and solutions and may enable the preservation and observation of materials or even living organisms at extreme temperatures.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David E J Klawon, Nicole Pagane, Matthew T Walker, Nicole K Ganci, Christine H Miller, Eric Gai, Donald M Rodriguez, Bridgett K Ryan-Payseur, Ryan K Duncombe, Erin J Adams, Mark Maienschein-Cline, Nancy E Freitag, Ronald N Germain, Harikesh S Wong, Peter A Savage
During infections, CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells must control autoreactive CD4+ conventional T (Tconv) cell responses against self-peptide antigens while permitting those against pathogen-derived "nonself" peptides. We defined the basis of this selectivity using mice in which Treg cells reactive to a single prostate-specific self-peptide were selectively depleted. We found that self-peptide-specific Treg cells were dispensable for the control of Tconv cells of matched specificity at homeostasis. However, they were required to control such Tconv cells and prevent autoimmunity toward the prostate following exposure to elevated self-peptide during infection. Importantly, the Treg cell response to self-peptide did not impact protective Tconv cell responses to a pathogen-derived peptide. Thus, self-peptide-specific Treg cells promoted self-nonself discrimination during infection by selectively controlling Tconv cells of shared self-specificity.
{"title":"Regulatory T cells constrain T cells of shared specificity to enforce tolerance during infection.","authors":"David E J Klawon, Nicole Pagane, Matthew T Walker, Nicole K Ganci, Christine H Miller, Eric Gai, Donald M Rodriguez, Bridgett K Ryan-Payseur, Ryan K Duncombe, Erin J Adams, Mark Maienschein-Cline, Nancy E Freitag, Ronald N Germain, Harikesh S Wong, Peter A Savage","doi":"10.1126/science.adk3248","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adk3248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During infections, CD4<sup>+</sup> Foxp3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T (Treg) cells must control autoreactive CD4<sup>+</sup> conventional T (Tconv) cell responses against self-peptide antigens while permitting those against pathogen-derived \"nonself\" peptides. We defined the basis of this selectivity using mice in which Treg cells reactive to a single prostate-specific self-peptide were selectively depleted. We found that self-peptide-specific Treg cells were dispensable for the control of Tconv cells of matched specificity at homeostasis. However, they were required to control such Tconv cells and prevent autoimmunity toward the prostate following exposure to elevated self-peptide during infection. Importantly, the Treg cell response to self-peptide did not impact protective Tconv cell responses to a pathogen-derived peptide. Thus, self-peptide-specific Treg cells promoted self-nonself discrimination during infection by selectively controlling Tconv cells of shared self-specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":" ","pages":"eadk3248"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeyuan Chen, J. Antonio Baeza, Chong Chen, Maria Teresa Gonzalez, Vanessa Liz González, Carola Greve, Kevin M. Kocot, Pedro Martinez Arbizu, Juan Moles, Tilman Schell, Enrico Schwabe, Jin Sun, Nur Leena W. S. Wong, Meghan Yap-Chiongco, Julia D. Sigwart
Extreme morphological disparity within Mollusca has long confounded efforts to reconstruct a stable backbone phylogeny for the phylum. Familiar molluscan groups—gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods—each represent a diverse radiation with myriad morphological, ecological, and behavioral adaptations. The phylum further encompasses many more unfamiliar experiments in animal body-plan evolution. In this work, we reconstructed the phylogeny for living Mollusca on the basis of metazoan BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) genes extracted from 77 (13 new) genomes, including multiple members of all eight classes with two high-quality genome assemblies for monoplacophorans. Our analyses confirm a phylogeny proposed from morphology and show widespread genomic variation. The flexibility of the molluscan genome likely explains both historic challenges with their genomes and their evolutionary success.
{"title":"A genome-based phylogeny for Mollusca is concordant with fossils and morphology","authors":"Zeyuan Chen, J. Antonio Baeza, Chong Chen, Maria Teresa Gonzalez, Vanessa Liz González, Carola Greve, Kevin M. Kocot, Pedro Martinez Arbizu, Juan Moles, Tilman Schell, Enrico Schwabe, Jin Sun, Nur Leena W. S. Wong, Meghan Yap-Chiongco, Julia D. Sigwart","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Extreme morphological disparity within Mollusca has long confounded efforts to reconstruct a stable backbone phylogeny for the phylum. Familiar molluscan groups—gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods—each represent a diverse radiation with myriad morphological, ecological, and behavioral adaptations. The phylum further encompasses many more unfamiliar experiments in animal body-plan evolution. In this work, we reconstructed the phylogeny for living Mollusca on the basis of metazoan BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) genes extracted from 77 (13 new) genomes, including multiple members of all eight classes with two high-quality genome assemblies for monoplacophorans. Our analyses confirm a phylogeny proposed from morphology and show widespread genomic variation. The flexibility of the molluscan genome likely explains both historic challenges with their genomes and their evolutionary success.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"387 6737","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.ads0215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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