Zhiyuan Chen, Joseph L.-H. Tsui, Bernardo Gutierrez, Simon Busch Moreno, Louis du Plessis, Xiaowei Deng, Jun Cai, Sumali Bajaj, Marc A. Suchard, Oliver G. Pybus, Philippe Lemey, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Hongjie Yu
The global dynamics of seasonal influenza viruses inform the design of surveillance, intervention, and vaccination strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a singular opportunity to evaluate how influenza circulation worldwide was perturbed by human behavioral changes. We combine molecular, epidemiological, and international travel data and find that the pandemic’s onset led to a shift in the intensity and structure of international influenza lineage movement. During the pandemic, South Asia played an important role as a phylogenetic trunk location of influenza A viruses, whereas West Asia maintained the circulation of influenza B/Victoria. We explore drivers of influenza lineage dynamics across the pandemic period and reasons for the possible extinction of the B/Yamagata lineage. After a period of 3 years, the intensity of among-region influenza lineage movements returned to pre-pandemic levels, with the exception of B/Yamagata, after the recovery of global air traffic, highlighting the robustness of global lineage dispersal patterns to substantial perturbation.
{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic interventions reshaped the global dispersal of seasonal influenza viruses","authors":"Zhiyuan Chen, Joseph L.-H. Tsui, Bernardo Gutierrez, Simon Busch Moreno, Louis du Plessis, Xiaowei Deng, Jun Cai, Sumali Bajaj, Marc A. Suchard, Oliver G. Pybus, Philippe Lemey, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Hongjie Yu","doi":"10.1126/science.adq3003","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adq3003","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The global dynamics of seasonal influenza viruses inform the design of surveillance, intervention, and vaccination strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a singular opportunity to evaluate how influenza circulation worldwide was perturbed by human behavioral changes. We combine molecular, epidemiological, and international travel data and find that the pandemic’s onset led to a shift in the intensity and structure of international influenza lineage movement. During the pandemic, South Asia played an important role as a phylogenetic trunk location of influenza A viruses, whereas West Asia maintained the circulation of influenza B/Victoria. We explore drivers of influenza lineage dynamics across the pandemic period and reasons for the possible extinction of the B/Yamagata lineage. After a period of 3 years, the intensity of among-region influenza lineage movements returned to pre-pandemic levels, with the exception of B/Yamagata, after the recovery of global air traffic, highlighting the robustness of global lineage dispersal patterns to substantial perturbation.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adq3003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08Epub Date: 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1126/science.adu4087
{"title":"News at a glance.","authors":"","doi":"10.1126/science.adu4087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adu4087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":"602-603"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142606596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhen Tian, Jiachen Song, Xuying Zhao, Yiming Zhou, Xi Chen, Qiumin Le, Feifei Wang, Lan Ma, Xing Liu
The structurally symmetric mammalian brain hemispheres are interconnected by commissural axons across the midline. However, the functions of interhemispheric connectivity remain largely unknown. We found that in mice, transection of the anterior commissure (AC), which connects the rostroventral forebrain, impaired avoidant behaviors. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the mouse projects to the contralateral nucleus accumbens (NAc) through the AC, independent of its ipsilateral projections. Aversive stimuli activated contralateral BLA-NAc projections. Positive stimuli, however, activated ipsilateral projections. Selective activation of contralateral BLA-NAc projections activated D2-positive medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs), reduced NAc dopamine levels, and caused aversion, whereas selective activation of ipsilateral BLA-NAc projections activated D1-MSNs, increased NAc dopamine levels, and induced reward. The contralateral BLA-AC-NAc pathway is crucial for encoding negative valence, demonstrating distinct functions of intra- and interhemispheric circuits in brain physiology.
{"title":"The interhemispheric amygdala-accumbens circuit encodes negative valence in mice","authors":"Zhen Tian, Jiachen Song, Xuying Zhao, Yiming Zhou, Xi Chen, Qiumin Le, Feifei Wang, Lan Ma, Xing Liu","doi":"10.1126/science.adp7520","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adp7520","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The structurally symmetric mammalian brain hemispheres are interconnected by commissural axons across the midline. However, the functions of interhemispheric connectivity remain largely unknown. We found that in mice, transection of the anterior commissure (AC), which connects the rostroventral forebrain, impaired avoidant behaviors. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the mouse projects to the contralateral nucleus accumbens (NAc) through the AC, independent of its ipsilateral projections. Aversive stimuli activated contralateral BLA-NAc projections. Positive stimuli, however, activated ipsilateral projections. Selective activation of contralateral BLA-NAc projections activated D2-positive medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs), reduced NAc dopamine levels, and caused aversion, whereas selective activation of ipsilateral BLA-NAc projections activated D1-MSNs, increased NAc dopamine levels, and induced reward. The contralateral BLA-AC-NAc pathway is crucial for encoding negative valence, demonstrating distinct functions of intra- and interhemispheric circuits in brain physiology.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08Epub Date: 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1126/science.adu3745
Paul Voosen
In Botswana, a geologist hunts for signs of the rifting that is tearing the continent apart.
在博茨瓦纳，一位地质学家正在寻找使非洲大陆四分五裂的断裂迹象。
{"title":"Africa's breaking heart.","authors":"Paul Voosen","doi":"10.1126/science.adu3745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adu3745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Botswana, a geologist hunts for signs of the rifting that is tearing the continent apart.</p>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":"612-617"},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142606505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron T. Bosse, Liam R. Hunt, Camila A. Suarez, Tyler D. Casselman, Elizabeth L. Goldstein, Austin C. Wright, Hojoon Park, Scott C. Virgil, Jin-Quan Yu, Brian M. Stoltz, Huw M. L. Davies
(−)-Cylindrocyclophane A is a 22-membered C2-symmetric [7.7]paracyclophane that bears bis-resorcinol functionality and six stereocenters. We report a synthetic strategy for (−)-cylindrocyclophane A that uses 10 C−H functionalization reactions, resulting in a streamlined route with high enantioselectivity and efficiency (17 steps). The use of chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalysis enabled the C–H functionalization of primary and secondary positions, which was complemented by palladium-catalyzed C(sp2)–C(sp2) cross-couplings, resulting in the rapid formation of the macrocyclic core and all stereocenters with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. The use of a late-stage palladium-catalyzed fourfold C(sp2)–H acetoxylation installed the bis-resorcinol moieties. This research exemplifies how multilaboratory collaborations can produce substantial modernizations of complex total synthesis endeavors.
(-)-Cylindrocyclophane A 是一种 22 元 C 2 - 不对称 [7.7]paracyclophane，具有双间苯二酚官能团和六个立体中心。我们报告了一种 (-)-cylindrocyclophane A 的合成策略，该策略使用了 10 个 C-H 官能化反应，形成了一条具有高对映选择性和高效率（17 个步骤）的简化路线。使用手性四羧酸二氢铑催化实现了一级和二级位置的 C-H 功能化，再辅以钯催化的 C(sp 2 )-C(sp 2 ) 交叉耦合，从而以高区域、非对映和对映选择性快速形成了大环核心和所有立体中心。后期使用钯催化的四重 C(sp 2 )-H 乙酰氧基化反应安装了双间苯二酚分子。这项研究体现了多实验室合作如何使复杂的全合成工作实现实质性的现代化。
{"title":"Total synthesis of (−)-cylindrocyclophane A facilitated by C−H functionalization","authors":"Aaron T. Bosse, Liam R. Hunt, Camila A. Suarez, Tyler D. Casselman, Elizabeth L. Goldstein, Austin C. Wright, Hojoon Park, Scott C. Virgil, Jin-Quan Yu, Brian M. Stoltz, Huw M. L. Davies","doi":"10.1126/science.adp2425","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adp2425","url":null,"abstract":"<div >(−)-Cylindrocyclophane A is a 22-membered C<sub>2</sub>-symmetric [7.7]paracyclophane that bears bis-resorcinol functionality and six stereocenters. We report a synthetic strategy for (−)-cylindrocyclophane A that uses 10 C−H functionalization reactions, resulting in a streamlined route with high enantioselectivity and efficiency (17 steps). The use of chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalysis enabled the C–H functionalization of primary and secondary positions, which was complemented by palladium-catalyzed C(sp<sup>2</sup>)–C(sp<sup>2</sup>) cross-couplings, resulting in the rapid formation of the macrocyclic core and all stereocenters with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. The use of a late-stage palladium-catalyzed fourfold C(sp<sup>2</sup>)–H acetoxylation installed the bis-resorcinol moieties. This research exemplifies how multilaboratory collaborations can produce substantial modernizations of complex total synthesis endeavors.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dawei Zhang, Josef Turecek, Seungwon Choi, Michelle Delisle, Caroline Leal Pamplona, Shan Meltzer, David D. Ginty
Many hairy mammals perform rapid oscillations of their body, called wet dog shakes, to remove water and irritants from their back hairy skin. The somatosensory mechanisms that underlie this behavior are unclear. We report that Piezo2-dependent mechanosensation mediates wet dog shakes evoked by water or oil droplets applied to back hairy skin of mice. Unmyelinated C-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs) were activated by oil droplets, and their optogenetic activation elicited wet dog shakes. Ablation of C-LTMRs attenuated this behavior. Moreover, C-LTMRs synaptically couple to spinoparabrachial neurons, and optogenetically inhibiting spinoparabrachial neuron synapses and excitatory neurons in the parabrachial nucleus impaired both oil droplet– and C-LTMR–evoked wet dog shakes. Thus, a C-LTMR–spinoparabrachial pathway promotes wet dog shakes for removal of water and mechanical irritants from back hairy skin.
{"title":"C-LTMRs evoke wet dog shakes via the spinoparabrachial pathway","authors":"Dawei Zhang, Josef Turecek, Seungwon Choi, Michelle Delisle, Caroline Leal Pamplona, Shan Meltzer, David D. Ginty","doi":"10.1126/science.adq8834","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adq8834","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Many hairy mammals perform rapid oscillations of their body, called wet dog shakes, to remove water and irritants from their back hairy skin. The somatosensory mechanisms that underlie this behavior are unclear. We report that Piezo2-dependent mechanosensation mediates wet dog shakes evoked by water or oil droplets applied to back hairy skin of mice. Unmyelinated C-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs) were activated by oil droplets, and their optogenetic activation elicited wet dog shakes. Ablation of C-LTMRs attenuated this behavior. Moreover, C-LTMRs synaptically couple to spinoparabrachial neurons, and optogenetically inhibiting spinoparabrachial neuron synapses and excitatory neurons in the parabrachial nucleus impaired both oil droplet– and C-LTMR–evoked wet dog shakes. Thus, a C-LTMR–spinoparabrachial pathway promotes wet dog shakes for removal of water and mechanical irritants from back hairy skin.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eyes are windows to the brain: Capturing eye movements to better understand face processing in autism","authors":"Jason Griffin","doi":"10.1126/science.ads7359","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ads7359","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.ads7359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142606542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Existing separation technologies struggle to recover oil and water concurrently from surfactant-stabilized emulsions to achieve the goal of near-zero liquid discharge. We present a Janus channel of membranes (JCM) that features a confined architecture constructed of a pair of hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes, which allows for concurrent, highly efficient recovery of oil and water from surfactant-stabilized emulsions. The confined Janus channel can amplify the interplay of the membrane pair through a feedback loop that involves enrichment and demulsification. Our JCM achieves exceptional oil and water recoveries of up to 97 and 75%, respectively, with near 99.9% purities. Moreover, its versatility in handling diverse emulsions may enable near-zero liquid discharge for a range of separations.
{"title":"Janus channel of membranes enables concurrent oil and water recovery from emulsions","authors":"Xin-Yu Guo, Lei Zhao, Hao-Nan Li, Hao-Cheng Yang, Jian Wu, Hong-Qing Liang, Chao Zhang, Zhi-Kang Xu","doi":"10.1126/science.adq6329","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adq6329","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Existing separation technologies struggle to recover oil and water concurrently from surfactant-stabilized emulsions to achieve the goal of near-zero liquid discharge. We present a Janus channel of membranes (JCM) that features a confined architecture constructed of a pair of hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes, which allows for concurrent, highly efficient recovery of oil and water from surfactant-stabilized emulsions. The confined Janus channel can amplify the interplay of the membrane pair through a feedback loop that involves enrichment and demulsification. Our JCM achieves exceptional oil and water recoveries of up to 97 and 75%, respectively, with near 99.9% purities. Moreover, its versatility in handling diverse emulsions may enable near-zero liquid discharge for a range of separations.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gugan Eswaran, Xixi Zhang, Jacob Pieter Rutten, Jingyi Han, Hiroyuki Iida, Jennifer López Ortiz, Riikka Mäkilä, Brecht Wybouw, Benjamin Planterose Jiménez, Leo Vainio, Alexis Porcher, Marina Leal Gavarron, Jing Zhang, Tiina Blomster, Xin Wang, David Dolan, Ondřej Smetana, Siobhán M. Brady, Melis Kucukoglu Topcu, Kirsten ten Tusscher, J. Peter Etchells, Ari Pekka Mähönen
Wood constitutes the largest reservoir of terrestrial biomass. Composed of xylem, it arises from one side of the vascular cambium, a bifacial stem cell niche that also produces phloem on the opposing side. It is currently unknown which molecular factors endow cambium stem cell identity. Here we show that TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (TDIF) ligand–activated PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY) receptors promote the expression of CAMBIUM-EXPRESSED AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (CAIL) transcription factors to define cambium stem cell identity in the Arabidopsis root. By sequestrating the phloem-originated TDIF, xylem-expressed PXY confines the TDIF signaling front, resulting in the activation of CAIL expression and stem cell identity in only a narrow domain. Our findings show how signals emanating from cells on opposing sides ensure robust yet dynamically adjustable positioning of a bifacial stem cell layer.
木材是陆地生物量的最大储存库。木材由木质部组成，来自维管凸起的一侧，这是一个双面干细胞龛，在对立面也产生韧皮部。目前还不知道哪些分子因子赋予了韧皮部干细胞的特性。在这里，我们展示了TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (TDIF)配体激活的PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY)受体可促进CAMBIUM-EXPRESSED AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE(CAIL)转录因子的表达，从而确定拟南芥根部的韧皮部干细胞特征。木质部表达的 PXY 通过封存韧皮部起源的 TDIF，限制了 TDIF 信号转导前沿，导致 CAIL 的表达被激活，干细胞特征只在一个狭窄的区域内表达。我们的研究结果表明，来自对侧细胞的信号如何确保双面干细胞层的稳健、动态可调定位。
{"title":"Identification of cambium stem cell factors and their positioning mechanism","authors":"Gugan Eswaran, Xixi Zhang, Jacob Pieter Rutten, Jingyi Han, Hiroyuki Iida, Jennifer López Ortiz, Riikka Mäkilä, Brecht Wybouw, Benjamin Planterose Jiménez, Leo Vainio, Alexis Porcher, Marina Leal Gavarron, Jing Zhang, Tiina Blomster, Xin Wang, David Dolan, Ondřej Smetana, Siobhán M. Brady, Melis Kucukoglu Topcu, Kirsten ten Tusscher, J. Peter Etchells, Ari Pekka Mähönen","doi":"10.1126/science.adj8752","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adj8752","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Wood constitutes the largest reservoir of terrestrial biomass. Composed of xylem, it arises from one side of the vascular cambium, a bifacial stem cell niche that also produces phloem on the opposing side. It is currently unknown which molecular factors endow cambium stem cell identity. Here we show that TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (TDIF) ligand–activated PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY) receptors promote the expression of CAMBIUM-EXPRESSED AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (CAIL) transcription factors to define cambium stem cell identity in the <i>Arabidopsis</i> root. By sequestrating the phloem-originated TDIF, xylem-expressed PXY confines the TDIF signaling front, resulting in the activation of CAIL expression and stem cell identity in only a narrow domain. Our findings show how signals emanating from cells on opposing sides ensure robust yet dynamically adjustable positioning of a bifacial stem cell layer.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6722","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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