Fei Xie, Weiliang Jin, J. Ryan Nolen, Hao Pan, Naiqin Yi, Yang An, Zhiyu Zhang, Xiangtong Kong, Fei Zhu, Ke Jiang, Sicong Tian, Tianji Liu, Xiaojuan Sun, Longnan Li, Dabing Li, Yun-Feng Xiao, Andrea Alu, Shanhui Fan, Wei Li
Subambient daytime radiative cooling enables temperatures to passively reach below ambient temperature, even under direct sunlight, by emitting thermal radiation toward outer space. This technology holds promise for numerous exciting applications. However, previous demonstrations of subambient daytime radiative cooling require surfaces that directly face the sky, and these cannot be applied to vertical surfaces that are ubiquitous in real-world scenarios such as buildings and vehicles. Here, we demonstrate subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces under peak sunlight using a hierarchically designed, angularly asymmetric, spectrally selective thermal emitter. Under peak sunlight of about 920 watts per square meter, our emitter reaches a temperature that is about 2.5°C below ambient temperature, corresponding to a temperature reduction of about 4.3° and 8.9°C compared with a silica-polymer hybrid radiative cooler and commercial white paint, respectively.
{"title":"Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces","authors":"Fei Xie, Weiliang Jin, J. Ryan Nolen, Hao Pan, Naiqin Yi, Yang An, Zhiyu Zhang, Xiangtong Kong, Fei Zhu, Ke Jiang, Sicong Tian, Tianji Liu, Xiaojuan Sun, Longnan Li, Dabing Li, Yun-Feng Xiao, Andrea Alu, Shanhui Fan, Wei Li","doi":"10.1126/science.adn2524","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adn2524","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Subambient daytime radiative cooling enables temperatures to passively reach below ambient temperature, even under direct sunlight, by emitting thermal radiation toward outer space. This technology holds promise for numerous exciting applications. However, previous demonstrations of subambient daytime radiative cooling require surfaces that directly face the sky, and these cannot be applied to vertical surfaces that are ubiquitous in real-world scenarios such as buildings and vehicles. Here, we demonstrate subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces under peak sunlight using a hierarchically designed, angularly asymmetric, spectrally selective thermal emitter. Under peak sunlight of about 920 watts per square meter, our emitter reaches a temperature that is about 2.5°C below ambient temperature, corresponding to a temperature reduction of about 4.3° and 8.9°C compared with a silica-polymer hybrid radiative cooler and commercial white paint, respectively.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Stern, Madeleine Seale, Melissa McCartney, Yevgeniya Nusinovich, Priscilla N. Kelly, Ian S. Osborne, Brent Grocholski
{"title":"In Other Journals","authors":"Peter Stern, Madeleine Seale, Melissa McCartney, Yevgeniya Nusinovich, Priscilla N. Kelly, Ian S. Osborne, Brent Grocholski","doi":"10.1126/science.adu5506","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adu5506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adu5506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Yang, Igor Kladarić, Maxwell Drimmer, Uwe von Lüpke, Daan Lenterman, Joost Bus, Stefano Marti, Matteo Fadel, Yiwen Chu
Although strong nonlinear interactions between quantized excitations are an important resource for quantum technologies based on bosonic oscillator modes, most electromagnetic and mechanical nonlinearities are far too weak to allow for nonlinear effects to be observed at the single-quantum level. This limitation has been overcome in electromagnetic resonators by coupling them to other strongly nonlinear quantum systems such as atoms and superconducting qubits. We demonstrate the realization of the single-phonon nonlinear regime in a solid-state mechanical system. The single-phonon anharmonicity in our system exceeds the decoherence rate by a factor of 6.8, allowing us to use it as a mechanical qubit and demonstrate initialization, readout, and single-qubit gates. Our approach provides a powerful quantum acoustics platform for quantum simulations, sensing, and information processing.
{"title":"A mechanical qubit","authors":"Yu Yang, Igor Kladarić, Maxwell Drimmer, Uwe von Lüpke, Daan Lenterman, Joost Bus, Stefano Marti, Matteo Fadel, Yiwen Chu","doi":"10.1126/science.adr2464","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adr2464","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Although strong nonlinear interactions between quantized excitations are an important resource for quantum technologies based on bosonic oscillator modes, most electromagnetic and mechanical nonlinearities are far too weak to allow for nonlinear effects to be observed at the single-quantum level. This limitation has been overcome in electromagnetic resonators by coupling them to other strongly nonlinear quantum systems such as atoms and superconducting qubits. We demonstrate the realization of the single-phonon nonlinear regime in a solid-state mechanical system. The single-phonon anharmonicity in our system exceeds the decoherence rate by a factor of 6.8, allowing us to use it as a mechanical qubit and demonstrate initialization, readout, and single-qubit gates. Our approach provides a powerful quantum acoustics platform for quantum simulations, sensing, and information processing.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Science is neither red nor blue","authors":"Marcia McNutt","doi":"10.1126/science.adu4907","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adu4907","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adu4907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinhui Wang, Shengchun Wang, Zhihong Wei, Pengjie Wang, Yanwei Cao, Yang Huang, Lin He, Aiwen Lei
Unsymmetrical ureas are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. However, devising strategies to introduce two distinct amines selectively in the construction of unsymmetrical ureas remains a challenge. In this work, we use a synchronous recognition strategy that takes advantage of radical and nucleophilic activation to discriminate between secondary and primary amines. Specifically, a copper catalyst preferentially oxidizes secondary amines to radical species, whereas a cobalt catalyst carbonylates primary amines to produce cobalt amides. Coupling these fragments by cooperative catalysis produces unsymmetrical ureas with high selectivity, as showcased by the modification of 41 biologically active compounds and six drugs.
{"title":"Synchronous recognition of amines in oxidative carbonylation toward unsymmetrical ureas","authors":"Jinhui Wang, Shengchun Wang, Zhihong Wei, Pengjie Wang, Yanwei Cao, Yang Huang, Lin He, Aiwen Lei","doi":"10.1126/science.adl0149","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adl0149","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Unsymmetrical ureas are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. However, devising strategies to introduce two distinct amines selectively in the construction of unsymmetrical ureas remains a challenge. In this work, we use a synchronous recognition strategy that takes advantage of radical and nucleophilic activation to discriminate between secondary and primary amines. Specifically, a copper catalyst preferentially oxidizes secondary amines to radical species, whereas a cobalt catalyst carbonylates primary amines to produce cobalt amides. Coupling these fragments by cooperative catalysis produces unsymmetrical ureas with high selectivity, as showcased by the modification of 41 biologically active compounds and six drugs.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chad P. Nelson, Paul Brown, Suzanne Fitzpatrick, Kevin A. Ford, Paul C. Howard, Tracy MacGill, Edward E. C. Margerrison, Jacqueline O’Shaughnessy, Tucker A. Patterson, Rakesh Raghuwanshi, Rodney Rouse, Selen Stromgren, Kyung E. Sung, Luis G. Valerio Jr., Jeffrey L. Ward, Namandjé N. Bumpus
Animal studies have been essential to advancing understanding of diseases and development of therapies and are critical to evaluate the potential for toxicity, safety, and, at times, effectiveness, of consumer products (e.g., medical products, foods, tobacco products, and cosmetics). Although animal toxicity studies have proven essential for identifying potential human risks, finding ways to reduce the use of animals and develop effective alternatives is an important effort. Advances in biology, engineering, and artificial intelligence have created new opportunities to improve our ability to assess safety, quality, and effectiveness of many consumer products. However, multiple steps are required to translate these new technologies into regulatory use and maintain the same standards of safety, quality, and effectiveness. We discuss the approach being taken by one major regulatory body, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to advance new methods into regulatory use.
新兴方法有望用于监管。
{"title":"Advancing alternative methods to reduce animal testing","authors":"Chad P. Nelson, Paul Brown, Suzanne Fitzpatrick, Kevin A. Ford, Paul C. Howard, Tracy MacGill, Edward E. C. Margerrison, Jacqueline O’Shaughnessy, Tucker A. Patterson, Rakesh Raghuwanshi, Rodney Rouse, Selen Stromgren, Kyung E. Sung, Luis G. Valerio Jr., Jeffrey L. Ward, Namandjé N. Bumpus","doi":"10.1126/science.adg6228","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adg6228","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Animal studies have been essential to advancing understanding of diseases and development of therapies and are critical to evaluate the potential for toxicity, safety, and, at times, effectiveness, of consumer products (e.g., medical products, foods, tobacco products, and cosmetics). Although animal toxicity studies have proven essential for identifying potential human risks, finding ways to reduce the use of animals and develop effective alternatives is an important effort. Advances in biology, engineering, and artificial intelligence have created new opportunities to improve our ability to assess safety, quality, and effectiveness of many consumer products. However, multiple steps are required to translate these new technologies into regulatory use and maintain the same standards of safety, quality, and effectiveness. We discuss the approach being taken by one major regulatory body, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to advance new methods into regulatory use.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gatekeepers of the brain: Identifying hidden mechanisms of type A GABA receptor signaling and assembly","authors":"Andrija Sente","doi":"10.1126/science.adt8990","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adt8990","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.adt8990","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sean R. Lindley, Kadiam C. Venkata Subbaiah, Fnu Priyanka, Pornthida Poosala, Yijie Ma, Leila Jalinous, Jason A. West, William A. Richardson, Tamlyn N. Thomas, Douglas M. Anderson
Ribozymes are small catalytic RNA sequences capable of nucleotide-specific self-cleavage found widespread in nature. Ribozyme cleavage generates distinct 2′,3′-phosphate and 5′-hydroxyl termini that resemble substrates for recently characterized RNA repair pathways in cells. We report that ribozyme cleavage of two separate mRNAs activated their scarless trans-ligation and translation into full-length protein in eukaryotic cells, a process that we named StitchR (for Stitch RNA). Optimization of StitchR activity in mammalian cells resulted in a ~900-fold increase in protein expression that approached levels observed for genes expressed from single vectors. We demonstrate that StitchR can be harnessed for effective dual adeno-associated virus gene therapies to correct muscular dystrophies by restoring large functional muscle proteins to endogenous levels in vivo.
{"title":"Ribozyme-activated mRNA trans-ligation enables large gene delivery to treat muscular dystrophies","authors":"Sean R. Lindley, Kadiam C. Venkata Subbaiah, Fnu Priyanka, Pornthida Poosala, Yijie Ma, Leila Jalinous, Jason A. West, William A. Richardson, Tamlyn N. Thomas, Douglas M. Anderson","doi":"10.1126/science.adp8179","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adp8179","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Ribozymes are small catalytic RNA sequences capable of nucleotide-specific self-cleavage found widespread in nature. Ribozyme cleavage generates distinct 2′,3′-phosphate and 5′-hydroxyl termini that resemble substrates for recently characterized RNA repair pathways in cells. We report that ribozyme cleavage of two separate mRNAs activated their scarless trans-ligation and translation into full-length protein in eukaryotic cells, a process that we named StitchR (for Stitch RNA). Optimization of StitchR activity in mammalian cells resulted in a ~900-fold increase in protein expression that approached levels observed for genes expressed from single vectors. We demonstrate that StitchR can be harnessed for effective dual adeno-associated virus gene therapies to correct muscular dystrophies by restoring large functional muscle proteins to endogenous levels in vivo.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Velle Toll, Jorma Rahu, Hannes Keernik, Heido Trofimov, Tanel Voormansik, Peter Manshausen, Emma Hung, Daniel Michelson, Matthew W. Christensen, Piia Post, Heikki Junninen, Benjamin J. Murray, Ulrike Lohmann, Duncan Watson-Parris, Philip Stier, Norman Donaldson, Trude Storelvmo, Markku Kulmala, Nicolas Bellouin
The ability of anthropogenic aerosols to freeze supercooled cloud droplets remains debated. In this work, we present observational evidence for the glaciation of supercooled liquid-water clouds at industrial aerosol hot spots at temperatures between −10° and −24°C. Compared with the nearby liquid-water clouds, shortwave reflectance was reduced by 14% and longwave radiance was increased by 4% in the glaciation-affected regions. There was an 8% reduction in cloud cover and an 18% reduction in cloud optical thickness. Additionally, daily glaciation-induced snowfall accumulations reached 15 millimeters. Glaciation events downwind of industrial aerosol hot spots indicate that anthropogenic aerosols likely serve as ice-nucleating particles. However, rare glaciation events downwind of nuclear power plants indicate that factors other than aerosol emissions may also play a role in the observed glaciation events.
{"title":"Glaciation of liquid clouds, snowfall, and reduced cloud cover at industrial aerosol hot spots","authors":"Velle Toll, Jorma Rahu, Hannes Keernik, Heido Trofimov, Tanel Voormansik, Peter Manshausen, Emma Hung, Daniel Michelson, Matthew W. Christensen, Piia Post, Heikki Junninen, Benjamin J. Murray, Ulrike Lohmann, Duncan Watson-Parris, Philip Stier, Norman Donaldson, Trude Storelvmo, Markku Kulmala, Nicolas Bellouin","doi":"10.1126/science.adl0303","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adl0303","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The ability of anthropogenic aerosols to freeze supercooled cloud droplets remains debated. In this work, we present observational evidence for the glaciation of supercooled liquid-water clouds at industrial aerosol hot spots at temperatures between −10° and −24°C. Compared with the nearby liquid-water clouds, shortwave reflectance was reduced by 14% and longwave radiance was increased by 4% in the glaciation-affected regions. There was an 8% reduction in cloud cover and an 18% reduction in cloud optical thickness. Additionally, daily glaciation-induced snowfall accumulations reached 15 millimeters. Glaciation events downwind of industrial aerosol hot spots indicate that anthropogenic aerosols likely serve as ice-nucleating particles. However, rare glaciation events downwind of nuclear power plants indicate that factors other than aerosol emissions may also play a role in the observed glaciation events.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"386 6723","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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