Sex determination underpins genesis of male and female flowers with particularly important implications in plant breeding. Auxin and ethylene regulate femaleness in cucurbits. Here, we identified an auxin response factor 3 ( CsARF3 ) that plays an essential role in carpel development in cucumber. Knockout of CsARF3 resulted in an androecious phenotype with only male flowers, whereas overexpression of CsARF3 led to increased number of female flowers. CsARF3 promotes femaleness by directly stimulating the expression of meristem maintenance gene CsSTM , and repressing the activity of gynoecious gene CsWIP1 . Auxin and ethylene exhibit a reciprocal relationship during sex determination, in which ethylene promotes carpel formation through auxin at the early stage of flower development. The auxin signaling in carpels then enhances ethylene biosynthesis to inhibit stamen development.
{"title":"ARF3-mediated auxin signaling is essential for sex determination in cucumber","authors":"Lijie Han, Min Li, Chuang Li, Bosi Zhao, Zhongyi Wang, Ye Liu, Zhihan Liu, Yafei Huang, Liu Liu, Haoran Geng, Yuting He, Jingyu Guo, Shaoyun Wang, Liming Wang, Chaoheng Gu, Junjun Shen, Zheng Li, Jianyu Zhao, Zhaoyang Zhou, Xiaolan Zhang","doi":"10.1126/science.adv2006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv2006","url":null,"abstract":"Sex determination underpins genesis of male and female flowers with particularly important implications in plant breeding. Auxin and ethylene regulate femaleness in cucurbits. Here, we identified an <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">auxin response factor 3</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CsARF3</jats:italic> ) that plays an essential role in carpel development in cucumber. Knockout of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CsARF3</jats:italic> resulted in an androecious phenotype with only male flowers, whereas overexpression of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CsARF3</jats:italic> led to increased number of female flowers. CsARF3 promotes femaleness by directly stimulating the expression of meristem maintenance gene <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CsSTM</jats:italic> , and repressing the activity of gynoecious gene <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CsWIP1</jats:italic> . Auxin and ethylene exhibit a reciprocal relationship during sex determination, in which ethylene promotes carpel formation through auxin at the early stage of flower development. The auxin signaling in carpels then enhances ethylene biosynthesis to inhibit stamen development.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Main Marmara fault (MMF) in northwestern Türkiye poses the highest seismic risk in broader Europe. The 2025 M W 6.2 was the largest earthquake along the MMF in >60 years. We integrated observations from multiple temporal scales including the decade-long evolution of M > 5 earthquakes, their rupture dynamics and aftershock patterns. We show a series of eastward propagating M>5 events and a gradual eastward partial rupture of the MMF over the last ~15 years. The seismically active portion of the fault includes creeping and transitional segments with some of the most recent seismicity located near the presumably locked Princes Islands segment south of Istanbul that has the potential to generate a M~7 earthquake. Our analysis highlights the necessity of real-time monitoring of this part of the MMF.
{"title":"Progressive eastward rupture of the Main Marmara fault toward Istanbul","authors":"Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Xiang Chen, Dirk Becker, Sebastián Núñez-Jara, Recai Feyiz Kartal, Elif Türker, Georg Dresen, Yehuda Ben-Zion, Jorge Jara, Fabrice Cotton, Filiz Tuba Kadirioglu, Tuğbay Kiliç, Marco Bohnhoff","doi":"10.1126/science.adz0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adz0072","url":null,"abstract":"The Main Marmara fault (MMF) in northwestern Türkiye poses the highest seismic risk in broader Europe. The 2025 M <jats:sub>W</jats:sub> 6.2 was the largest earthquake along the MMF in >60 years. We integrated observations from multiple temporal scales including the decade-long evolution of M > 5 earthquakes, their rupture dynamics and aftershock patterns. We show a series of eastward propagating M>5 events and a gradual eastward partial rupture of the MMF over the last ~15 years. The seismically active portion of the fault includes creeping and transitional segments with some of the most recent seismicity located near the presumably locked Princes Islands segment south of Istanbul that has the potential to generate a M~7 earthquake. Our analysis highlights the necessity of real-time monitoring of this part of the MMF.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the relationships between long-dead organisms is tricky. Flowering plants (angiosperms, a group within the seed plants) are pollinated by a wide diversity of animals, which use scent and color as long-range and mid- to short-range signals, respectively. But the fossil rec ord indicates that other seed-plant lineages that arose earlier were also likely pollinated by insects, despite little evidence of color-based signaling. On page 1164 of this issue, Valencia-Montoya et al. (1) demonstrate that one of these earlier diverging seed-plant lineages, the cycads, use infrared radiation at dusk as a signal to attract beetle pollinators. In the beetle antennae, similar receptors to those used by predators, such as snakes, to detect prey allow the insects to find the cycads’ thermogenic reproductive structures in the dark. This discovery explains ancient pollinator attraction and might also explain why some animal-pollinated groups diversified more than others.
{"title":"Infrared as a pollination signal","authors":"Beverley J. Glover, Alex A. R. Webb","doi":"10.1126/science.aed3346","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aed3346","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Understanding the relationships between long-dead organisms is tricky. Flowering plants (angiosperms, a group within the seed plants) are pollinated by a wide diversity of animals, which use scent and color as long-range and mid- to short-range signals, respectively. But the fossil rec ord indicates that other seed-plant lineages that arose earlier were also likely pollinated by insects, despite little evidence of color-based signaling. On page 1164 of this issue, Valencia-Montoya <i>et al</i>. (<i>1</i>) demonstrate that one of these earlier diverging seed-plant lineages, the cycads, use infrared radiation at dusk as a signal to attract beetle pollinators. In the beetle antennae, similar receptors to those used by predators, such as snakes, to detect prey allow the insects to find the cycads’ thermogenic reproductive structures in the dark. This discovery explains ancient pollinator attraction and might also explain why some animal-pollinated groups diversified more than others.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"390 6778","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline Ash, Stella M. Hurtley, Bianca Lopez, Ian S. Osborne, Jack Huang, Sarah H. Ross, Melissa McCartney
{"title":"In Other Journals","authors":"Caroline Ash, Stella M. Hurtley, Bianca Lopez, Ian S. Osborne, Jack Huang, Sarah H. Ross, Melissa McCartney","doi":"10.1126/science.aee5869","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.aee5869","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"390 6778","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/science.aee5869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optogenetics is poised to move from a research tool to new therapies-if scientists can show it's safe.
如果科学家能证明光遗传学是安全的，它将从一种研究工具转变为新的治疗方法。
{"title":"Could adding light sensors to nerve cells help switch off diseases?","authors":"Kelly Servick","doi":"10.1126/science.aee6257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aee6257","url":null,"abstract":"Optogenetics is poised to move from a research tool to new therapies-if scientists can show it's safe.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"1090-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giulia Del Pace, Diego Hernández-Rajkov, Vijay Pal Singh, Nicola Grani, Marcia Frómeta Fernández, Giulio Nesti, Jorge Amin Seman, Massimo Inguscio, Luigi Amico, Giacomo Roati
Driven many-body systems exhibit diverse and complex dynamical behaviors. Here, we report the observation of Shapiro steps in periodically driven Josephson junctions between strongly interacting Fermi superfluids of ultracold atoms. The height and the width of the observed quantized plateaus in the current-potential characteristics mirror the external drive frequency and the junction nonlinear response. Direct measurements of the current-phase relationship showcase how Shapiro steps arise from the synchronization between the relative phase of the two reservoirs and the external drive. Such a mechanism is further supported by the detection of periodic phase-slippage processes, in the form of vortex-antivortex pairs. Our results are corroborated by a circuital model and numerical simulations. Our work may open prospects for studying emergent nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum many-body systems under external drives.
{"title":"Shapiro steps in strongly-interacting Fermi gases","authors":"Giulia Del Pace, Diego Hernández-Rajkov, Vijay Pal Singh, Nicola Grani, Marcia Frómeta Fernández, Giulio Nesti, Jorge Amin Seman, Massimo Inguscio, Luigi Amico, Giacomo Roati","doi":"10.1126/science.ads8885","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.ads8885","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Driven many-body systems exhibit diverse and complex dynamical behaviors. Here, we report the observation of Shapiro steps in periodically driven Josephson junctions between strongly interacting Fermi superfluids of ultracold atoms. The height and the width of the observed quantized plateaus in the current-potential characteristics mirror the external drive frequency and the junction nonlinear response. Direct measurements of the current-phase relationship showcase how Shapiro steps arise from the synchronization between the relative phase of the two reservoirs and the external drive. Such a mechanism is further supported by the detection of periodic phase-slippage processes, in the form of vortex-antivortex pairs. Our results are corroborated by a circuital model and numerical simulations. Our work may open prospects for studying emergent nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum many-body systems under external drives.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"390 6778","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Approach could be faster than making CAR-T cells in the lab-and early results are encouraging.
这种方法可能比在实验室中制造CAR-T细胞要快，而且早期的结果令人鼓舞。
{"title":"Cancer-fighting cells made in body help patients.","authors":"Mitch Leslie","doi":"10.1126/science.aee6253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aee6253","url":null,"abstract":"Approach could be faster than making CAR-T cells in the lab-and early results are encouraging.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"148 1","pages":"1084-1085"},"PeriodicalIF":56.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CD4+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells contribute to host defense and to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the molecules that direct their differentiation are unknown. We found that the transcription factor hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) could direct the tissue residency program and function of CD4+ TRM cells. HLF simultaneously up-regulated tissue retention receptors, down-regulated tissue egress receptors, and promoted proinflammatory CD4+ TRM cells by inducing Bhlhe40, and all of these processes were associated with changes in chromatin accessibility. Genetic deletion of Hlf inhibited CD4+ TRM cell generation and ameliorated airway tissue inflammation in vivo. HLF+ CD4+ TRM cells isolated from inflamed airway tissue in humans had a tissue residency signature and expressed inflammatory cytokines. We conclude that HLF may act as a central regulator of proinflammatory CD4+ TRM cell development and function.
CD4 +组织常驻记忆T （trm）细胞参与宿主防御和慢性炎症疾病的发病机制，但指导其分化的分子尚不清楚。我们发现转录因子肝白血病因子（HLF）可以指导CD4 + T RM细胞的组织驻留程序和功能。HLF同时上调组织保留受体，下调组织出口受体，并通过诱导Bhlhe40促进促炎CD4 + T RM细胞，这些过程均与染色质可及性的改变有关。在体内，基因缺失Hlf抑制CD4 + T RM细胞的生成，改善气道组织炎症。从人炎症气道组织中分离的HLF + CD4 + T RM细胞具有组织驻留特征并表达炎症细胞因子。我们得出结论，HLF可能作为促炎CD4 + T RM细胞发育和功能的中枢调节因子。
{"title":"Hepatic leukemia factor directs tissue residency of proinflammatory memory CD4+ T cells","authors":"Masahiro Kiuchi, Masahiro Nemoto, Hiroyuki Yagyu, Ami Aoki, Chiaki Iwamura, Hikaru Sugimoto, Yuki Masuo, Hajime Morita, Shuhe Ma, Yukiko Okuno, Takahisa Hishiya, Kaori Tsuji, Atsushi Sasaki, Kota Kokubo, Kanae Ohishi, Rie Shinmi, Yuri Sonobe, Tomohisa Iinuma, Syuji Yonekura, Tomomasa Yokomizo, Norio Komatsu, Atsushi Onodera, Shinya Okumura, Takashi Ito, Etsuro Hatano, Tatsuaki Tsuruyama, Yosuke Kurashima, Naoko Mato, Takuji Suzuki, Motoko Yagi Kimura, Shinichiro Motohashi, Eiryo Kawakami, Hideki Ueno, Damon J Tumes, Toyoyuki Hanazawa, Toshinori Nakayama, Kiyoshi Hirahara","doi":"10.1126/science.adp0714","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adp0714","url":null,"abstract":"<div >CD4<sup>+</sup> tissue-resident memory T (T<sub>RM</sub>) cells contribute to host defense and to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the molecules that direct their differentiation are unknown. We found that the transcription factor hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) could direct the tissue residency program and function of CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>RM</sub> cells. HLF simultaneously up-regulated tissue retention receptors, down-regulated tissue egress receptors, and promoted proinflammatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>RM</sub> cells by inducing <i>Bhlhe40</i>, and all of these processes were associated with changes in chromatin accessibility. Genetic deletion of <i>Hlf</i> inhibited CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>RM</sub> cell generation and ameliorated airway tissue inflammation in vivo. HLF<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>RM</sub> cells isolated from inflamed airway tissue in humans had a tissue residency signature and expressed inflammatory cytokines. We conclude that HLF may act as a central regulator of proinflammatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>RM</sub> cell development and function.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"390 6778","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amit Bhardwaj, Blaise Fleury, Bohdan Senyuk, Eldho Abraham, Jan Bart ten Hove, Taewoo Lee, Vladyslav Cherpak, Ivan I. Smalyukh
Mesoporous materials exhibit highly controlled nanoscale structures, often templated by liquid crystalline assemblies of surfactants, with emergent and often designable physical properties. However, scaling their fabrication to be suitable for uses such as envelopes of buildings is challenging. In this work, we describe fabrication of flexible square-meter-sized films and multicentimeter-thick slabs made of three-dimensional spatial graphs of mesopore tubes that have all structural features under 50 nanometers. A solution-based kinetic fabrication process templates growing networks of cylindrical surfactant micelles with thin tubes of polysiloxane-forming gel networks and, upon replacing surfactants and solvents with air, yields lightweight materials with greater than 99% visible-range optical transparency and approximately 10 milliwatts per kelvin per meter thermal conductivity. Such predesigned metamaterials enable transparent thermal barriers for wall-grade insulated glass units, square-meter window retrofits, and unconcentrated solar thermal energy harnessing.
{"title":"Mesoporous optically clear heat insulators for sustainable building envelopes","authors":"Amit Bhardwaj, Blaise Fleury, Bohdan Senyuk, Eldho Abraham, Jan Bart ten Hove, Taewoo Lee, Vladyslav Cherpak, Ivan I. Smalyukh","doi":"10.1126/science.adx5568","DOIUrl":"10.1126/science.adx5568","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Mesoporous materials exhibit highly controlled nanoscale structures, often templated by liquid crystalline assemblies of surfactants, with emergent and often designable physical properties. However, scaling their fabrication to be suitable for uses such as envelopes of buildings is challenging. In this work, we describe fabrication of flexible square-meter-sized films and multicentimeter-thick slabs made of three-dimensional spatial graphs of mesopore tubes that have all structural features under 50 nanometers. A solution-based kinetic fabrication process templates growing networks of cylindrical surfactant micelles with thin tubes of polysiloxane-forming gel networks and, upon replacing surfactants and solvents with air, yields lightweight materials with greater than 99% visible-range optical transparency and approximately 10 milliwatts per kelvin per meter thermal conductivity. Such predesigned metamaterials enable transparent thermal barriers for wall-grade insulated glass units, square-meter window retrofits, and unconcentrated solar thermal energy harnessing.</div>","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"390 6778","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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