Pakistan is famous due to its agriculture sector, due to this reason we have analyzed the different determinants on the progress of FD I. For this purpose, we have taken data from the year 1998 to 2008 an applied the OLS model. We have taken, the results that trade and GDP both have a positive association with the FDI inflows and agriculture sector and Government debt and exchange rate has the negative relationship whereas inflation has the positive relationship. This paper suggests that government should make policies to for the promotion of agriculture sector.
{"title":"Impact of macroeconomic variables on the inflows of FDI and agriculture sector of Pakistan","authors":"Rabia Najaf, K. Najaf","doi":"10.14196/sjr.v5i6.2231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/sjr.v5i6.2231","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is famous due to its agriculture sector, due to this reason we have analyzed the different determinants on the progress of FD I. For this purpose, we have taken data from the year 1998 to 2008 an applied the OLS model. We have taken, the results that trade and GDP both have a positive association with the FDI inflows and agriculture sector and Government debt and exchange rate has the negative relationship whereas inflation has the positive relationship. This paper suggests that government should make policies to for the promotion of agriculture sector.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"430-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89813183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shokri, S. Varmazyar, Payam Heydari, Hajar Dazi
Mental and physical health of students is important objects of every society, because their health ensures scientific progression and development. The current study was aimed to estimate the anaerobic power in two ways Sargent jump and run 45 meters and the factors influencing them among selected male and female students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. This was an analytical cross-sectional study among 110 students who participated in the study that were selected randomly. To measure anaerobic power, Sargent jump and run 45-meter test was used. In order to analyze the factors affecting anaerobic power test, independent t-test and ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05 was conducted, and also to examine the relationship between two tests Pearson correlation test was used. Data analysis showed that sex, weight, height and body mass index in Sargent jump and sex and weight in 45 meters test are significant. Pearson correlation test between anaerobic power test results are positive and significant relationship (r= 0.83 and P<0.001), respectively. The overall results of this study showed a high correlation between the two methods. Also, variables such as sex and weight in both tests showed significant association in the mean anaerobic power.
{"title":"Correlation between Sargent jump and 45-meter dash in the estimation of the anaerobic power","authors":"S. Shokri, S. Varmazyar, Payam Heydari, Hajar Dazi","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I5.2206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I5.2206","url":null,"abstract":"Mental and physical health of students is important objects of every society, because their health ensures scientific progression and development. The current study was aimed to estimate the anaerobic power in two ways Sargent jump and run 45 meters and the factors influencing them among selected male and female students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. This was an analytical cross-sectional study among 110 students who participated in the study that were selected randomly. To measure anaerobic power, Sargent jump and run 45-meter test was used. In order to analyze the factors affecting anaerobic power test, independent t-test and ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05 was conducted, and also to examine the relationship between two tests Pearson correlation test was used. Data analysis showed that sex, weight, height and body mass index in Sargent jump and sex and weight in 45 meters test are significant. Pearson correlation test between anaerobic power test results are positive and significant relationship (r= 0.83 and P<0.001), respectively. The overall results of this study showed a high correlation between the two methods. Also, variables such as sex and weight in both tests showed significant association in the mean anaerobic power.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"45 1","pages":"423-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87013453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the environmental protection posing as the number one global problem, man has no choice but reducing his energy consumption, one way to accomplish this is to resort to passive and low-energy systems to maintain thermal comfort in buildings. The conventional and modern designs of wind towers can successfully be used in the hot arid regions to maintain thermal comfort (with or without the use of ceiling fans) during all hours of the cooling season, or a fraction of it. Climatic design is one of the best approaches to reduce the energy cost in buildings. Proper design is the first step of defence against stress of climate. Buildings should be designed according to climate of the site for reducing the need of mechanical heating or cooling hence maximum natural energy can be used for creating pleasant environment inside the built envelope. Technology and industry progress of the last decade diffused electronic and informatics’ devices in many human activities and now appear also in building construction. The utilisation and operating opportunities components, increase the reduction of heat losses by varying the thermal insulation, optimise the lighting distribution with louver screens and operate mechanical ventilation for coolness in indoor spaces. In addiction to these parameters the intelligent envelope can act for security control and became an important part of the building demotic revolution. Application of simple passive cooling measure is effective in reducing the cooling load of buildings in hot and humid climates. 43% reductions can be achieved using a combination of well-established technologies such as glazing, shading, insulation, and natural ventilation. More advanced passive cooling techniques such as roof pond, dynamic insulation, and evaporative water jacket need to be considered more closely. The building sector is a major consumer of both energy and materials worldwide, and the consumption is increasing. Most industrialised countries are in addition becoming more and more dependent on external supplies of conventional energy carriers, i.e., fossil fuels. Energy for heating and cooling can be replaced by new renewable energy sources. New renewable energy sources, however, are usually not economically feasible compared with the traditional carriers. In order to achieve the major changes needed to alleviate the environmental impacts of the building sector, it is necessary to change and develop both the processes in the industry itself, and to build a favourable framework to overcome the present economic, regulatory and institutional barriers.
{"title":"Energy efficiency and building environment","authors":"A. Omer","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I4.2185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I4.2185","url":null,"abstract":"With the environmental protection posing as the number one global problem, man has no choice but reducing his energy consumption, one way to accomplish this is to resort to passive and low-energy systems to maintain thermal comfort in buildings. The conventional and modern designs of wind towers can successfully be used in the hot arid regions to maintain thermal comfort (with or without the use of ceiling fans) during all hours of the cooling season, or a fraction of it. Climatic design is one of the best approaches to reduce the energy cost in buildings. Proper design is the first step of defence against stress of climate. Buildings should be designed according to climate of the site for reducing the need of mechanical heating or cooling hence maximum natural energy can be used for creating pleasant environment inside the built envelope. Technology and industry progress of the last decade diffused electronic and informatics’ devices in many human activities and now appear also in building construction. The utilisation and operating opportunities components, increase the reduction of heat losses by varying the thermal insulation, optimise the lighting distribution with louver screens and operate mechanical ventilation for coolness in indoor spaces. In addiction to these parameters the intelligent envelope can act for security control and became an important part of the building demotic revolution. Application of simple passive cooling measure is effective in reducing the cooling load of buildings in hot and humid climates. 43% reductions can be achieved using a combination of well-established technologies such as glazing, shading, insulation, and natural ventilation. More advanced passive cooling techniques such as roof pond, dynamic insulation, and evaporative water jacket need to be considered more closely. The building sector is a major consumer of both energy and materials worldwide, and the consumption is increasing. Most industrialised countries are in addition becoming more and more dependent on external supplies of conventional energy carriers, i.e., fossil fuels. Energy for heating and cooling can be replaced by new renewable energy sources. New renewable energy sources, however, are usually not economically feasible compared with the traditional carriers. In order to achieve the major changes needed to alleviate the environmental impacts of the building sector, it is necessary to change and develop both the processes in the industry itself, and to build a favourable framework to overcome the present economic, regulatory and institutional barriers.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"408-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80720539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salmonellosis is a major public health problem in developing countries and is associated with high morbidities and mortalities. The study aimed at isolating, characterizing and determining the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella species from stool samples of patients attending three hospitals in Zaria. A total of 219 stool samples were collected from suspected enteric fever patients. The samples were cultured and isolates characterized and antibiotic susceptibility pattern determined. Out of the 219 samples, 14 yielded positive for Salmonella accounting for a prevalence of 6.4%. With respect to gender and age, male and patients belonging to age group 0-9 were found to have the highest Salmonella infection with 64.3% and 43% respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed good susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol, however the isolates demonstrated poor susceptibility to tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. In addition, 64.3% of the Salmonella isolates were multidrug resistant. Antibiotic susceptibility test should be conducted for Salmonella isolates periodically to monitor development of resistance.
{"title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella Species isolated from Patients attending Selected Hospitals in Zaria","authors":"Z. G. Anchau, O. Olonitola, Elijah Ekah Ella","doi":"10.14196/SJMI.V5I3.2109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJMI.V5I3.2109","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonellosis is a major public health problem in developing countries and is associated with high morbidities and mortalities. The study aimed at isolating, characterizing and determining the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella species from stool samples of patients attending three hospitals in Zaria. A total of 219 stool samples were collected from suspected enteric fever patients. The samples were cultured and isolates characterized and antibiotic susceptibility pattern determined. Out of the 219 samples, 14 yielded positive for Salmonella accounting for a prevalence of 6.4%. With respect to gender and age, male and patients belonging to age group 0-9 were found to have the highest Salmonella infection with 64.3% and 43% respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed good susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol, however the isolates demonstrated poor susceptibility to tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. In addition, 64.3% of the Salmonella isolates were multidrug resistant. Antibiotic susceptibility test should be conducted for Salmonella isolates periodically to monitor development of resistance.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"51 1","pages":"94-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88872289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mohsen, M. E. Okr, E. Gomaa, E. H. Ali, Mohammed Essam
Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy has been applied in the present work to study the defect structure changes of the Zn 1-x Ni x O (0% ≤ x ≤ 10%). This system has been synthesized in nanosize by coprecipitation method. Nanostructure features of the prepared samples have been investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and TEM. The XRD data has revealed that the prepared samples are crystalline and belong to space group P6 3 mc. The deduced estimated average crystallite size is varying from 20 nm to 96 nm in agreement with TEM measurements The variation of lattice parameters and internal strain that have been deduced from XRD data, have shown that the solubility limit of NiO in ZnO does not exceed 5% and are correlated with PAL parameters. At 7% and 10% concentrations the XRD spectra has revealed the presence of secondary peaks due to creation of a new NiO phase, which indicates that Ni is no more incorporated in the ZnO structure. This has been also confirmed by the variation of the energy gap E g deduced from the UV absorbance spectra and the variation of FTIR absorption bands. The (M-H) curves have shown that the saturation magnetization M s suggest the presence of ferromagnetism which decreases with increasing Ni content up to 5%. This is associated with an increase in the formation of vacancy clusters and positron trapping rate in the interface region. In addition, the vacancy defects play an important role in mediating the ferromagnetism behavior in agreement with the polaron model.
本文应用正电子湮没寿命(PAL)光谱研究了Zn 1-x Ni x O(0%≤x≤10%)的缺陷结构变化。采用共沉淀法在纳米尺度上合成了该体系。利用x射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对制备的样品进行了纳米结构表征。XRD数据表明，制备的样品呈结晶状，属于p63mc空间群，平均晶粒尺寸在20 ~ 96 nm之间，与TEM测量结果一致。XRD数据表明，NiO在ZnO中的溶解度极限不超过5%，且与PAL参数有关。在7%和10%的浓度下，由于形成了新的NiO相，XRD谱图显示了二次峰的存在，这表明Ni不再掺入ZnO结构中。从紫外吸收光谱和FTIR吸收谱带的变化可以得到能隙E g的变化。(M- h)曲线表明，饱和磁化强度M s表明铁磁性的存在，并随着Ni含量的增加而减小。这与界面区空位团簇的形成和正电子捕获率的增加有关。此外，空位缺陷在铁磁性行为中起着重要的中介作用，这与极化子模型一致。
{"title":"The effect of nickel doping on the structural, defect structural, optical and magnetic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles","authors":"M. Mohsen, M. E. Okr, E. Gomaa, E. H. Ali, Mohammed Essam","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I3.2137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I3.2137","url":null,"abstract":"Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy has been applied in the present work to study the defect structure changes of the Zn 1-x Ni x O (0% ≤ x ≤ 10%). This system has been synthesized in nanosize by coprecipitation method. Nanostructure features of the prepared samples have been investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and TEM. The XRD data has revealed that the prepared samples are crystalline and belong to space group P6 3 mc. The deduced estimated average crystallite size is varying from 20 nm to 96 nm in agreement with TEM measurements The variation of lattice parameters and internal strain that have been deduced from XRD data, have shown that the solubility limit of NiO in ZnO does not exceed 5% and are correlated with PAL parameters. At 7% and 10% concentrations the XRD spectra has revealed the presence of secondary peaks due to creation of a new NiO phase, which indicates that Ni is no more incorporated in the ZnO structure. This has been also confirmed by the variation of the energy gap E g deduced from the UV absorbance spectra and the variation of FTIR absorption bands. The (M-H) curves have shown that the saturation magnetization M s suggest the presence of ferromagnetism which decreases with increasing Ni content up to 5%. This is associated with an increase in the formation of vacancy clusters and positron trapping rate in the interface region. In addition, the vacancy defects play an important role in mediating the ferromagnetism behavior in agreement with the polaron model.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"360-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86131300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prime objectives of this study is to analysis the individual behavior in both bull and bear markets of paksitan. In this paper, we have examined the preferences, attitude towards risk and varying market condition. We have taken the data of 100 companies from various sectors. For this purpose the data of four years have been collected. Empirical evidences have shown that we have used the abnormal returns, volatility and systematic risk for the purpose of measure of risk. Due to various behavior biases, the overall individual behaviors are the different. This study is showing that bull and bear behaviors are associated with the Book to market valuation .we are also trying to show that overconfidence has impact on the investment decision. The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the individuals behavior in the different market condition.2) In the Bull and Bear market individuals towards risk.3) impact of overconfidence on the different market situation. This study is the related to bull and bear market of Pakistan. It is limited till four years. In 2007 Karachi stock exchange was high growth it was reached till 14075.84 and with annual return of 33.54%. There have observed the significant effect of overconfidence on the risk attitudes. Our studies have taken the stock market of Karachi. Our study is showing very clearly that investor’s behaviors are different in both markets. In this study level of the ownership is taken dependent variable and independent are the no of outstanding shares, EPS, abnormal returns; we have measured the volatility through sigma.
{"title":"Attitude of Pakistan’s individual investor towards risk during bull and bear markets","authors":"K. Najaf, Shumraiz Ashraf","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I3.2160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I3.2160","url":null,"abstract":"The prime objectives of this study is to analysis the individual behavior in both bull and bear markets of paksitan. In this paper, we have examined the preferences, attitude towards risk and varying market condition. We have taken the data of 100 companies from various sectors. For this purpose the data of four years have been collected. Empirical evidences have shown that we have used the abnormal returns, volatility and systematic risk for the purpose of measure of risk. Due to various behavior biases, the overall individual behaviors are the different. This study is showing that bull and bear behaviors are associated with the Book to market valuation .we are also trying to show that overconfidence has impact on the investment decision. The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the individuals behavior in the different market condition.2) In the Bull and Bear market individuals towards risk.3) impact of overconfidence on the different market situation. This study is the related to bull and bear market of Pakistan. It is limited till four years. In 2007 Karachi stock exchange was high growth it was reached till 14075.84 and with annual return of 33.54%. There have observed the significant effect of overconfidence on the risk attitudes. Our studies have taken the stock market of Karachi. Our study is showing very clearly that investor’s behaviors are different in both markets. In this study level of the ownership is taken dependent variable and independent are the no of outstanding shares, EPS, abnormal returns; we have measured the volatility through sigma.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"331-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81149757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper looks at federalism as a political system and how it is being practisedin Nigeria. Using the descriptive method of data gathering, the paper reveals that there are contradictions in its practice in Nigeria. What obtains here is a disguised unitary system. There are many differences between the US and Nigeria in the practice of federalism. It is recommended that since some states are not economically viable, full autonomy be granted to the six regions as federating units as well as derecognizing local governments in the constitution.
{"title":"Federalism in Nigeria: A Critique","authors":"Odisu Terry Andrews","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I3.2128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I3.2128","url":null,"abstract":"The paper looks at federalism as a political system and how it is being practisedin Nigeria. Using the descriptive method of data gathering, the paper reveals that there are contradictions in its practice in Nigeria. What obtains here is a disguised unitary system. There are many differences between the US and Nigeria in the practice of federalism. It is recommended that since some states are not economically viable, full autonomy be granted to the six regions as federating units as well as derecognizing local governments in the constitution.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"108 1","pages":"340-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75823541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2011 the global heat transfer (HTF) market was estimated to be worth $1,684 and is projected to be worth $2,557 million by 2017. The generation of energy from the solar sector is one area that is growing with a projected output of 630 GW by 2050. In the concentrated closer power (CSP) sector, the most commonly used HTF is the eutectic mixture of biphenyl diphenyl oxide (BDO). The chemistry of this fluid means that CSP plants can operate up to 400 degrees Celsius. However, this is not the only key feature of a HTF as other parameters need to be considered. This article discusses the key features of a BDO fluid.
{"title":"Solar thermal fluids – why it is so important to choose the right fluid","authors":"C. Wright","doi":"10.14196/sjr.v5i3.2136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/sjr.v5i3.2136","url":null,"abstract":"In 2011 the global heat transfer (HTF) market was estimated to be worth $1,684 and is projected to be worth $2,557 million by 2017. The generation of energy from the solar sector is one area that is growing with a projected output of 630 GW by 2050. In the concentrated closer power (CSP) sector, the most commonly used HTF is the eutectic mixture of biphenyl diphenyl oxide (BDO). The chemistry of this fluid means that CSP plants can operate up to 400 degrees Celsius. However, this is not the only key feature of a HTF as other parameters need to be considered. This article discusses the key features of a BDO fluid.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"356-359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91203009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dental adhesion is the result of a physicochemical interaction between tooth structure and the adhesive polymeric restorative material. Adhesion involves molecular interactions at the interface between these constituents. Furthermore, mechanical interlocking is a common type of adhesion important in dental materials. This type of bonding involves the penetration of the adhesive into the dental surface and requires different energetic considerations for an optimal interface. An adequate infiltration of adhesive monomers into demineralized dentin depends on several factors that are determined by the atoms on the surface of the structures and the effects of surface energy on the thermodynamic work of adhesion. The polarity, solubility and viscosity of the adhesive system and the surface energy and moisture of dentin tissue are key factors that contribute to adhesion energy. The main goal of dental material adhesion is to produce an interface that is strong and durable. Thus, it is important to optimize the infiltration of adhesive monomers into exposed collagen fiber networks and dentinal tubules in order to increase the strength of the Resin-dentin bonds and produce adequate dentin sealing.
{"title":"Mathematical models of polymer-dentin physicochemical interactions and their biological effects","authors":"P. Baldión, Carlos Cortes","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I2.2125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I2.2125","url":null,"abstract":"Dental adhesion is the result of a physicochemical interaction between tooth structure and the adhesive polymeric restorative material. Adhesion involves molecular interactions at the interface between these constituents. Furthermore, mechanical interlocking is a common type of adhesion important in dental materials. This type of bonding involves the penetration of the adhesive into the dental surface and requires different energetic considerations for an optimal interface. An adequate infiltration of adhesive monomers into demineralized dentin depends on several factors that are determined by the atoms on the surface of the structures and the effects of surface energy on the thermodynamic work of adhesion. The polarity, solubility and viscosity of the adhesive system and the surface energy and moisture of dentin tissue are key factors that contribute to adhesion energy. The main goal of dental material adhesion is to produce an interface that is strong and durable. Thus, it is important to optimize the infiltration of adhesive monomers into exposed collagen fiber networks and dentinal tubules in order to increase the strength of the Resin-dentin bonds and produce adequate dentin sealing.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"114 1","pages":"319-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79864996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudan is dependent upon groundwater aquifers for its supply of water, both for human consumption and irrigation. The present minimum annual requirements of water for human and animal consumption in the rural areas of Sudan are estimated to be 275 x 10 6 m 3 (23% of this amount is provided from groundwater). About 1381 x 10 6 m 3 are estimated to recharge from the major basins annually. Only 143 x 10 6 m 3 of this recharged water is used because of lack of proper policies, technical manpower, inadequacy of knowledge and absence of appropriate research to develop new technologies and approaches. In this chapter the groundwater resources management in Sudan is presented. It can be concluded that the groundwater potentialities of the basins are extremely high. Finally, large quantities of groundwater are available for future development in irrigation and domestic supply.
{"title":"Groundwater potential and sustainable management in the Nile valley: an overview","authors":"A. Omer","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I2.2129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I2.2129","url":null,"abstract":"Sudan is dependent upon groundwater aquifers for its supply of water, both for human consumption and irrigation. The present minimum annual requirements of water for human and animal consumption in the rural areas of Sudan are estimated to be 275 x 10 6 m 3 (23% of this amount is provided from groundwater). About 1381 x 10 6 m 3 are estimated to recharge from the major basins annually. Only 143 x 10 6 m 3 of this recharged water is used because of lack of proper policies, technical manpower, inadequacy of knowledge and absence of appropriate research to develop new technologies and approaches. In this chapter the groundwater resources management in Sudan is presented. It can be concluded that the groundwater potentialities of the basins are extremely high. Finally, large quantities of groundwater are available for future development in irrigation and domestic supply.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"452 1","pages":"289-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78282240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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