For the thirty-nine million people, who live in Sudan, environmental pollution is a major concern; therefore industry, communities, local authorities and central government, to deal with pollution issues, should adopt an integrated approach. Most polluters pay little or no attention to the control and proper management of polluting effluents. This may be due to a lack of enforceable legislation and/or the fear of spending money on the treatment of their effluent prior to discharge. Furthermore, the imposed fines are generally low and therefore do not deter potential offenders.
{"title":"Sustainability criteria for water resource systems: sustainable development and management","authors":"A. Omer","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V5I2.2130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V5I2.2130","url":null,"abstract":"For the thirty-nine million people, who live in Sudan, environmental pollution is a major concern; therefore industry, communities, local authorities and central government, to deal with pollution issues, should adopt an integrated approach. Most polluters pay little or no attention to the control and proper management of polluting effluents. This may be due to a lack of enforceable legislation and/or the fear of spending money on the treatment of their effluent prior to discharge. Furthermore, the imposed fines are generally low and therefore do not deter potential offenders.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"57 1","pages":"299-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83891323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The imminent exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the increasing demand for energy were the motives for those reasonable in world to put into practice an energy policy based on rational use of energy; and on exploitation of new and renewable energy sources. After 1980, as the supply of conventional energy has not been able to follow the tremendous increase of the production demand in rural areas of the world, a renewed interest for the application of solar and wind energy has shown in many places. Therefore, the researchers and engineers began to pay more attention to wind and solar energy utilisation in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large-scale in the near future. Wind is a form of renewable energy, which is always in a non-steady state due to the wide temporal and spatial variations of wind velocity. The need for the provision of new data stations in order to enable a complete and reliable assessment of the overall wind power potential of the country is to be identified and specific locations suggested. This article presents the background and ideas of the development of the concept as well as the main results and experience gained during ongoing projects up to now. In the world, various designs of wind machines for water pumping have been developed and some designs are presently manufactured commercially. Results suggest that wind power would be more profitably used for local and small-scale applications especially for remote rural areas. It is concluded that many parts of the world is enjoyed with abundant wind and solar energy resources.
{"title":"Wind energy development: Innovation and new prospective","authors":"A. Omer","doi":"10.14196/sjr.v5i1.2118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/sjr.v5i1.2118","url":null,"abstract":"The imminent exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the increasing demand for energy were the motives for those reasonable in world to put into practice an energy policy based on rational use of energy; and on exploitation of new and renewable energy sources. After 1980, as the supply of conventional energy has not been able to follow the tremendous increase of the production demand in rural areas of the world, a renewed interest for the application of solar and wind energy has shown in many places. Therefore, the researchers and engineers began to pay more attention to wind and solar energy utilisation in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large-scale in the near future. Wind is a form of renewable energy, which is always in a non-steady state due to the wide temporal and spatial variations of wind velocity. The need for the provision of new data stations in order to enable a complete and reliable assessment of the overall wind power potential of the country is to be identified and specific locations suggested. This article presents the background and ideas of the development of the concept as well as the main results and experience gained during ongoing projects up to now. In the world, various designs of wind machines for water pumping have been developed and some designs are presently manufactured commercially. Results suggest that wind power would be more profitably used for local and small-scale applications especially for remote rural areas. It is concluded that many parts of the world is enjoyed with abundant wind and solar energy resources.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"271-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83440951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cow’s colostrum contains the basic alimentary constituents; fat, protein, carbohydrate, minerals and vitamins, in addition to immunoglobulin, biological factors, hormones and other biological particles. These constituents play an important role in immunity and health of the newborn calves, as they are born with weak immunity and acquire their immunity after birth within three weeks continuously after being fed the colostrums. Feeding colostrums immediately after birth is found to protect the calves from the pathological factors which are around them at birth and at the beginning of breath. The synthesis of the colostrum takes place at the end of pregnancy during the dry period after increasing the hormones receptors on the epithelial cells in the udder. Colostrum production continues after birth for five days and it is the source of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a part of IgA, IgM, in colostrums is the blood, whereas the plasma of the epithelial cells in udder synthesizes 50% of IgA and IgM. IgG forms the greatest part in colostrum approximately 85-90% and the remaining parts are IgM at rate 7% and IgA at rate 5%. Controlling udder within the dry period is basic to prevent inflammation especially subclinical mastitis, because it will lead to retard the colostrum quantity after birth and decrease its concentration of Ig especially IgG. It is important to determine immunoglobulin level produced after birth using different methods especially the field ones, which are simple and available. These methods will help to categorize and freeze the good quality surplus colostrum to feed the newborn of low quality colostrum producing cows.
{"title":"Immunoglobulin in colostrum and health of newborn Calves","authors":"S. Kaskous, A. Fadlelmoula","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I12.2075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I12.2075","url":null,"abstract":"Cow’s colostrum contains the basic alimentary constituents; fat, protein, carbohydrate, minerals and vitamins, in addition to immunoglobulin, biological factors, hormones and other biological particles. These constituents play an important role in immunity and health of the newborn calves, as they are born with weak immunity and acquire their immunity after birth within three weeks continuously after being fed the colostrums. Feeding colostrums immediately after birth is found to protect the calves from the pathological factors which are around them at birth and at the beginning of breath. The synthesis of the colostrum takes place at the end of pregnancy during the dry period after increasing the hormones receptors on the epithelial cells in the udder. Colostrum production continues after birth for five days and it is the source of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a part of IgA, IgM, in colostrums is the blood, whereas the plasma of the epithelial cells in udder synthesizes 50% of IgA and IgM. IgG forms the greatest part in colostrum approximately 85-90% and the remaining parts are IgM at rate 7% and IgA at rate 5%. Controlling udder within the dry period is basic to prevent inflammation especially subclinical mastitis, because it will lead to retard the colostrum quantity after birth and decrease its concentration of Ig especially IgG. It is important to determine immunoglobulin level produced after birth using different methods especially the field ones, which are simple and available. These methods will help to categorize and freeze the good quality surplus colostrum to feed the newborn of low quality colostrum producing cows.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"9 9 1","pages":"242-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88702602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing the development impact of agricultural research as it relates to promoting food and nutrition security continues to be a major challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. The preceding review explores the opportunities and constraints that are associated with increasing the development impact of agricultural research in enhancing food and nutrition security in Sub Saharan Africa. The engendered agricultural research approach in promoting food production and security is examined. There is an attempt to describe the impact of gender-sensitive agricultural research on food production and its implication for food and nutrition security. The influence of policy environment, inclusion of micro-livestock and insects farming in the mainstream agriculture production and agricultural research priorities in increasing the development impact of agricultural research are highlighted. It is also suggested that incorporating indigenous knowledge as the basis of agricultural research may promote increasing development impact of agricultural research in the region. Climate smart agricultural research should become increasingly important such that it influences food production and achieve the primary objective of achieving food and nutrition security. Sub Saharan Africa is endowed with potential good agricultural space which can be put in good use through increasing the development impact of agricultural research in a manner that the ultimate goal of self food and nutrition sustenance is attained. The review concludes that in the planning and implementation of agricultural research to enhance food and nutrition security, gender sensitive agricultural policies should be put in place such that women become the focal point of food production in Sub Saharan Africa. The sustainable development goals aimed at achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture can be only realized through increasing the development impact of agricultural research in Sub Saharan Africa.
{"title":"Prospects and challenges of increasing the development impact of agricultural research in enhancing food and nutrition security in Sub Saharan Africa","authors":"N. Assan","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I12.2062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I12.2062","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing the development impact of agricultural research as it relates to promoting food and nutrition security continues to be a major challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. The preceding review explores the opportunities and constraints that are associated with increasing the development impact of agricultural research in enhancing food and nutrition security in Sub Saharan Africa. The engendered agricultural research approach in promoting food production and security is examined. There is an attempt to describe the impact of gender-sensitive agricultural research on food production and its implication for food and nutrition security. The influence of policy environment, inclusion of micro-livestock and insects farming in the mainstream agriculture production and agricultural research priorities in increasing the development impact of agricultural research are highlighted. It is also suggested that incorporating indigenous knowledge as the basis of agricultural research may promote increasing development impact of agricultural research in the region. Climate smart agricultural research should become increasingly important such that it influences food production and achieve the primary objective of achieving food and nutrition security. Sub Saharan Africa is endowed with potential good agricultural space which can be put in good use through increasing the development impact of agricultural research in a manner that the ultimate goal of self food and nutrition sustenance is attained. The review concludes that in the planning and implementation of agricultural research to enhance food and nutrition security, gender sensitive agricultural policies should be put in place such that women become the focal point of food production in Sub Saharan Africa. The sustainable development goals aimed at achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture can be only realized through increasing the development impact of agricultural research in Sub Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"123 1","pages":"232-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76662340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of CO2, NOx and CFCs emissions triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable to reduce energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy reserves and pollution of the environment. This article discusses a comprehensive review of energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change.
{"title":"Global progress in green energies development and the environment","authors":"A. Omer, S. Omer","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I12.2085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I12.2085","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of CO2, NOx and CFCs emissions triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable to reduce energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy reserves and pollution of the environment. This article discusses a comprehensive review of energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"205-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83936279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review article looks at the factors affecting dressing percentage in goats. Many factors can affect the dressing percentage (DP), therefore it is important for goat producers to understand the concept and factors influencing dressing percentage because it can equate to profitability. In general, goat genotypes that are heavier muscled have a higher dressing percent than goat genotypes that are lighter muscled. Additionally, as the goat fat thickness on the outside of a carcass increases, the dressing percent also increases. Dressing percentage is based on the relationship between the dressed goat carcass weight and the live weight after things like the hide and internal organs have been removed. Goat dressing percentage can be calculated by taking (weight of the carcass / weight of live animal) * 100. This can be determined on a hot carcass weight or a cold carcass weight. There are indication of the potentiality to manipulating some of the factors that influence dressing percentage in goat to the producer’s advantage. Better goat rearing practices can be achieved through nutritional management resulting in improvement of dressing percentage.
{"title":"Some factors influencing dressing percentage in goat meat production","authors":"N. Assan","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I10.1940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I10.1940","url":null,"abstract":"This review article looks at the factors affecting dressing percentage in goats. Many factors can affect the dressing percentage (DP), therefore it is important for goat producers to understand the concept and factors influencing dressing percentage because it can equate to profitability. In general, goat genotypes that are heavier muscled have a higher dressing percent than goat genotypes that are lighter muscled. Additionally, as the goat fat thickness on the outside of a carcass increases, the dressing percent also increases. Dressing percentage is based on the relationship between the dressed goat carcass weight and the live weight after things like the hide and internal organs have been removed. Goat dressing percentage can be calculated by taking (weight of the carcass / weight of live animal) * 100. This can be determined on a hot carcass weight or a cold carcass weight. There are indication of the potentiality to manipulating some of the factors that influence dressing percentage in goat to the producer’s advantage. Better goat rearing practices can be achieved through nutritional management resulting in improvement of dressing percentage.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"59 1","pages":"156-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78549514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The actual problems of detail studying and cartography of Ukrainian PreCambrian Shield were used. The aim of work was to werify possibility of check whether enderbity create high value of the magnetic field and how they can be visualized on the map. The magnetic susceptibility and thermomagnetic analysis of enderbytes were investigated. It is shown that enderbytes do not produce the great amounts of MagneticField, but they have a highest induction of magnetic field against the background of others weak-magnetic rose granites.
{"title":"Magnetometry of enderbites in Gaisin block of Ukrainian shield","authors":"M. Reshetnyk","doi":"10.14196/sjr.v4i10.2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/sjr.v4i10.2014","url":null,"abstract":"The actual problems of detail studying and cartography of Ukrainian PreCambrian Shield were used. The aim of work was to werify possibility of check whether enderbity create high value of the magnetic field and how they can be visualized on the map. The magnetic susceptibility and thermomagnetic analysis of enderbytes were investigated. It is shown that enderbytes do not produce the great amounts of MagneticField, but they have a highest induction of magnetic field against the background of others weak-magnetic rose granites.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"67 2","pages":"193-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72629769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of narratology is concerned with the study and analysis of narrative texts. It puts under investigation literary pieces of language and yields an understanding of the components has in its very texture. The aim of this article is to provide insights about the field of ‘narratology’ and its associated subject of study ‘narrative’. It also tries to sketch the main issues concerning these two concepts. For this, the present review is presented in two major sections, each with related discussions about narratology and narrative. The first major part, narratology, will be presented in three sections: the first section, deals with the definitions and origins of narratology. The definitions are inspected and the researchers show how they go from general (encompassing all which is narrated) to more specific (encompassing literary narratives told by a narrator) ones. The second section, focuses on the two phases of narratology which are classical and post-classical ones in which narratology changed its orientations and scope. The last section is devoted to some of the elements and components of which narratology is made up, such as narration, focolization, narrative situation, action, story analysis, tellability, tense, time, and narrative modes which will be elaborated on in more details. The second major part, narrative, will be presented in four sections: first the concept will be defined and introduced. Then the features which make a narrative will be specified and elaborated on. In the third section, some of the elements of narratives like story, discourse, events, and existents are stressed. In the last section, it is elucidated that narrative is not just a written printed genre, rather it consists of performed genres such as plays, films, and operas.
{"title":"Key concepts and basic notes on narratology and narrative","authors":"M. Amerian, L. Jorfi","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I10.1927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I10.1927","url":null,"abstract":"The field of narratology is concerned with the study and analysis of narrative texts. It puts under investigation literary pieces of language and yields an understanding of the components has in its very texture. The aim of this article is to provide insights about the field of ‘narratology’ and its associated subject of study ‘narrative’. It also tries to sketch the main issues concerning these two concepts. For this, the present review is presented in two major sections, each with related discussions about narratology and narrative. The first major part, narratology, will be presented in three sections: the first section, deals with the definitions and origins of narratology. The definitions are inspected and the researchers show how they go from general (encompassing all which is narrated) to more specific (encompassing literary narratives told by a narrator) ones. The second section, focuses on the two phases of narratology which are classical and post-classical ones in which narratology changed its orientations and scope. The last section is devoted to some of the elements and components of which narratology is made up, such as narration, focolization, narrative situation, action, story analysis, tellability, tense, time, and narrative modes which will be elaborated on in more details. The second major part, narrative, will be presented in four sections: first the concept will be defined and introduced. Then the features which make a narrative will be specified and elaborated on. In the third section, some of the elements of narratives like story, discourse, events, and existents are stressed. In the last section, it is elucidated that narrative is not just a written printed genre, rather it consists of performed genres such as plays, films, and operas.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"182-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77332520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless sensor network consist of some nodes. Each node is responsible for gathering environment data and sending it to BS in order for received data to be analyzed. One of the main problems of this kind of network is the little primary energy of nodes and the little space of node memories. Each time data is sensed, node energy is reduced. Continuation of this situation results in the reduction of network lifetime or death. Suitable methods are presented for data transfer from nodes to BS. These methods have been able to optimize energy consumption in comparison with similar previous methods. One of the methods of acceptable optimization of energy consumption and network lifetime is the use of genetic algorithm in the network process of routing. Each method makes to using of different parameters that these parameters have created strengths and weaknesses. In this research, we present useful solutions for the reduction of energy consumption in network by the use of genetic algorithm. The main idea is to consider the methods proposed in recent years. The simulation results of creditable essays have been used to show the strong and weak parts of presented methods. Then, optimization solutions have been proposed by the use of simulation results and the weaknesses of existing methods.
{"title":"New methods of routing for the reduction of energy consumption in wireless sensor network","authors":"A. Baradaran, H. Qamsarizadeh, H. Heidari","doi":"10.14196/sjr.v4i10.1925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/sjr.v4i10.1925","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensor network consist of some nodes. Each node is responsible for gathering environment data and sending it to BS in order for received data to be analyzed. One of the main problems of this kind of network is the little primary energy of nodes and the little space of node memories. Each time data is sensed, node energy is reduced. Continuation of this situation results in the reduction of network lifetime or death. Suitable methods are presented for data transfer from nodes to BS. These methods have been able to optimize energy consumption in comparison with similar previous methods. One of the methods of acceptable optimization of energy consumption and network lifetime is the use of genetic algorithm in the network process of routing. Each method makes to using of different parameters that these parameters have created strengths and weaknesses. In this research, we present useful solutions for the reduction of energy consumption in network by the use of genetic algorithm. The main idea is to consider the methods proposed in recent years. The simulation results of creditable essays have been used to show the strong and weak parts of presented methods. Then, optimization solutions have been proposed by the use of simulation results and the weaknesses of existing methods.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"4 1","pages":"165-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85244934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Software cost estimation is a challenging and onerous task. Estimation by analogy is one of the expedient techniques in software effort estimation field. However, the methodology utilized for the estimation of software effort by analogy is not able to handle the categorical data in an explicit and precise manner. Early software estimation models are based on regression analysis or mathematical derivations. Software effort estimation is the process of predicting most realistic use of effort required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete and uncertain input. There are various methods suggested by researchers for calculating effort. The best result are achieved by using soft computing technique. In this paper we have represented size in KLOC as a triangular fuzzy number. Fuzzy-based methods compare with common methods. MATLAB is used for tuning the parameters of famous various cost estimation methods. On published software projects data, the performance of the method is evaluated. Comparison of results from SCEFL (Software Cost Estimation using Fuzzy Logic) methods with existing ubiquitous methods is done.
{"title":"The comparison of software cost estimation methods using fuzzy sets theory","authors":"H. N. Nahook","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I9.1922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I9.1922","url":null,"abstract":"Software cost estimation is a challenging and onerous task. Estimation by analogy is one of the expedient techniques in software effort estimation field. However, the methodology utilized for the estimation of software effort by analogy is not able to handle the categorical data in an explicit and precise manner. Early software estimation models are based on regression analysis or mathematical derivations. Software effort estimation is the process of predicting most realistic use of effort required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete and uncertain input. There are various methods suggested by researchers for calculating effort. The best result are achieved by using soft computing technique. In this paper we have represented size in KLOC as a triangular fuzzy number. Fuzzy-based methods compare with common methods. MATLAB is used for tuning the parameters of famous various cost estimation methods. On published software projects data, the performance of the method is evaluated. Comparison of results from SCEFL (Software Cost Estimation using Fuzzy Logic) methods with existing ubiquitous methods is done.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"46 1","pages":"124-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78537665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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