The move towards a de-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provides comfortable coexistence of human, livestock, and plants. This study reviews the energy-using technologies based on natural resources, which are available to and applicable in the farming industry. Integral concept for buildings with both excellent indoor environment control and sustainable environmental impact are reported in the present communication. Techniques considered are hybrid (controlled natural and mechanical) ventilation including night ventilation, thermo-active building mass systems with free cooling in a cooling tower, and air intake via ground heat exchangers. Special emphasis is put on ventilation concepts utilising ambient energy from air ground and other renewable energy sources, and on the interaction with heating and cooling. It has been observed that for both residential and office buildings, the electricity demand of ventilation systems is related to the overall demand of the building and the potential of photovoltaic systems and advanced co-generation units. The focus of the world’s attention on environmental issues in recent years has stimulated response in many countries, which have led to a closer examination of energy conservation strategies for conventional fossil fuels. One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply. Passive measures, particularly natural or hybrid ventilation rather than air-conditioning, can dramatically reduce primary energy consumption. However, exploitation of renewable energy in buildings and agricultural greenhouses can, also, significantly contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This article describes various designs of low energy buildings. It also, outlines the effect of dense urban building nature on energy consumption, and its contribution to climate change. Measures, which would help to save energy in buildings, are also presented.
{"title":"Low energy building design: heating, ventilation and air conditioning","authors":"A. Omer","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I2.1830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I2.1830","url":null,"abstract":"The move towards a de-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provides comfortable coexistence of human, livestock, and plants. This study reviews the energy-using technologies based on natural resources, which are available to and applicable in the farming industry. Integral concept for buildings with both excellent indoor environment control and sustainable environmental impact are reported in the present communication. Techniques considered are hybrid (controlled natural and mechanical) ventilation including night ventilation, thermo-active building mass systems with free cooling in a cooling tower, and air intake via ground heat exchangers. Special emphasis is put on ventilation concepts utilising ambient energy from air ground and other renewable energy sources, and on the interaction with heating and cooling. It has been observed that for both residential and office buildings, the electricity demand of ventilation systems is related to the overall demand of the building and the potential of photovoltaic systems and advanced co-generation units. The focus of the world’s attention on environmental issues in recent years has stimulated response in many countries, which have led to a closer examination of energy conservation strategies for conventional fossil fuels. One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply. Passive measures, particularly natural or hybrid ventilation rather than air-conditioning, can dramatically reduce primary energy consumption. However, exploitation of renewable energy in buildings and agricultural greenhouses can, also, significantly contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This article describes various designs of low energy buildings. It also, outlines the effect of dense urban building nature on energy consumption, and its contribution to climate change. Measures, which would help to save energy in buildings, are also presented.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"30-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85408831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Air/water ionization technology (AIT) in the greenhouse farms is one of the offering methods of increasing healthy crops and much more productions as usual methods in agricultural industry. AIT is a hi-tech equipment for improving farms productions beside of growing plants process. This technology has more important in improvement of plants living conditions in greenhouses. According to the performed research, utilizing the agricultural modern technologies, have an efficient effect on the quantity and quality of greenhouses and farms products. For this reason, negative ion injections into the greenhouse farms could be a part of research policies in developing and least developing countries for effective exploitation and correction of agricultural conditions, as it was the part of basic researches policies in last 40 years in developed countries. In this paper, we try to introduce hi-tech air ionization equipment based on corona discharge method and expression of its importance using in developing and least developing countries.
{"title":"Combination of Air Ionization and Engineering Physics Methods for Optimization Agroindustry","authors":"A. Jahanshir","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I1.1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I1.1807","url":null,"abstract":"Air/water ionization technology (AIT) in the greenhouse farms is one of the offering methods of increasing healthy crops and much more productions as usual methods in agricultural industry. AIT is a hi-tech equipment for improving farms productions beside of growing plants process. This technology has more important in improvement of plants living conditions in greenhouses. According to the performed research, utilizing the agricultural modern technologies, have an efficient effect on the quantity and quality of greenhouses and farms products. For this reason, negative ion injections into the greenhouse farms could be a part of research policies in developing and least developing countries for effective exploitation and correction of agricultural conditions, as it was the part of basic researches policies in last 40 years in developed countries. In this paper, we try to introduce hi-tech air ionization equipment based on corona discharge method and expression of its importance using in developing and least developing countries.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72679043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyed Shamseddin Alizadeh, Pouya Sheikh Damanab, Y. Rasoulzadeh, Parisa Moshashaie, S. Varmazyar
Risk management and improve the reliability of the process, are the issues which have become more important in production and operations management literature. Risk assessment is an important tool in risk management to reduce project risks and achieve sustainable development. At present the risk assessment is concerned in planning and policy-making in most of the world countries. There are several techniques for identifying hazards and assessing risks. One of the most important of these techniques is Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). FMEA is an efficient tool for the identification of potential failure modes and their effects in order to increase the reliability and safety of complex systems. Also this technique is useful to gather data needed for decision making and risk control. In fact, the purpose of this technique is: a. to identify failure modes and their effects; b. to specify the corrective actions to eliminate or reduce the probability of failure and ultimately c. development of efficient maintenance system to reduce the occurrence of potential scenarios. In this study, several other studies have investigated and tried to explore a range of its benefits and uses and also the method of risks computation using this technique is presented.
{"title":"Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Technique:A Literature Review","authors":"Seyed Shamseddin Alizadeh, Pouya Sheikh Damanab, Y. Rasoulzadeh, Parisa Moshashaie, S. Varmazyar","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I1.1805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I1.1805","url":null,"abstract":"Risk management and improve the reliability of the process, are the issues which have become more important in production and operations management literature. Risk assessment is an important tool in risk management to reduce project risks and achieve sustainable development. At present the risk assessment is concerned in planning and policy-making in most of the world countries. There are several techniques for identifying hazards and assessing risks. One of the most important of these techniques is Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). FMEA is an efficient tool for the identification of potential failure modes and their effects in order to increase the reliability and safety of complex systems. Also this technique is useful to gather data needed for decision making and risk control. In fact, the purpose of this technique is: a. to identify failure modes and their effects; b. to specify the corrective actions to eliminate or reduce the probability of failure and ultimately c. development of efficient maintenance system to reduce the occurrence of potential scenarios. In this study, several other studies have investigated and tried to explore a range of its benefits and uses and also the method of risks computation using this technique is presented.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83784050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This presentation deals with input processing theory (hereafter IP theory) of VanPatten (2002a, 2002b, 2004, and 2009) and VanPatten and a number of his collaborates (e.g. VanPatten and Cadierno, 1993a, and 1993b; Wong and VanPatten, 2003). For this it explains the importance of input in discussions of language learning especially the learning of a second or foreign language. Then an elaboration of IP theory will be presented, theoretical and pedagogical implications of this theory for second language acquisition (SLA) will be pinpointed, and finally criticisms on IP will be discussed.
本演讲涉及VanPatten (2002a, 2002b, 2004和2009)的输入处理理论(以下简称IP理论)，以及VanPatten和他的一些合作伙伴(例如VanPatten和Cadierno, 1993a和1993b;Wong and VanPatten, 2003)。因此，它解释了在语言学习的讨论中，特别是在学习第二语言或外语的讨论中，输入的重要性。然后，本文将详细阐述知识产权理论，指出该理论对二语习得的理论和教学意义，最后讨论对知识产权的批评。
{"title":"Input processing theory","authors":"Hossein Khazaee, Roxana Sheikh","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I8.1894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I8.1894","url":null,"abstract":"This presentation deals with input processing theory (hereafter IP theory) of VanPatten (2002a, 2002b, 2004, and 2009) and VanPatten and a number of his collaborates (e.g. VanPatten and Cadierno, 1993a, and 1993b; Wong and VanPatten, 2003). For this it explains the importance of input in discussions of language learning especially the learning of a second or foreign language. Then an elaboration of IP theory will be presented, theoretical and pedagogical implications of this theory for second language acquisition (SLA) will be pinpointed, and finally criticisms on IP will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"110-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75281989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the limitations of each method of posture evaluation; the results from the comparison and evaluation of combined methods in order to complete and assess a comprehensive list of risk factors of activities is important. The purpose of this study was evaluated risk factors of manual handling, repetitive tasks and to determine the correlation between the results from two MAC and ART techniques. In this descriptive-analytical study, 50 workers who were working in 25 jobs were studied. In each task, after interviewing workers and observing their work cycles, a video was produced and the risk factors related to each activity were evaluated separately in accordance with both MAC and ART techniques. The correlations two techniques were examined by spss16 using Pearson correlation test. In accordance with the ART and MAC, 16% of the work stations are at high risk level ART and MAC techniques showed that in stations of manual handling and repetitive movements are carried out, ratings of the two techniques are different. Also, a significant positive correlation (R=0.725) in the evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders were observed with the aforementioned methods. The findings of this study confirm the agreement between the two techniques of risk assessments that can be lowered by designing, modification of workplace, planning and implementation of ergonomic on the job training and establishing the appropriate work-rest cycle, musculoskeletal disorders
{"title":"Manual material handling assessment and repetitive tasks with two methods MAC and ART in a subsidiary of a manufacturer of cleaning products","authors":"S. Varmazyar, S. Shokri, Ali Safarivaryani","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V4I8.1899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V4I8.1899","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the limitations of each method of posture evaluation; the results from the comparison and evaluation of combined methods in order to complete and assess a comprehensive list of risk factors of activities is important. The purpose of this study was evaluated risk factors of manual handling, repetitive tasks and to determine the correlation between the results from two MAC and ART techniques. In this descriptive-analytical study, 50 workers who were working in 25 jobs were studied. In each task, after interviewing workers and observing their work cycles, a video was produced and the risk factors related to each activity were evaluated separately in accordance with both MAC and ART techniques. The correlations two techniques were examined by spss16 using Pearson correlation test. In accordance with the ART and MAC, 16% of the work stations are at high risk level ART and MAC techniques showed that in stations of manual handling and repetitive movements are carried out, ratings of the two techniques are different. Also, a significant positive correlation (R=0.725) in the evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders were observed with the aforementioned methods. The findings of this study confirm the agreement between the two techniques of risk assessments that can be lowered by designing, modification of workplace, planning and implementation of ergonomic on the job training and establishing the appropriate work-rest cycle, musculoskeletal disorders","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"292 1","pages":"116-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79511658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Machine milking is widely spreading and practised in she-camel many years ago, but in some countries still used only in small scale due to some constraints; of which non effective use of the machine, difficulty of the machine usage or the restraining of the machine by the she-camel. This study presents some of problems that hinder the usage of machine milking in she-camel due to variations in the daily milk yield, lactation yield and length. Since genetic improvement programs planed towards improvement of camel reproductive and production performances were very scarce.and hand milknig is practised in a wide range in small sacle production systems. The other constraint facing machine milking is the variations in morphological, anatomical and physiological aspects of camel udder and teats. These variations exist not only between countires, but between herds and within herds and this explore the inconvienice to practise machine milking. The third challenge is that most of camel milking necessitate the presence of calves beside their mothers to stimulate milk ejection reflex. Added to that camels must be trained enter milking which may take between 2-4 weeks based on the background of the animal.
{"title":"The Challenge of Machine Milking in Dromedary Camel","authors":"S. Kaskous, A. Fadlelmoula","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V3I12.1767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V3I12.1767","url":null,"abstract":"Machine milking is widely spreading and practised in she-camel many years ago, but in some countries still used only in small scale due to some constraints; of which non effective use of the machine, difficulty of the machine usage or the restraining of the machine by the she-camel. This study presents some of problems that hinder the usage of machine milking in she-camel due to variations in the daily milk yield, lactation yield and length. Since genetic improvement programs planed towards improvement of camel reproductive and production performances were very scarce.and hand milknig is practised in a wide range in small sacle production systems. The other constraint facing machine milking is the variations in morphological, anatomical and physiological aspects of camel udder and teats. These variations exist not only between countires, but between herds and within herds and this explore the inconvienice to practise machine milking. The third challenge is that most of camel milking necessitate the presence of calves beside their mothers to stimulate milk ejection reflex. Added to that camels must be trained enter milking which may take between 2-4 weeks based on the background of the animal.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"39 6 1","pages":"1004-1017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72668141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The factors influencing the amount and composition of produced milk can be divided into two groups, namely internal and external factors. This is very important to remember when evaluating the milk quality and in the improvement of milk yield and composition in a dairy enterprise. Of the external factors it is possible to mention a few: litter size, duration of dry period and stage of pregnancy. The present discussion explores the significance of litter size, duration of dry period and pregnancy on milk yield and composition in dairy production. In goats and sheep dams bearing twins or triplets had higher milk yield than single bearing dams, and this significant increase in milk production in these dams that carried twins and triplets was followed by an increase in lactation length. Due to the amount of milk animal produce, the drying-off process is often more complicated for dairy animals (cattle, goats and some sheep). However, this period is essential to enables dams to regain the body condition needed to support the subsequent pregnancy and lactation. The majority of dairy animals dry off spontaneously because of the aforementioned natural decrease in daily milk production. The length of dry period influences milk production in the subsquent lactation, with shortening of the dry period showing a markedly negative effect on milk performance of dams. Lactating animals should have an opportunity to rest and regenerate mammary tissue between lactations. F or optimal dairy animal performance in the next lactation, lactating animals should have an opportunity to rest and regenerate mammary tissue between lactations. The amount of produced milk and its composition are influenced by the stage of pregnancy: in the first half of pregnancy it is not possible to observe any pronounced changes while in the second stage of pregnancy can observe a gradual decrease in milk production as well as an imcrease in levels of individual milk components. During pregnancy and the first few days postpartum, milk supply is hormonally driven – this is called the endocrine control system . This implies that in the course of lactation, changes in milk production are caused by changes in activities of the endocrine system that are caused by hormones sectreted by pitiutary gland (hypophysis cerebi) and placenta. During the latter part of pregnancy, the mammary gland is making colostrum, but high levels of progesterone inhibit milk secretion resulting reduced milk yield. Progesterone influences the growth in size of alveoli and lobes; high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth. Progesterone levels drop after birth; this triggers the onset of copious milk production. Estrogen stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate. Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation, while the hormone prolactin must be present for milk synthesis to occur.
{"title":"Significance of litter size, duration of dry period and stage of pregnacy on milk yield and composition in dairy animals","authors":"N. Assan","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V3I12.1781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V3I12.1781","url":null,"abstract":"The factors influencing the amount and composition of produced milk can be divided into two groups, namely internal and external factors. This is very important to remember when evaluating the milk quality and in the improvement of milk yield and composition in a dairy enterprise. Of the external factors it is possible to mention a few: litter size, duration of dry period and stage of pregnancy. The present discussion explores the significance of litter size, duration of dry period and pregnancy on milk yield and composition in dairy production. In goats and sheep dams bearing twins or triplets had higher milk yield than single bearing dams, and this significant increase in milk production in these dams that carried twins and triplets was followed by an increase in lactation length. Due to the amount of milk animal produce, the drying-off process is often more complicated for dairy animals (cattle, goats and some sheep). However, this period is essential to enables dams to regain the body condition needed to support the subsequent pregnancy and lactation. The majority of dairy animals dry off spontaneously because of the aforementioned natural decrease in daily milk production. The length of dry period influences milk production in the subsquent lactation, with shortening of the dry period showing a markedly negative effect on milk performance of dams. Lactating animals should have an opportunity to rest and regenerate mammary tissue between lactations. F or optimal dairy animal performance in the next lactation, lactating animals should have an opportunity to rest and regenerate mammary tissue between lactations. The amount of produced milk and its composition are influenced by the stage of pregnancy: in the first half of pregnancy it is not possible to observe any pronounced changes while in the second stage of pregnancy can observe a gradual decrease in milk production as well as an imcrease in levels of individual milk components. During pregnancy and the first few days postpartum, milk supply is hormonally driven – this is called the endocrine control system . This implies that in the course of lactation, changes in milk production are caused by changes in activities of the endocrine system that are caused by hormones sectreted by pitiutary gland (hypophysis cerebi) and placenta. During the latter part of pregnancy, the mammary gland is making colostrum, but high levels of progesterone inhibit milk secretion resulting reduced milk yield. Progesterone influences the growth in size of alveoli and lobes; high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth. Progesterone levels drop after birth; this triggers the onset of copious milk production. Estrogen stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate. Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation, while the hormone prolactin must be present for milk synthesis to occur.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"993-1003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89731178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of breed, stage of lactation and nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in goats. Different breeds protray different lactation curves, this is possibly that their genomes from a genetically point of view are different. Crosses of pure breeds and local goat genetic resources will improve milk production in an extensive traditional system because they will be able to deal with low input that characterize the traditional extensive farming systems. However, nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in goats, as a result correct feed management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy goat may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase goat milk production and to ensure high feed efficiency, goat farmers need to pay close attention to the lactation curves of dams within their herds.
{"title":"Effect of breed, stage of lactation and nutrition on milk production traits in goats","authors":"N. Assan","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V3I12.1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V3I12.1766","url":null,"abstract":"This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of breed, stage of lactation and nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in goats. Different breeds protray different lactation curves, this is possibly that their genomes from a genetically point of view are different. Crosses of pure breeds and local goat genetic resources will improve milk production in an extensive traditional system because they will be able to deal with low input that characterize the traditional extensive farming systems. However, nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in goats, as a result correct feed management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy goat may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase goat milk production and to ensure high feed efficiency, goat farmers need to pay close attention to the lactation curves of dams within their herds.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"79 1","pages":"985-992"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79046380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject of gender and animal agriculture has attracted attention in recent years, primarily from the need to addressing the gender divide and fulfilling the special needs of women in food production. Animal agriculture is severely constrained by the presence of a wide range of factors that affect both production and productivity of livestock, especially in the poor rural farming communities that don’t have the access to modern and/or conventional livestock management skills. Women in particular, face a number of interlinked constraints that reduce their sustainable contribution of indigenous knowledge to animal agriculture and food security. As a result of this scenario, enhancing animal agriculture; gender equality and utilization of indigenous knowledge as means of promoting food security and reduce poverty has been a challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. It is believed that within the small-holder livestock production systems which is characterized by a generally low input-output system, the sustainability of animal agriculture efforts need to consider indigenous knowledge system as a dominant factor in improving production. Identifying indigenous knowledge systems in animal agriculture that support women’s roles and effort as livestock owners, processors and users of livestock products while strengthening their decision-making power and capabilities, are key aspects in promoting women’s economic and social empowerment, and consequently provides a way to enable rural women to break the cycle of poverty. Women play an important role in animal agriculture through management, processing and marketing, acting as animal care providers, livestock feed gatherers, and animal birth attendants. They take care of milking of animals, although not all women control the sale of milk and its products. Raising awareness concerning the value of gendered indigenous knowledge related to the sustainable use and management of animal agriculture is crucial for alleviating food insecurity and enhancing rural development. The discussion attempt to explore the role of engendered indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to animal agriculture and their implications for improving animal agriculture and food security in Sub Saharan Africa.
{"title":"The significance of engendered indigenous knowledge systems in smallholder animal agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa","authors":"N. Assan, M. Moyo","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V3I11.1751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V3I11.1751","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of gender and animal agriculture has attracted attention in recent years, primarily from the need to addressing the gender divide and fulfilling the special needs of women in food production. Animal agriculture is severely constrained by the presence of a wide range of factors that affect both production and productivity of livestock, especially in the poor rural farming communities that don’t have the access to modern and/or conventional livestock management skills. Women in particular, face a number of interlinked constraints that reduce their sustainable contribution of indigenous knowledge to animal agriculture and food security. As a result of this scenario, enhancing animal agriculture; gender equality and utilization of indigenous knowledge as means of promoting food security and reduce poverty has been a challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. It is believed that within the small-holder livestock production systems which is characterized by a generally low input-output system, the sustainability of animal agriculture efforts need to consider indigenous knowledge system as a dominant factor in improving production. Identifying indigenous knowledge systems in animal agriculture that support women’s roles and effort as livestock owners, processors and users of livestock products while strengthening their decision-making power and capabilities, are key aspects in promoting women’s economic and social empowerment, and consequently provides a way to enable rural women to break the cycle of poverty. Women play an important role in animal agriculture through management, processing and marketing, acting as animal care providers, livestock feed gatherers, and animal birth attendants. They take care of milking of animals, although not all women control the sale of milk and its products. Raising awareness concerning the value of gendered indigenous knowledge related to the sustainable use and management of animal agriculture is crucial for alleviating food insecurity and enhancing rural development. The discussion attempt to explore the role of engendered indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to animal agriculture and their implications for improving animal agriculture and food security in Sub Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"2005 1","pages":"973-980"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83008072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Ilkovska, B. Kotevska, Djoko Trifunov, M. Trajkovska
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These factors include hyperglycemia, hypertension, high triacylglycerol levels, low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, and abdominal obesity. Evidence suggests that iron influences glucose metabolism, even in the absence of significant iron overload. Iron stores, expressed as serum ferritin concentration, have been proposed to be a component of the insulin-resistance syndrome. In 1997, Moirand et al. first reported the presence of histologically proven liver iron overload in overweight subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of hepcidin and ferritin in patients with metabolic syndrome in R.Macedonia. The study included 240 subjects - 60 males are with MS and 60 males as control group. 60 females are with MS and 60 females as control group. Individuals aged 18 years or older were eligible to participate in the study. In this analysis we included subjects with available complete data allowing their classification according to established criteria for MetS. In detail, the following features were considered: 1) abdominal obesity, defined as the presence of waist circumference ≥102 cm in men or ≥88 cm in women; 2) fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l or drug treatment for elevated blood glucose; 3) serum triglycerides ≥ 1.69 mmol/l or drug treatment for elevated triglycerides; 4) serum HDL cholesterol in men< 1.03 mmol/l and <1.29 mmol/l in women or drug treatment for low HDL-C; 5) blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or drug treatment for elevated blood pressure. Statistical analysis showed that males and females with MS had statistically higher ferritin levels than control group. Statistical analysis showed that males and females with MS had statistically higher hepcidin levels than control group. Serum ferritin levels significantly correlate with hepcidine in all participants with MS excluded females control group.Body mass, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR are statistically significant higher in subjects with MS compared to control groups. Concentrations of lipid parameters for all examinated groups. The concentrations of HDL- cholesterol, triglycerides and apo A are significantly increased in subjects with MS compared to control groups. It has been demonstrated that the prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide, largely the result of greater obesity and sedentary lifestyles. The concentration of serum hepcidin is associated with gender. Males hepcidine levels are higher than females levels. We found a statistically higher hepcidin levels in both groups with MS, compared to control groups, and males hepcidine levels are almost twice higher then females hepcidine levels in bout groups (control group and group with MS). The authors found a strong positive relationship between increased iron stores measured by the concentration of plasma f
{"title":"Correlation between serum levels of hepcidin and ferritin in patients with metabolic syndrome in R.Macedonia","authors":"B. Ilkovska, B. Kotevska, Djoko Trifunov, M. Trajkovska","doi":"10.14196/SJR.V3I11.1729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14196/SJR.V3I11.1729","url":null,"abstract":"The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These factors include hyperglycemia, hypertension, high triacylglycerol levels, low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, and abdominal obesity. Evidence suggests that iron influences glucose metabolism, even in the absence of significant iron overload. Iron stores, expressed as serum ferritin concentration, have been proposed to be a component of the insulin-resistance syndrome. In 1997, Moirand et al. first reported the presence of histologically proven liver iron overload in overweight subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of hepcidin and ferritin in patients with metabolic syndrome in R.Macedonia. The study included 240 subjects - 60 males are with MS and 60 males as control group. 60 females are with MS and 60 females as control group. Individuals aged 18 years or older were eligible to participate in the study. In this analysis we included subjects with available complete data allowing their classification according to established criteria for MetS. In detail, the following features were considered: 1) abdominal obesity, defined as the presence of waist circumference ≥102 cm in men or ≥88 cm in women; 2) fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l or drug treatment for elevated blood glucose; 3) serum triglycerides ≥ 1.69 mmol/l or drug treatment for elevated triglycerides; 4) serum HDL cholesterol in men< 1.03 mmol/l and <1.29 mmol/l in women or drug treatment for low HDL-C; 5) blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or drug treatment for elevated blood pressure. Statistical analysis showed that males and females with MS had statistically higher ferritin levels than control group. Statistical analysis showed that males and females with MS had statistically higher hepcidin levels than control group. Serum ferritin levels significantly correlate with hepcidine in all participants with MS excluded females control group.Body mass, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and WHR are statistically significant higher in subjects with MS compared to control groups. Concentrations of lipid parameters for all examinated groups. The concentrations of HDL- cholesterol, triglycerides and apo A are significantly increased in subjects with MS compared to control groups. It has been demonstrated that the prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide, largely the result of greater obesity and sedentary lifestyles. The concentration of serum hepcidin is associated with gender. Males hepcidine levels are higher than females levels. We found a statistically higher hepcidin levels in both groups with MS, compared to control groups, and males hepcidine levels are almost twice higher then females hepcidine levels in bout groups (control group and group with MS). The authors found a strong positive relationship between increased iron stores measured by the concentration of plasma f","PeriodicalId":21707,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Journal of Review","volume":"4 1","pages":"965-972"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79509182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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