There is a growing interest in recovering and recycling phosphorus (P) from waste streams to reduce reliance on finite and non-renewable phosphate rock in agriculture. Struvite, derived from waste streams, has emerged as a potential alternative P fertilizer. However, its behaviour in soil remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the behaviour and effectiveness of struvite as a P fertilizer in acidic Acrisol and calcareous Cambisol soils, focusing on the P dissolution from struvite, struvite P diffusion in soil and P availability. Our findings revealed that the P dissolution from struvite in solution is pH-dependent, with the most dissolution observed at pH 4.5 and significantly less at pH 7.0 and pH 8.5. Consequently, P dissolution from struvite was more rapid in the Acrisol compared with the Cambisol. This was supported by the increased accumulation of water-soluble P in the Acrisol and acid-extractable P in the Cambisol within the 0–1 cm concentric soil section surrounding the struvite application site, as demonstrated in the petri dish experiment. However, the Acrisol exhibited a gradual decrease in P diffusion over time, in contrast to the Cambisol, which showed an increasing trend. This can be attributed to the stronger P fixation observed in the Acrisol. The application of struvite resulted in increased soil P availability, as determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique, particularly in the Acrisol where struvite was concentrated. Furthermore, the presence of organic acids enhanced struvite P availability in both Acrisol and Cambisol soils. These findings contribute to a better understanding of struvite behaviour in different soil environments and provide valuable insights for optimizing its use as a sustainable and efficient P fertilizer.
{"title":"Phosphorus dissolution and diffusion from struvite and its impact on phosphorus availability in Acrisol and Cambisol soils","authors":"Lulu Jia, Jinju Wei, Qingyang Zeng, Qi Luo, Xiao Yan, Jianfu Wu, Zongqiang Wei","doi":"10.1111/sum.13031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13031","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in recovering and recycling phosphorus (P) from waste streams to reduce reliance on finite and non-renewable phosphate rock in agriculture. Struvite, derived from waste streams, has emerged as a potential alternative P fertilizer. However, its behaviour in soil remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the behaviour and effectiveness of struvite as a P fertilizer in acidic Acrisol and calcareous Cambisol soils, focusing on the P dissolution from struvite, struvite P diffusion in soil and P availability. Our findings revealed that the P dissolution from struvite in solution is pH-dependent, with the most dissolution observed at pH 4.5 and significantly less at pH 7.0 and pH 8.5. Consequently, P dissolution from struvite was more rapid in the Acrisol compared with the Cambisol. This was supported by the increased accumulation of water-soluble P in the Acrisol and acid-extractable P in the Cambisol within the 0–1 cm concentric soil section surrounding the struvite application site, as demonstrated in the petri dish experiment. However, the Acrisol exhibited a gradual decrease in P diffusion over time, in contrast to the Cambisol, which showed an increasing trend. This can be attributed to the stronger P fixation observed in the Acrisol. The application of struvite resulted in increased soil P availability, as determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique, particularly in the Acrisol where struvite was concentrated. Furthermore, the presence of organic acids enhanced struvite P availability in both Acrisol and Cambisol soils. These findings contribute to a better understanding of struvite behaviour in different soil environments and provide valuable insights for optimizing its use as a sustainable and efficient P fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140045585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Short‐term in situ charcoal production‐induced changes in soil properties and crop productivity of acidic soil in Acacia decurrens‐based taungya system were assessed in the Guder watershed of northwestern Ethiopia. Data were collected through field study, pot experiment and interviews with local farmers. The field study involved a survey of 36 paired charcoal production kiln sites and adjacent reference sites in 18 croplands to analyse soil physicochemical properties and productivity of tef (Eragrostis tef), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). A pot experiment was undertaken with wheat to investigate seed germination and chemical fertilizer needs at charcoal production sites. Local farmers were interviewed for their perceptions and management practices. The production and short‐term presence of charcoal in kiln sites significantly increased sand fraction, pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous, exchangeable Mg2+ and exchangeable K+ compared with the reference sites. Charcoal production practice raised pH by 0.83 units, organic carbon, available P and exchangeable K+ by 40%, 92% and 303%, respectively. Exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al3+ were lowered by over 80% at kiln sites. Both aboveground biomass and grain yield of tef, barley and wheat were, on average, 135% higher at kiln sites than at the reference sites. Furthermore, crops grown at kiln sites were taller and had greener and larger leaves. Farmers' responses indicated higher crop productivity and reduced inorganic fertilizer application at kiln sites. Results from the pot experiment provided evidence of faster seed germination, enhanced crop productivity and reduced inorganic fertilizer needs in charcoal‐treated soils. The study suggests that the inclusion of charcoal remnants and heating can increase carbon storage, improve soil properties which promote crop productivity and reduce the need for inorganic fertilizer in degraded, acidic agricultural soil.
{"title":"In situ charcoal production in Acacia decurrens‐based taungya system improved soil properties and productivity of three agricultural crops in the highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"Desalegn Tadele, Enyew Adgo","doi":"10.1111/sum.13032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13032","url":null,"abstract":"Short‐term in situ charcoal production‐induced changes in soil properties and crop productivity of acidic soil in <jats:italic>Acacia decurrens</jats:italic>‐based taungya system were assessed in the Guder watershed of northwestern Ethiopia. Data were collected through field study, pot experiment and interviews with local farmers. The field study involved a survey of 36 paired charcoal production kiln sites and adjacent reference sites in 18 croplands to analyse soil physicochemical properties and productivity of tef (<jats:italic>Eragrostis tef</jats:italic>), barley (<jats:italic>Hordeum vulgare</jats:italic>) and wheat (<jats:italic>Triticum aestivum</jats:italic>). A pot experiment was undertaken with wheat to investigate seed germination and chemical fertilizer needs at charcoal production sites. Local farmers were interviewed for their perceptions and management practices. The production and short‐term presence of charcoal in kiln sites significantly increased sand fraction, pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous, exchangeable Mg<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> and exchangeable K<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> compared with the reference sites. Charcoal production practice raised pH by 0.83 units, organic carbon, available P and exchangeable K<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> by 40%, 92% and 303%, respectively. Exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> were lowered by over 80% at kiln sites. Both aboveground biomass and grain yield of tef, barley and wheat were, on average, 135% higher at kiln sites than at the reference sites. Furthermore, crops grown at kiln sites were taller and had greener and larger leaves. Farmers' responses indicated higher crop productivity and reduced inorganic fertilizer application at kiln sites. Results from the pot experiment provided evidence of faster seed germination, enhanced crop productivity and reduced inorganic fertilizer needs in charcoal‐treated soils. The study suggests that the inclusion of charcoal remnants and heating can increase carbon storage, improve soil properties which promote crop productivity and reduce the need for inorganic fertilizer in degraded, acidic agricultural soil.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa, Martin Knippertz, Daniel Karthe, Alexey V. Alekseenko, Gantuya Ganbat, Wolfgang Römer, Frank Lehmkuhl
Soil contamination and the resulting ecological disturbances are a common phenomenon in mining areas, including the vicinities of the largest and oldest open‐pit mining areas in Mongolia. In this work, the potential ecological risk index (RI), Nemerow integrated pollution index (PIN), and Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were used to estimate the level of soil contamination with Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Pb in the top layer of the soils around Baganuur coal mine and Erdenet copper–molybdenum mine. Three different analytical methods were used: portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the first assessment of samples, and stationary X‐ray fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy for the confirmation of results in the laboratory. Even though general contamination levels in both study areas were relatively low, some potentially toxic elements were found at contents several times higher than the maximum permissible level (MPL) according to the national standard of Mongolia. In the Baganuur area, Zn was up to 2.8 and As was up to 3.00 times higher, while in the Erdenet area, As was up to 2.4, Cr was up to 1.7, Cu was up to 8.1, and Zn was up to 1.2 times higher than MPL of the national standard in the vicinity to the mining and industrial area. The estimation of the pXRF measurement had generally similar results to the other two laboratory methods based on spatial distributions of heavy metal content. Among the different geochemical indices, the PIN showed a more accurately distinguished spatial distribution of contamination. For example, highly contaminated areas were found in the vicinity of the open pit, the tailings pond and the industrial area based on PIN results: 3.6%–4.9% of the total area in Baganuur and 3.1%–4.9% of the total area in Erdenet. The identified pollution levels emphasize the essential need for soil rehabilitation in mining areas, a key factor for Mongolia's economic development and environmental stability. In addition, the lack of documented soil rehabilitation initiatives underscores the pressing need for enhanced environmental responsibility in the country's expanding mining sector.
{"title":"Resource conundrum in Mongolia: Soil contamination from coal and copper–molybdenum mining","authors":"Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa, Martin Knippertz, Daniel Karthe, Alexey V. Alekseenko, Gantuya Ganbat, Wolfgang Römer, Frank Lehmkuhl","doi":"10.1111/sum.13025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13025","url":null,"abstract":"Soil contamination and the resulting ecological disturbances are a common phenomenon in mining areas, including the vicinities of the largest and oldest open‐pit mining areas in Mongolia. In this work, the potential ecological risk index (RI), Nemerow integrated pollution index (PI<jats:sub>N</jats:sub>), and Geoaccumulation index (<jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>geo</jats:sub>) were used to estimate the level of soil contamination with Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Pb in the top layer of the soils around Baganuur coal mine and Erdenet copper–molybdenum mine. Three different analytical methods were used: portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the first assessment of samples, and stationary X‐ray fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy for the confirmation of results in the laboratory. Even though general contamination levels in both study areas were relatively low, some potentially toxic elements were found at contents several times higher than the maximum permissible level (MPL) according to the national standard of Mongolia. In the Baganuur area, Zn was up to 2.8 and As was up to 3.00 times higher, while in the Erdenet area, As was up to 2.4, Cr was up to 1.7, Cu was up to 8.1, and Zn was up to 1.2 times higher than MPL of the national standard in the vicinity to the mining and industrial area. The estimation of the pXRF measurement had generally similar results to the other two laboratory methods based on spatial distributions of heavy metal content. Among the different geochemical indices, the PI<jats:sub>N</jats:sub> showed a more accurately distinguished spatial distribution of contamination. For example, highly contaminated areas were found in the vicinity of the open pit, the tailings pond and the industrial area based on PI<jats:sub>N</jats:sub> results: 3.6%–4.9% of the total area in Baganuur and 3.1%–4.9% of the total area in Erdenet. The identified pollution levels emphasize the essential need for soil rehabilitation in mining areas, a key factor for Mongolia's economic development and environmental stability. In addition, the lack of documented soil rehabilitation initiatives underscores the pressing need for enhanced environmental responsibility in the country's expanding mining sector.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raquel N. R. Falcão, Michal Vrana, Csilla Hudek, Marco Pittarello, Laura Zavattaro, Barbara Moretti, Peter Strauss, Gunter Liebhard, Yangyang Li, Xiaoping Zhang, Miroslav Bauer, Tomáš Dostál, José A. Gomez, Iria Benavente‐Ferraces, Juan C. García‐Gil, César Plaza, Gema Guzmán, Maria Llanos Lopez, Bela Pirkó, Zsofia Bakacsi, Dimitre Nokolov, Josef Krása
Preventing and reversing soil degradation is essential to maintaining the ecosystem services provided by soils and guaranteeing food security. In addition to the scientific community, it is critical to engage multiple stakeholders to assess the degree of soil degradation and mitigation strategies' impact and meet the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, and other national and international goals. A semi‐structured questionnaire was distributed across countries participating in the EU Horizon‐2020 “Transforming Unsustainable management of soils in key agricultural systems in E.U. and China. Developing an integrated platform of alternatives to reverse soil degradation (TUdi).” Using farmers' associations and educational institutions as an intermediate to distribute the questionnaires was an effective strategy for gathering a high number of responses. Results from 456 responses to the questionnaire showed that farm country, size, type of agriculture, and educational level of farm managers were significantly associated with the farmers' perception of soil degradation issues. Farm size and type of agriculture were also correlated with applying a nutrient management plan. The implications of the results for soil conservation measures are discussed. Additionally, we highlight the potential of projects such as TUdi for creating collaboration networks to drive widespread adoption by farmers of technologies to reverse the degradation of agricultural soils.
防止和扭转土壤退化对维持土壤提供的生态系统服务和保障粮食安全至关重要。除科学界外，让多个利益相关方参与进来，以评估土壤退化程度和减缓战略的影响，并实现联合国可持续发展目标、欧盟共同农业政策以及其他国家和国际目标，也是至关重要的。在参与欧盟地平线-2020 "改变欧盟和中国关键农业系统中不可持续的土壤管理 "项目的国家中分发了一份半结构化问卷。开发扭转土壤退化的综合替代平台（TUdi）"。利用农民协会和教育机构作为分发问卷的中介，是收集大量答复的有效策略。456 份调查问卷的结果显示，农场的国家、规模、农业类型和农场管理人员的教育水平与农民对土壤退化问题的看法有很大关系。农场规模和农业类型也与养分管理计划的应用相关。我们讨论了这些结果对土壤保持措施的影响。此外，我们还强调了 TUdi 等项目在创建合作网络以推动农民广泛采用技术来扭转农业土壤退化方面的潜力。
{"title":"Farmers' perception of soil health: The use of quality data and its implication for farm management","authors":"Raquel N. R. Falcão, Michal Vrana, Csilla Hudek, Marco Pittarello, Laura Zavattaro, Barbara Moretti, Peter Strauss, Gunter Liebhard, Yangyang Li, Xiaoping Zhang, Miroslav Bauer, Tomáš Dostál, José A. Gomez, Iria Benavente‐Ferraces, Juan C. García‐Gil, César Plaza, Gema Guzmán, Maria Llanos Lopez, Bela Pirkó, Zsofia Bakacsi, Dimitre Nokolov, Josef Krása","doi":"10.1111/sum.13023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13023","url":null,"abstract":"Preventing and reversing soil degradation is essential to maintaining the ecosystem services provided by soils and guaranteeing food security. In addition to the scientific community, it is critical to engage multiple stakeholders to assess the degree of soil degradation and mitigation strategies' impact and meet the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, and other national and international goals. A semi‐structured questionnaire was distributed across countries participating in the EU Horizon‐2020 “Transforming Unsustainable management of soils in key agricultural systems in E.U. and China. Developing an integrated platform of alternatives to reverse soil degradation (TUdi).” Using farmers' associations and educational institutions as an intermediate to distribute the questionnaires was an effective strategy for gathering a high number of responses. Results from 456 responses to the questionnaire showed that farm country, size, type of agriculture, and educational level of farm managers were significantly associated with the farmers' perception of soil degradation issues. Farm size and type of agriculture were also correlated with applying a nutrient management plan. The implications of the results for soil conservation measures are discussed. Additionally, we highlight the potential of projects such as TUdi for creating collaboration networks to drive widespread adoption by farmers of technologies to reverse the degradation of agricultural soils.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intense soil cultivation and climate change have detrimental effects on soils. Solutions are needed to improve the biological quality and water holding capacity of agricultural soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of compost application and drought stress on a soil/plant system in order to determine the improvement of soil quality and plant growth and the alleviation of drought stress. Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) was grown under greenhouse conditions in a sandy soil with sufficient mineral fertilizer application to test the effect of five compost types (three made from municipal garden and park wastes with differing nutrient contents, one from municipal household waste, and one from farm plant residues) applied at 30 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> dry weight, with which we compared soil quality and plant growth to soil without compost application. Treatment pots were irrigated or subjected to drought conditions during the last 14 days of lettuce growth. Assays of potential N mineralization during 28 days, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities, and a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were performed to assess effects on soil biological quality. Gas exchange, leaf relative water content, biomass, nitrogen accumulation, and root tip growth of lettuce were measured to investigate compost and drought stress effects on lettuce physiology. All composts improved indices of soil biological quality significantly, except for fungal abundance, relative to soil without compost. The greatest increase was obtained from farm compost, which significantly increased potential nitrogen (N) mineralization and soil enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase by factors of 4, 2, and 43, respectively. Furthermore, soil with farm compost generally showed a higher abundance of soil microbial organisms compared with soil without compost, which could be related to its high cellulose and hemicellulose contents. The lowest abundance of microbial organisms was generally found in soil with garden and park waste compost with a medium nutrient content, which could be related to its low organic matter content. The beneficial effect of compost on soil biological quality did not lead to improved lettuce growth, which suggests that soil biological quality (ameliorated by compost application) is not important for a fast-growing crop, such as lettuce, that is sufficiently fertilized. Drought stress reduced aboveground lettuce biomass, root tip growth, and the abundance of most soil microbial groups significantly, but compost in soil did not alleviate these negative effects. In conclusion, the farm compost made from grass–clover, straw, and vegetable residues is superior to garden and park waste and household waste composts in terms of beneficial effects on soil biological quality. Compost clearly improved soil biological quality, but did not influence lettuce's response to drought stress. The knowledge gained in this study is
{"title":"Composts of diverse green wastes improve the soil biological quality, but do not alleviate drought impact on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth","authors":"Margita Hefner, Fien Amery, Hanne Denaeghel, Kenneth Loades, Hanne L. Kristensen","doi":"10.1111/sum.13016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13016","url":null,"abstract":"Intense soil cultivation and climate change have detrimental effects on soils. Solutions are needed to improve the biological quality and water holding capacity of agricultural soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of compost application and drought stress on a soil/plant system in order to determine the improvement of soil quality and plant growth and the alleviation of drought stress. Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) was grown under greenhouse conditions in a sandy soil with sufficient mineral fertilizer application to test the effect of five compost types (three made from municipal garden and park wastes with differing nutrient contents, one from municipal household waste, and one from farm plant residues) applied at 30 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> dry weight, with which we compared soil quality and plant growth to soil without compost application. Treatment pots were irrigated or subjected to drought conditions during the last 14 days of lettuce growth. Assays of potential N mineralization during 28 days, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities, and a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were performed to assess effects on soil biological quality. Gas exchange, leaf relative water content, biomass, nitrogen accumulation, and root tip growth of lettuce were measured to investigate compost and drought stress effects on lettuce physiology. All composts improved indices of soil biological quality significantly, except for fungal abundance, relative to soil without compost. The greatest increase was obtained from farm compost, which significantly increased potential nitrogen (N) mineralization and soil enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase by factors of 4, 2, and 43, respectively. Furthermore, soil with farm compost generally showed a higher abundance of soil microbial organisms compared with soil without compost, which could be related to its high cellulose and hemicellulose contents. The lowest abundance of microbial organisms was generally found in soil with garden and park waste compost with a medium nutrient content, which could be related to its low organic matter content. The beneficial effect of compost on soil biological quality did not lead to improved lettuce growth, which suggests that soil biological quality (ameliorated by compost application) is not important for a fast-growing crop, such as lettuce, that is sufficiently fertilized. Drought stress reduced aboveground lettuce biomass, root tip growth, and the abundance of most soil microbial groups significantly, but compost in soil did not alleviate these negative effects. In conclusion, the farm compost made from grass–clover, straw, and vegetable residues is superior to garden and park waste and household waste composts in terms of beneficial effects on soil biological quality. Compost clearly improved soil biological quality, but did not influence lettuce's response to drought stress. The knowledge gained in this study is ","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139924000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The straw incorporation in paddy fields exacerbates the reductive toxicity caused by flooding during the rice tillering stage in cold regions. Mid-drainage can alleviate reductive toxicity, while nitrogen fertilizer (NF) application can enhance the drought resistance of rice. However, there is still a lack of convincing evidence about the types of reductive toxicity and appropriate draining thresholds with straw incorporation. A field experiment was conducted in northeast China to investigate the reductive toxicity of paddy fields caused by flooding and straw incorporation. Primarily, the study aimed to investigate the reduction of toxicity caused by straw incorporation. Additionally, the investigation verified the role of varying NF (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha−1) in conjunction with mid-season drainage (−15 cm) to mitigate soil reductive toxicity while preserving root activity. Before mid-season drainage, the contents of soil total amount of reductive matter, active reductive matter, Fe2+, and Mn2+ were 5.1–5.9 cmol kg−1, 3.2–3.9 cmol kg−1, 399.4–410.1 mg kg−1 and 290.3–340.1 mg kg−1, respectively. Mid-season drainage of 15 cm depth decreased the total amount of reductive matter, active reductive matter and Fe2+ content by 51.8%, 56.0% and 29.6%, respectively. However, upon rewetting, the content of reductive substances reverted to pre-drainage levels. Drainage led to a reduction in soil organic acid content by 56.6–78.8% and an increase in rice root activity by 160–290%. While increased NF application correlated with higher rice root activity, a significant yield increase was only observed within the range of 0–100 kg ha−1. In summary, an alternate wetting and drying threshold of −15 cm in combination with 100 kg ha−1 of NF rate significantly increased root activity and reduced reductive toxicity of the tillage layer without decreased rice yield. The reductive substance content rebounded to the pre-drainage level after reflooding in the subsequent growth stage. Therefore, to minimize the reductive toxicity and methane emission caused by straw incorporation, rice fields can be drained to a depth of 15 cm during mid-season drainage. Additionally, the fields should be drained several times in the following growth stage.
{"title":"Effect of optimal nitrogen application and mid-season drainage on rice root activity and reductive substances in straw-incorporated paddy","authors":"Wangmei Li, Donghui Zhang, Wenhai He, Mingsheng Fan, Haiqing Chen","doi":"10.1111/sum.13024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13024","url":null,"abstract":"The straw incorporation in paddy fields exacerbates the reductive toxicity caused by flooding during the rice tillering stage in cold regions. Mid-drainage can alleviate reductive toxicity, while nitrogen fertilizer (NF) application can enhance the drought resistance of rice. However, there is still a lack of convincing evidence about the types of reductive toxicity and appropriate draining thresholds with straw incorporation. A field experiment was conducted in northeast China to investigate the reductive toxicity of paddy fields caused by flooding and straw incorporation. Primarily, the study aimed to investigate the reduction of toxicity caused by straw incorporation. Additionally, the investigation verified the role of varying NF (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) in conjunction with mid-season drainage (−15 cm) to mitigate soil reductive toxicity while preserving root activity. Before mid-season drainage, the contents of soil total amount of reductive matter, active reductive matter, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> were 5.1–5.9 cmol kg<sup>−1</sup>, 3.2–3.9 cmol kg<sup>−1</sup>, 399.4–410.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> and 290.3–340.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Mid-season drainage of 15 cm depth decreased the total amount of reductive matter, active reductive matter and Fe<sup>2+</sup> content by 51.8%, 56.0% and 29.6%, respectively. However, upon rewetting, the content of reductive substances reverted to pre-drainage levels. Drainage led to a reduction in soil organic acid content by 56.6–78.8% and an increase in rice root activity by 160–290%. While increased NF application correlated with higher rice root activity, a significant yield increase was only observed within the range of 0–100 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. In summary, an alternate wetting and drying threshold of −15 cm in combination with 100 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> of NF rate significantly increased root activity and reduced reductive toxicity of the tillage layer without decreased rice yield. The reductive substance content rebounded to the pre-drainage level after reflooding in the subsequent growth stage. Therefore, to minimize the reductive toxicity and methane emission caused by straw incorporation, rice fields can be drained to a depth of 15 cm during mid-season drainage. Additionally, the fields should be drained several times in the following growth stage.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139924001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deqiang Zhao, Zixi Liu, Yiping Xu, Zhitong Wang, Zexue Li, Jun Ling, Gong Wu, Yuan Wen
The application of straw and nutrients to agricultural subsoils is of significant interest to enhance carbon (C) sequestration and soil fertility. However, little research has explored the effect straw application on microbial stoichiometry, soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization and accumulation and their relationships, in subsoil. In order to address these knowledge gaps, we examined the soil characteristics (organic carbon mineralization, available nutrient contents and microbial stoichiometric ratio) under straw addition (maize leaf and stem) with and without nitrogen (N) supplementation (no addition, 30 mg N kg−1 dry soil−1, 60 mg N kg−1 dry soil−1) during an 80-day incubation experiment. The microbial stoichiometric ratio imbalance (C:N and C:Phosphorus (P)) and extracellular enzyme stoichiometry were measured as indicators of the systematic relationship between soil resource availability and the mineralization of organic carbon. Our study demonstrated that the addition of straw significantly enhanced CO2 emissions and led to an increase in the C:N imbalance, while simultaneously decreasing microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE). In addition, stem addition showed 5.6% lower CUE, but 8.2% higher SOC compared with leaf addition. We also found that nitrogen addition to subsoil alleviated microbial nitrogen limitation. 60 mg N kg−1 dry soil rates of nitrogen application had a positive effect on reducing C:N imbalance and promoting the accumulation of SOC. Extracellular enzyme activity and microbial stoichiometric ratio were the most important controlling factors of SOC mineralization and microbial CUE, respectively. In conclusion, the application of straw alongside N to balance stoichiometric ratios can significantly increase SOC content, indicating the potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural subsoils.
{"title":"Subsoil SOC increased by high C:N ratio straw application with optimized nitrogen supplementation","authors":"Deqiang Zhao, Zixi Liu, Yiping Xu, Zhitong Wang, Zexue Li, Jun Ling, Gong Wu, Yuan Wen","doi":"10.1111/sum.13020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13020","url":null,"abstract":"The application of straw and nutrients to agricultural subsoils is of significant interest to enhance carbon (C) sequestration and soil fertility. However, little research has explored the effect straw application on microbial stoichiometry, soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization and accumulation and their relationships, in subsoil. In order to address these knowledge gaps, we examined the soil characteristics (organic carbon mineralization, available nutrient contents and microbial stoichiometric ratio) under straw addition (maize leaf and stem) with and without nitrogen (N) supplementation (no addition, 30 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup> dry soil<sup>−1</sup>, 60 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup> dry soil<sup>−1</sup>) during an 80-day incubation experiment. The microbial stoichiometric ratio imbalance (C:N and C:Phosphorus (P)) and extracellular enzyme stoichiometry were measured as indicators of the systematic relationship between soil resource availability and the mineralization of organic carbon. Our study demonstrated that the addition of straw significantly enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and led to an increase in the C:N imbalance, while simultaneously decreasing microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE). In addition, stem addition showed 5.6% lower CUE, but 8.2% higher SOC compared with leaf addition. We also found that nitrogen addition to subsoil alleviated microbial nitrogen limitation. 60 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup> dry soil rates of nitrogen application had a positive effect on reducing C:N imbalance and promoting the accumulation of SOC. Extracellular enzyme activity and microbial stoichiometric ratio were the most important controlling factors of SOC mineralization and microbial CUE, respectively. In conclusion, the application of straw alongside N to balance stoichiometric ratios can significantly increase SOC content, indicating the potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural subsoils.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139923989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Paula Giannini, Adrián Enrique Andriulo, Nicolás Wyngaard, Alicia Beatriz Irizar
Management practices, such as tillage and cropping diversification, influence soil phosphorus (P) dynamics. The aim was to evaluate the long-term effect of tillage systems (no tillage, NT; vertical tillage, VT; conventional tillage, CT) on total (TP) and extractable (Pe) soil P distribution under different crop sequences (corn–wheat/soybean, C–W/S; wheat/soybean, W/S; corn–corn, C–C; soybean–soybean, S–S). TP and Pe were measured up to 50 cm deep. The TP distribution was associated to soil organic carbon (SOC) (r = .89, p < .01) and tend to increase near soil surface under NT as compared with CT and VT. The Pe was sensitive to the crop residues pattern of accumulation and their quality in the topsoil. Crop sequences that included corn had lower Pe concentration under NT. Conversely, in W/S, Pe concentration was lower under VT with no differences between NT and CT and, in S–S sequence, there were no differences in Pe concentration. However, under NT the increase in the above-ground biomass in sequences without corn (p < .001) increased Pe concentration in 0–5 cm layer, while the opposite occurs in sequences with corn (p < .06). In S–S under NT, the low crop residue input (1.6 Mg of dry matter ha−1) and the high Pe concentration in 0–5 cm layer (40 mg kg−1) might increase the risk of P loss to adjacent ecosystems. Intensified sequences presented more negative P balances than corn/soybean monoculture. This study demonstrates that it's necessary to develop management strategies that improve P supply in synchrony with the crop demand and decrease P loss, while keeping productivity.
耕作和作物多样化等管理方法会影响土壤磷（P）的动态变化。研究旨在评估不同作物序列（玉米-小麦-大豆，C-W/S；小麦-大豆，W/S；玉米-玉米，C-C；大豆-大豆，S-S）下耕作制度（免耕，NT；垂直耕作，VT；常规耕作，CT）对土壤总磷（TP）和可提取磷（Pe）分布的长期影响。TP 和 Pe 的测量深度达 50 厘米。TP 分布与土壤有机碳 (SOC) 相关（r = .89, p <.01），与 CT 和 VT 相比，在 NT 条件下，TP 在土壤表层附近呈上升趋势。Pe对表土中作物残留物的积累模式及其质量很敏感。包括玉米在内的作物序列在氮下的豌豆含量较低。相反，在 W/S 顺序中，VT 下的豌豆钾浓度较低，而 NT 和 CT 下的豌豆钾浓度没有差异；在 S-S 顺序中，豌豆钾浓度也没有差异。然而，NT 条件下，在没有玉米的序列中，地上生物量的增加（p < .001）提高了 0-5 厘米层的豌豆苷浓度，而在有玉米的序列中则相反（p < .06）。在NT条件下的S-S中，低作物残留物投入量（160万克干物质公顷-1）和0-5厘米土层中的高Pe浓度（40毫克-千克-1）可能会增加邻近生态系统的P流失风险。与玉米/大豆单作相比，强化序列呈现出更多的钾负平衡。这项研究表明，有必要制定管理策略，在保持生产率的同时，根据作物需求同步改善钾的供应，减少钾的流失。
{"title":"Long-term tillage impact on soil phosphorus under different crop sequences","authors":"Ana Paula Giannini, Adrián Enrique Andriulo, Nicolás Wyngaard, Alicia Beatriz Irizar","doi":"10.1111/sum.13018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13018","url":null,"abstract":"Management practices, such as tillage and cropping diversification, influence soil phosphorus (P) dynamics. The aim was to evaluate the long-term effect of tillage systems (no tillage, NT; vertical tillage, VT; conventional tillage, CT) on total (TP) and extractable (Pe) soil P distribution under different crop sequences (corn–wheat/soybean, C–W/S; wheat/soybean, W/S; corn–corn, C–C; soybean–soybean, S–S). TP and Pe were measured up to 50 cm deep. The TP distribution was associated to soil organic carbon (SOC) (<i>r</i> = .89, <i>p</i> < .01) and tend to increase near soil surface under NT as compared with CT and VT. The Pe was sensitive to the crop residues pattern of accumulation and their quality in the topsoil. Crop sequences that included corn had lower Pe concentration under NT. Conversely, in W/S, Pe concentration was lower under VT with no differences between NT and CT and, in S–S sequence, there were no differences in Pe concentration. However, under NT the increase in the above-ground biomass in sequences without corn (<i>p</i> < .001) increased Pe concentration in 0–5 cm layer, while the opposite occurs in sequences with corn (<i>p</i> < .06). In S–S under NT, the low crop residue input (1.6 Mg of dry matter ha<sup>−1</sup>) and the high Pe concentration in 0–5 cm layer (40 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) might increase the risk of P loss to adjacent ecosystems. Intensified sequences presented more negative P balances than corn/soybean monoculture. This study demonstrates that it's necessary to develop management strategies that improve P supply in synchrony with the crop demand and decrease P loss, while keeping productivity.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139657119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea D. Stiglingh, Luke M. Mosley, Ronald J. Smernik, Robert W. Fitzpatrick
Soil corrosivity is a term used to describe the corroding susceptibility (risk) of metal infrastructure in different soil environments. Soil corrosivity mapping is a crucial step in identifying potentially problematic, high-maintenance fence lines and can help improve fence longevity by identifying soil environments where the use of more expensive, corrosion-resistant materials would be more cost-effective in the long term. Soil corrosion damage sustained on exclusion fences can be a serious management issue for conservation programs and initiatives, as it weakens the fence netting and provides opportunities for invasive animal migration and occupation (e.g. feral cats and foxes) into areas of high conservation value. The increasing accessibility of geospatial analysis software and the availability of open-source soil data provide land managers with the opportunity to implement digital soil databases and pedotransfer functions to produce fence corrosion risk maps using commonly measured soil attributes. This paper uses open-source government agency soil data (shapefiles) to map fence corrosion risk in the southern part of the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, with the intention to assist with the installation of a new barrier (exclusion) fence as part of the Marna Banggara rewilding project. The risk classifications (low, moderate and high risk) made by this map were compared with rates of zinc corrosion (μm/year zinc loss) observed at field sites and correctly predicted the amount of fence damage sustained at five of the eight sites. The mapping approach outlined in this study can be implemented by environmental managers in other areas to inform strategies for enhancing fence longevity.
{"title":"Mapping soil corrosivity potential to exclusion fencing using pedotransfer functions and open-source soil data","authors":"Andrea D. Stiglingh, Luke M. Mosley, Ronald J. Smernik, Robert W. Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.1111/sum.13019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13019","url":null,"abstract":"Soil corrosivity is a term used to describe the corroding susceptibility (risk) of metal infrastructure in different soil environments. Soil corrosivity mapping is a crucial step in identifying potentially problematic, high-maintenance fence lines and can help improve fence longevity by identifying soil environments where the use of more expensive, corrosion-resistant materials would be more cost-effective in the long term. Soil corrosion damage sustained on exclusion fences can be a serious management issue for conservation programs and initiatives, as it weakens the fence netting and provides opportunities for invasive animal migration and occupation (e.g. feral cats and foxes) into areas of high conservation value. The increasing accessibility of geospatial analysis software and the availability of open-source soil data provide land managers with the opportunity to implement digital soil databases and pedotransfer functions to produce fence corrosion risk maps using commonly measured soil attributes. This paper uses open-source government agency soil data (shapefiles) to map fence corrosion risk in the southern part of the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, with the intention to assist with the installation of a new barrier (exclusion) fence as part of the Marna Banggara rewilding project. The risk classifications (low, moderate and high risk) made by this map were compared with rates of zinc corrosion (μm/year zinc loss) observed at field sites and correctly predicted the amount of fence damage sustained at five of the eight sites. The mapping approach outlined in this study can be implemented by environmental managers in other areas to inform strategies for enhancing fence longevity.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139657273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green manures (GM) combined with fertilizer reduction is an efficient measure to alleviate the environmental issues caused by the overapplication of chemical fertilizer. However, both the environmental and economic benefits remain unclear in coastal regions that are affected by both soil salinization and climate change. A field experiment was conducted in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta to explore the effects of green manure rotation combined with fertilizer reduction on the soil environment and economic sustainability. Two GM species, Vicia villosa (HV) and Orychophragmus violaceus (OV), a traditional winter wheat (Wheat), were grown in winter, with a fallow control (Fallow). In the subsequent maize season, three fertilizer rate treatments, a full rate of 600 kg ha−1 compound fertilizer (F100), 85% of the full rate (F85), and 70% of the full rate (F70), were applied in each former treatment. The results indicated that GM return markedly increased soil total N (TN) and P (TP) before the V6 stage of maize (when maize had 6 leaves). The average TN contents of HV and OV increased by 56.9% and 38.5%, respectively, compared with that of Wheat, while the values for TP were 13.6% and 16.9%. Compared with Fallow, the maize yields of HV and OV increased by 25.6% and 13.8%, respectively, while that of Wheat decreased by 9.1%. The average partial fertilizer productivities (PFPs) for HV and OV increased by 25.3% and 14.0% compared with Fallow, while Wheat decreased by 8.9%. The PFPs for F85 and F70 increased by 19.4% and 37.7%, respectively, compared with F100. Reducing the fertilizer rate to 70% in the HV–maize rotation pattern did not reduce but increased the total net profit and rate of return. Thus, HV–maize rotation combined with 30% fertilizer reduction is suggested for sustainable agriculture in this region.
{"title":"Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by green manure increases succeeding maize yield and annual economic benefit in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta","authors":"Shide Dong, Guowei Gai, Yiming Shi, Haibo Zhang, Qian Ma, Zewei Jiang, Chunxiao Yu, Shihong Yang, Guangmei Wang","doi":"10.1111/sum.13022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13022","url":null,"abstract":"Green manures (GM) combined with fertilizer reduction is an efficient measure to alleviate the environmental issues caused by the overapplication of chemical fertilizer. However, both the environmental and economic benefits remain unclear in coastal regions that are affected by both soil salinization and climate change. A field experiment was conducted in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta to explore the effects of green manure rotation combined with fertilizer reduction on the soil environment and economic sustainability. Two GM species, <i>Vicia villosa</i> (HV) and <i>Orychophragmus violaceus</i> (OV), a traditional winter wheat (Wheat), were grown in winter, with a fallow control (Fallow). In the subsequent maize season, three fertilizer rate treatments, a full rate of 600 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> compound fertilizer (F100), 85% of the full rate (F85), and 70% of the full rate (F70), were applied in each former treatment. The results indicated that GM return markedly increased soil total N (TN) and P (TP) before the V6 stage of maize (when maize had 6 leaves). The average TN contents of HV and OV increased by 56.9% and 38.5%, respectively, compared with that of Wheat, while the values for TP were 13.6% and 16.9%. Compared with Fallow, the maize yields of HV and OV increased by 25.6% and 13.8%, respectively, while that of Wheat decreased by 9.1%. The average partial fertilizer productivities (PFPs) for HV and OV increased by 25.3% and 14.0% compared with Fallow, while Wheat decreased by 8.9%. The PFPs for F85 and F70 increased by 19.4% and 37.7%, respectively, compared with F100. Reducing the fertilizer rate to 70% in the HV–maize rotation pattern did not reduce but increased the total net profit and rate of return. Thus, HV–maize rotation combined with 30% fertilizer reduction is suggested for sustainable agriculture in this region.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139648803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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