María De Bernardi, Maria Eugenia Priano, Maria Elena Fernández, Javier Gyenge, Maria Paula Juliarena
Upland soils are the only known biological sink for methane (CH4) by methanotrophic bacteria consumption. This process is mainly limited by the diffusion processes related to the soil's physical characteristics, which can be modified because of changes in land use depending on the soil type, the original system and the new land use converted. Our study focused on determining the differences in soil CH4 uptake because of changes in land use (from natural grassland to agricultural land and two Pinus radiata afforestation, differing in thinning management) and on determining which are the main drivers that control CH4 uptake in the studied soil type (Hapludoll), with focus on the diffusion process. CH4 fluxes were measured 12 times with the static chamber technique between October 2015 and April 2019. Also, CH4 gradient concentration in the soil profile and physical and chemical variables were measured on the same dates. All land uses studied acted as net CH4 sinks. Land-use change from grassland to agriculture decreased soil CH4 uptake (~37% ± 19), whereas afforestation increased (~85% ± 73) this environmental service related to natural grassland. We found that the main drivers that control CH4 uptake in this soil are water and air-filled pore space, variables that govern soil CH4 diffusion; they are mostly related to differences in bulk density (compaction) among land uses. Organic matter was also an important driver, mainly related to soil structure. Land-use change affected all of these drivers. CH4 concentration presented differences at deeper soil layers only in the two afforestations, which differed in management (pruning and thinning vs. no management). However, CH4 uptake did not present significant differences between them, suggesting that there is no need for a high tree cover to increase the CH4 sink of the soil. This mixed tree and herbaceous cover may result in a similar environmental service output, increasing the options of land uses.
{"title":"Natural grassland conversion to agriculture or pine plantations: Effects on soil methane uptake","authors":"María De Bernardi, Maria Eugenia Priano, Maria Elena Fernández, Javier Gyenge, Maria Paula Juliarena","doi":"10.1111/sum.13017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13017","url":null,"abstract":"Upland soils are the only known biological sink for methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) by methanotrophic bacteria consumption. This process is mainly limited by the diffusion processes related to the soil's physical characteristics, which can be modified because of changes in land use depending on the soil type, the original system and the new land use converted. Our study focused on determining the differences in soil CH<sub>4</sub> uptake because of changes in land use (from natural grassland to agricultural land and two <i>Pinus radiata</i> afforestation, differing in thinning management) and on determining which are the main drivers that control CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in the studied soil type (Hapludoll), with focus on the diffusion process. CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes were measured 12 times with the static chamber technique between October 2015 and April 2019. Also, CH<sub>4</sub> gradient concentration in the soil profile and physical and chemical variables were measured on the same dates. All land uses studied acted as net CH<sub>4</sub> sinks. Land-use change from grassland to agriculture decreased soil CH<sub>4</sub> uptake (~37% ± 19), whereas afforestation increased (~85% ± 73) this environmental service related to natural grassland. We found that the main drivers that control CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in this soil are water and air-filled pore space, variables that govern soil CH<sub>4</sub> diffusion; they are mostly related to differences in bulk density (compaction) among land uses. Organic matter was also an important driver, mainly related to soil structure. Land-use change affected all of these drivers. CH<sub>4</sub> concentration presented differences at deeper soil layers only in the two afforestations, which differed in management (pruning and thinning vs. no management). However, CH<sub>4</sub> uptake did not present significant differences between them, suggesting that there is no need for a high tree cover to increase the CH<sub>4</sub> sink of the soil. This mixed tree and herbaceous cover may result in a similar environmental service output, increasing the options of land uses.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139648553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rentian Ma, Ning Yu, Shiwei Zhao, Chunli Wang, Nianyuan Jiao
Intercropping is an effective measure to increase crop yield and improve soil structure. The soil aggregate is the basic unit of soil structure, and its stability is affected by intercropping system. To study the effects of intercropping system on soil aggregate stability, the particle size distribution and stability characteristics of soil aggregates under three planting patterns of maize only (SM), peanut only (SP) and maize intercropped with peanut (M-P) were evaluated by dry sieving (mainly used to determine the mechanical stability of soil aggregates), wet sieving (mainly used to determine the water stability of soil aggregates) and Le Bissonnais (mainly used to distinguish different decomposition mechanisms of soil aggregates) (including slow wetting (SW), wet stirring (WS) and fast wetting (FW) tests) methods. The results showed that the particle size distribution of soil aggregates was mainly the >2 mm fraction in the dry sieving test, the 1–0.5 mm and <0.053 mm fractions in the wet sieving test, the >2 mm fraction in the SW test, the >2 mm and 2–1 mm fractions in the WS test and the 1–0.5 mm and 0.5–0.25 mm fractions in the FW test. The mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and R0.25 of soil aggregates in the three determination methods were all ranked as SP < SM < M-P, indicating that intercropping could increase the proportion of large aggregates and improve the stability of soil aggregates. In the three tests using the Le Bissonnais method, the MWD order was FW < WS < SW, indicating that the soil aggregates in this area were the most sensitive to slaking effects and the least sensitive to mechanical breakdown, and intercropping could reduce the sensitivity of soil aggregates to slaking effects and mechanical breakdown. In addition, the MWD of dry sieving was significantly positively correlated with the MWD of SW and WS, and the MWD of wet sieving was significantly positively correlated with the MWD of FW. The results of this study could provide a reference for better understanding of farmland soil structure and aggregate stability under intercropping system in the North China Plain.
{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of long-term maize–peanut intercropping on soil aggregate stability based on different methods","authors":"Rentian Ma, Ning Yu, Shiwei Zhao, Chunli Wang, Nianyuan Jiao","doi":"10.1111/sum.13015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13015","url":null,"abstract":"Intercropping is an effective measure to increase crop yield and improve soil structure. The soil aggregate is the basic unit of soil structure, and its stability is affected by intercropping system. To study the effects of intercropping system on soil aggregate stability, the particle size distribution and stability characteristics of soil aggregates under three planting patterns of maize only (SM), peanut only (SP) and maize intercropped with peanut (M-P) were evaluated by dry sieving (mainly used to determine the mechanical stability of soil aggregates), wet sieving (mainly used to determine the water stability of soil aggregates) and Le Bissonnais (mainly used to distinguish different decomposition mechanisms of soil aggregates) (including slow wetting (SW), wet stirring (WS) and fast wetting (FW) tests) methods. The results showed that the particle size distribution of soil aggregates was mainly the >2 mm fraction in the dry sieving test, the 1–0.5 mm and <0.053 mm fractions in the wet sieving test, the >2 mm fraction in the SW test, the >2 mm and 2–1 mm fractions in the WS test and the 1–0.5 mm and 0.5–0.25 mm fractions in the FW test. The mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and <i>R</i><sub>0.25</sub> of soil aggregates in the three determination methods were all ranked as SP < SM < M-P, indicating that intercropping could increase the proportion of large aggregates and improve the stability of soil aggregates. In the three tests using the Le Bissonnais method, the MWD order was FW < WS < SW, indicating that the soil aggregates in this area were the most sensitive to slaking effects and the least sensitive to mechanical breakdown, and intercropping could reduce the sensitivity of soil aggregates to slaking effects and mechanical breakdown. In addition, the MWD of dry sieving was significantly positively correlated with the MWD of SW and WS, and the MWD of wet sieving was significantly positively correlated with the MWD of FW. The results of this study could provide a reference for better understanding of farmland soil structure and aggregate stability under intercropping system in the North China Plain.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139458933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victória Santos Souza, Darliane de Castro Santos, Jaqueline Gomes Ferreira, Stéfany Oliveira de Souza, Tulio Porto Gonçalo, João Vitor Alves de Sousa, Aline Guimarães Cruvinel, Lourival Vilela, Tiago do Prado Paim, Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de Almeida, Lucas Pecci Canisares, Maurício Roberto Cherubin
Brazil is one of the largest soybean producer of the world and the Cerrado biome has played a pivotal role in this expansion. Due to the economic and agronomic challenges associated with the maize production as a second summer crop in this region, cover crops are gaining popularity as a strategy to diversify the agricultural system while enhancing soil health. This study assessed the benefits of single species of cover crops and a mix of cover crop species in between harvest seasons to the soybean grain yield and nematode supression. The study was carried out for three years in two locations within the Cerrado biome. We evaluated six cover crop treatments after soybean cultivation: 1) Mix of cover crops (Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria spectabilis, and Urochloa ruziziensis), 2) P. glaucum (Pearl millet), 3) Crotalaria spectabilis, 4) Urochloa ruziziensis (Congo grass) 5) Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (Marandu palisadegrass), and 6) Urochloa brizantha BRS Paiaguás (Paiaguás palisadegrass). P. glaucum and U. brizantha cv. Marandu produced highest amounts of biomass on a 3-year average. In one site, P. glaucum produced more biomass than other cover crops by 210%. Tropical grasses (U. ruziziensis, Marandu, and Paiaguás), along with the cover crop mixture, exhibited intermediate biomass levels in the site with higher P. glaucum biomass production and did not differ from P. glaucum in the other site. Cover crops varied nutrient uptake depending on the species. Decomposition rates varied among cover crops as expected, with C. spectabilis decomposing rapidly and releasing substantial amounts nutrients, particularly nitrogen. In contrast, the cover crop mixture had a slower decomposition. The choice of cover crop significantly influenced soybean population and yield, with some variability across years and locations. The cover crop mixture consistently supported higher soybean populations and yields, highlighting its potential for enhancing soybean production, nutrient cycling, and nematode suppression. It effectively reduced nematode abundance in soybean roots, highlighting its role in nematode management. Our findings emphasize the robustness and versatility of cover crop mixtures in mitigating weather variability across years and sites. They consistently performed well in terms of biomass production, nutrient uptake, soybean yields, and nematode control. This study highlights the vital role of cover crops in the Cerrado ecosystem, enhancing soil health, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability. The choice of cover crop species and mixtures offers a valuable tool for farmers seeking resilient and sustainable agricultural practices amid changing environmental conditions.
{"title":"Cover Crop Diversity for Sustainable Agriculture: Insights from the Cerrado Biome","authors":"Victória Santos Souza, Darliane de Castro Santos, Jaqueline Gomes Ferreira, Stéfany Oliveira de Souza, Tulio Porto Gonçalo, João Vitor Alves de Sousa, Aline Guimarães Cruvinel, Lourival Vilela, Tiago do Prado Paim, Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de Almeida, Lucas Pecci Canisares, Maurício Roberto Cherubin","doi":"10.1111/sum.13014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13014","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil is one of the largest soybean producer of the world and the Cerrado biome has played a pivotal role in this expansion. Due to the economic and agronomic challenges associated with the maize production as a second summer crop in this region, cover crops are gaining popularity as a strategy to diversify the agricultural system while enhancing soil health. This study assessed the benefits of single species of cover crops and a mix of cover crop species in between harvest seasons to the soybean grain yield and nematode supression. The study was carried out for three years in two locations within the Cerrado biome. We evaluated six cover crop treatments after soybean cultivation: 1) Mix of cover crops (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>, <i>Crotalaria spectabilis</i>, and <i>Urochloa ruziziensis</i>), 2) <i>P. glaucum</i> (Pearl millet), 3) <i>Crotalaria spectabilis</i>, 4) <i>Urochloa ruziziensis</i> (Congo grass) 5) <i>Urochloa brizantha</i> cv. Marandu (Marandu palisadegrass), and 6) <i>Urochloa brizantha</i> BRS Paiaguás (Paiaguás palisadegrass). <i>P. glaucum</i> and <i>U. brizantha</i> cv. Marandu produced highest amounts of biomass on a 3-year average. In one site, <i>P. glaucum</i> produced more biomass than other cover crops by 210%. Tropical grasses (<i>U. ruziziensis</i>, Marandu, and Paiaguás), along with the cover crop mixture, exhibited intermediate biomass levels in the site with higher <i>P. glaucum</i> biomass production and did not differ from <i>P. glaucum</i> in the other site. Cover crops varied nutrient uptake depending on the species. Decomposition rates varied among cover crops as expected, with <i>C. spectabilis</i> decomposing rapidly and releasing substantial amounts nutrients, particularly nitrogen. In contrast, the cover crop mixture had a slower decomposition. The choice of cover crop significantly influenced soybean population and yield, with some variability across years and locations. The cover crop mixture consistently supported higher soybean populations and yields, highlighting its potential for enhancing soybean production, nutrient cycling, and nematode suppression. It effectively reduced nematode abundance in soybean roots, highlighting its role in nematode management. Our findings emphasize the robustness and versatility of cover crop mixtures in mitigating weather variability across years and sites. They consistently performed well in terms of biomass production, nutrient uptake, soybean yields, and nematode control. This study highlights the vital role of cover crops in the Cerrado ecosystem, enhancing soil health, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability. The choice of cover crop species and mixtures offers a valuable tool for farmers seeking resilient and sustainable agricultural practices amid changing environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139066819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
João Paulo Gonsiorkiewicz Rigon, Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, Juliano Carlos Calonego, Luciano Colpo Gatiboni, Paulo Sérgio Pavionato, Marina Colzato, Silvia Capuani, Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Crop rotation and soil management practices after native tropical forest conversion may impact the dynamics of inorganic and organic phosphorus (Pi and Po) species in the soil. By combining the state-of-the-art spectroscopic methods P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), 31P liquid nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR), and chemical P fractionation, this study provides important insights on soil P speciation after conversion of native forest to cropland under distinct managements. A field trial was conducted in a weathered tropical soil to assess Pi and Po changes after conversion of native forest to cropland. The crop rotations were managed under no-tillage (NT) or minimum tillage (MT) since 2003, and repeated annually until 2015, cropped in the fall-winter and spring seasons, followed by soybean in the summer. Soil XANES analysis in the end revealed that P was predominantly associated with ferrihydrite and hematite, suggesting that P speciation was more strongly influenced by the presence of iron(oxyhydr)oxide than by crop rotations and/or soil management. The conversion of native forest to cropland promoted the mineralization of Po species, leading to re-adsorption in non-labile forms and consequently worsening the P cycling in the system. To increase the labile P pools and supply crop P demand, inputs of inorganic fertilizers were required owing to the strong soil P sorption. Our results show that even conservation practices such as MT or NT and complex crop rotations are not sufficient to inhibit the impact of cropland conversion on soil P forms.
热带原生林改造后的轮作和土壤管理措施可能会影响土壤中无机磷和有机磷（Pi 和 Po）物种的动态变化。本研究结合了最先进的光谱学方法 P K 边 X 射线吸收近缘结构（XANES）、31P 液体核磁共振（31P-NMR）和化学磷分馏，对不同管理方式下将原生林转化为耕地后土壤中磷的种类变化提供了重要见解。在风化热带土壤中进行了一项田间试验，以评估将原生林转化为耕地后 Pi 和 Po 的变化。自 2003 年起，作物轮作采用免耕（NT）或少耕（MT）管理，并在 2015 年之前每年重复一次，在秋冬季和春季种植作物，夏季种植大豆。最终的土壤 XANES 分析表明，钾主要与铁水物和赤铁矿相关联，这表明钾的分型受氧化铁的影响比受作物轮作和/或土壤管理的影响更大。将原生林转化为耕地促进了钾物种的矿化，导致钾以非易化形式被重新吸收，从而加剧了系统中的钾循环。由于土壤对 P 有很强的吸附性，因此需要施用无机肥料来增加可吸收 P 的储量并满足作物对 P 的需求。我们的研究结果表明，即使是 MT 或 NT 等保护措施以及复杂的作物轮作也不足以抑制耕地转换对土壤钾形态的影响。
{"title":"Phosphorus speciation under long-term crop rotation management in a tropical soil","authors":"João Paulo Gonsiorkiewicz Rigon, Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, Juliano Carlos Calonego, Luciano Colpo Gatiboni, Paulo Sérgio Pavionato, Marina Colzato, Silvia Capuani, Ciro Antonio Rosolem","doi":"10.1111/sum.13006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13006","url":null,"abstract":"Crop rotation and soil management practices after native tropical forest conversion may impact the dynamics of inorganic and organic phosphorus (Pi and Po) species in the soil. By combining the state-of-the-art spectroscopic methods P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), <sup>31</sup>P liquid nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>31</sup>P-NMR), and chemical P fractionation, this study provides important insights on soil P speciation after conversion of native forest to cropland under distinct managements. A field trial was conducted in a weathered tropical soil to assess Pi and Po changes after conversion of native forest to cropland. The crop rotations were managed under no-tillage (NT) or minimum tillage (MT) since 2003, and repeated annually until 2015, cropped in the fall-winter and spring seasons, followed by soybean in the summer. Soil XANES analysis in the end revealed that P was predominantly associated with ferrihydrite and hematite, suggesting that P speciation was more strongly influenced by the presence of iron(oxyhydr)oxide than by crop rotations and/or soil management. The conversion of native forest to cropland promoted the mineralization of Po species, leading to re-adsorption in non-labile forms and consequently worsening the P cycling in the system. To increase the labile P pools and supply crop P demand, inputs of inorganic fertilizers were required owing to the strong soil P sorption. Our results show that even conservation practices such as MT or NT and complex crop rotations are not sufficient to inhibit the impact of cropland conversion on soil P forms.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139057644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considerable amounts of residual fertilizer phosphorus (P) have accumulated in the agricultural soils of Finland since the 1960s, and the P fertilization recommendations have been lowered. It is unknown how much P intensively managed silage grass can obtain from the accumulated reserves without a loss of yield. In two field experiments on sandy loam conducted in 2003–2020, four consecutive grass (70% timothy, 30% fescue) rotations were performed (four or five years each, including the establishment year). The grass received mineral P fertilizers (PF; 16 kg P ha−1 year−1), cattle slurry (PS; 11 kg P ha−1 year−1) or no P (P0). The organic P (Po) and inorganic P (Pi) pools in 2003 and 2020 samples were determined following the Hedley procedure using H2O, NaHCO3, NaOH, and HCl as sequential extractants. Soil test P (STP) was monitored annually using ammonium acetate extraction. The results showed that the cumulative P balance (P0: −344– −412 kg ha−1; PF and PS: −101– −198 kg ha−1) was highly negative, resulting in declining STP. Still, after 18 years, the grass showed no consistent yield response to P fertilization. The most significant Pi decline occurred in the Pi–NaHCO3 (~30%) and Pi–NaOH (~50%) pools, while the changes in Po were negligible. This study and international comparisons, Mehlich-3, degree of P saturation and the result of Hedley in other studies, suggest that these soils, initially above the critical STP level, contain plenty of legacy P and can provide perennial grass with sufficient P for a long time.
自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，芬兰农业土壤中积累了大量的化肥残留磷（P），因此降低了磷肥的施用建议。目前尚不清楚集中管理的青贮草能从积累的储备中获得多少磷而不减产。在 2003-2020 年进行的两项沙质壤土田间试验中，连续进行了四次牧草（70% 梯牧草、30% 羊茅）轮作（每次轮作四年或五年，包括建立年份）。草地接受矿物钾肥（PF；16 千克 P 公顷-1 年-1）、牛粪（PS；11 千克 P 公顷-1 年-1）或无钾肥（P0）。2003 年和 2020 年样本中的有机钾（Po）和无机钾（Pi）含量是按照 Hedley 程序，使用 H2O、NaHCO3、NaOH 和 HCl 作为顺序萃取剂测定的。每年使用乙酸铵萃取法监测土壤测试 P（STP）。结果表明，累积钾平衡（P0：-344--412 kg ha-1；PF 和 PS：-101--198 kg ha-1）为高度负值，导致 STP 不断下降。尽管如此，18 年后，禾本科植物对 P 肥的产量反应并不一致。Pi 下降最明显的是 Pi-NaHCO3 池（约 30%）和 Pi-NaOH 池（约 50%），而 Po 的变化可以忽略不计。这项研究和国际比较、Mehlich-3、钾饱和度以及 Hedley 在其他研究中的结果表明，这些土壤最初高于临界 STP 水平，但含有大量遗留钾，可长期为多年生牧草提供充足的钾。
{"title":"Long-term changes in soil phosphorus in response to fertilization and negative phosphorus balance under grass rotation in mineral soils in Nordic conditions","authors":"Arja Mustonen, Markku Yli-Halla, Maarit Termonen, Sanna Kykkänen, Kirsi Järvenranta, Perttu Virkajärvi","doi":"10.1111/sum.13013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13013","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable amounts of residual fertilizer phosphorus (P) have accumulated in the agricultural soils of Finland since the 1960s, and the P fertilization recommendations have been lowered. It is unknown how much P intensively managed silage grass can obtain from the accumulated reserves without a loss of yield. In two field experiments on sandy loam conducted in 2003–2020, four consecutive grass (70% timothy, 30% fescue) rotations were performed (four or five years each, including the establishment year). The grass received mineral P fertilizers (PF; 16 kg P ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>), cattle slurry (PS; 11 kg P ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>) or no P (P0). The organic P (Po) and inorganic P (Pi) pools in 2003 and 2020 samples were determined following the Hedley procedure using H<sub>2</sub>O, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, NaOH, and HCl as sequential extractants. Soil test P (STP) was monitored annually using ammonium acetate extraction. The results showed that the cumulative P balance (P0: −344– −412 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>; PF and PS: −101– −198 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) was highly negative, resulting in declining STP. Still, after 18 years, the grass showed no consistent yield response to P fertilization. The most significant Pi decline occurred in the Pi–NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (~30%) and Pi–NaOH (~50%) pools, while the changes in Po were negligible. This study and international comparisons, Mehlich-3, degree of P saturation and the result of Hedley in other studies, suggest that these soils, initially above the critical STP level, contain plenty of legacy P and can provide perennial grass with sufficient P for a long time.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change, land degradation, and inadequate soil nutrients pose significant threats to food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aims to examine the effects of planting basins with farmyard manure on soil total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), isotopic C (δ13C), and N (δ15N) compositions within smallholder-managed farms in Makueni County, Kenya. The study involved two management practices: planting basins with manure (PM) and conventional farming practices (FP) in 12 experimental sites. Soil samples were taken at three depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm), with three replicates for each treatment. Significant interactions were observed between land management practices and sites as well as land management practices and soil depth on soil total C and N. At each of the 12 sites, soil total C was higher under PM (ranging from 0.44% to 1.86%, p<0.05) than FP management (ranging from 0.35% to 1.37%,) across all soil depths. Soil total N concentrations ranged from 0.027% to 0.100% under FP and (0.060% to 0.190%, p<0.05) under PM management. Across soil depths, higher (less negative) soil δ13C values were observed under conventional farmer practice (range -22.5‰ to -17.1‰) compared to PM management range (-24.3‰ to -18.1‰). Soil δ15N was significantly enriched under PM management (range: 7.4‰ to 12.6‰, p<0.05) compared to the conventional farmer practices (range: 6.1‰ to 9.8‰, p<0.05). The findings show that planting basins with farmyard manure offers both climate mitigation and adaptation benefits by increasing soil C contents and improving soil fertility. The study provides insights into the real-world implications of these practices, emphasising the potential of planting basins with manure in enhancing soil quality and climate resilience.
{"title":"Effects of planting basins and farmyard manure addition on soil carbon and nitrogen pools under on-farm conditions in Makueni county of Kenya","authors":"Edith Kichamu-Wachira, Zhihong Xu, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Leigh Anne Winowiecki, Gebiaw Ayele, Duan Biggs, Christine Magaju, Sabah Taresh, Shahla Hosseini-Bai, Negar Omidvar","doi":"10.1111/sum.13008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13008","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change, land degradation, and inadequate soil nutrients pose significant threats to food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aims to examine the effects of planting basins with farmyard manure on soil total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), isotopic C (δ<sup>13</sup>C), and N (δ<sup>15</sup>N) compositions within smallholder-managed farms in Makueni County, Kenya. The study involved two management practices: planting basins with manure (PM) and conventional farming practices (FP) in 12 experimental sites. Soil samples were taken at three depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm), with three replicates for each treatment. Significant interactions were observed between land management practices and sites as well as land management practices and soil depth on soil total C and N. At each of the 12 sites, soil total C was higher under PM (ranging from 0.44% to 1.86%, <i>p</i><0.05) than FP management (ranging from 0.35% to 1.37%,) across all soil depths. Soil total N concentrations ranged from 0.027% to 0.100% under FP and (0.060% to 0.190%, <i>p</i><0.05) under PM management. Across soil depths, higher (less negative) soil δ<sup>13</sup>C values were observed under conventional farmer practice (range -22.5‰ to -17.1‰) compared to PM management range (-24.3‰ to -18.1‰). Soil δ<sup>15</sup>N was significantly enriched under PM management (range: 7.4‰ to 12.6‰, <i>p</i><0.05) compared to the conventional farmer practices (range: 6.1‰ to 9.8‰, <i>p</i><0.05). The findings show that planting basins with farmyard manure offers both climate mitigation and adaptation benefits by increasing soil C contents and improving soil fertility. The study provides insights into the real-world implications of these practices, emphasising the potential of planting basins with manure in enhancing soil quality and climate resilience.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salvatore Baiano, Enrica Picariello, Loredana Canfora, Fabio Tittarelli, Luigi Morra
Vegetable crops production is usually based on organic fertilizers purchased off-farm while the care of soil fertility based on the maintenance of adequate level of soil organic matter receives few attentions. Organic production in plastic tunnel-greenhouses represents the most intensified organic production system. Therefore, we compared four alternative organic production systems mainly characterized by the combination of fertilization practices based on compost, cover crops, and commercial organic fertilizers. The systems were: input substitution organic method (BAU), biodynamic method (BIODYN), organic-agroecological (AGROEC), and a not fertilized but organically managed control (CNT). The objective of this study was to explore in a 3-year long trial, the effects of different organic systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) balance and the possible effects on soil chemical-physical characteristics, enzymatic activities involved in the C, N, and P cycling, total bacterial biomass (16S rRNA), and the microbial functional genes cbbL and amoA in bulk soil and in three aggregate size fractions (macroaggregates >250 μm, free microaggregates 250-53 μm, and free silt plus clay (free-SC) < 53 μm). The conducive microclimatic conditions for soil microbial activities under the greenhouse, together with the transition towards a more intensive rotation and tillage, determined a decrease of the SOC stock (from 5.9 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in BIODYN to 10.8 in CNT) that was only partially balanced by C input distributed to soil (from 4.6 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in CNT to 31.6 in AGROEC). The different organic systems did not seem to directly affect chemical and microbial properties in the bulk soils. The higher SOC decline in CNT, however, resulted in the degradation of soil structure but at same time led to the increase of the FDAse in the bulk soil. At aggregate level, instead, more evident effects of organic systems were observed on both chemical-physical and microbial properties. The impact of organic systems on enzymatic activities differed in the different aggregate size classes while the effect on bacterial biomass and functional genes was the same in all aggregate size classes. Interestingly, the cbbL gene abundance in soil aggregates, especially in macroaggregates, was correlated positively to OC inputs (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). The amoA gene and bacterial biomass, instead, put in evidence for BIODYN, a significant decrease in soil aggregates that seemed to be related, particularly in macro and free microaggregates, to the low amount of total N content. In soil aggregates only AGROEC, compared to CNT, determined the increment of the phosphatase in macroaggregates, while BIODYN and BAU highlighted even lower values of β-d-glucosidase, β-d-glucosaminidase, and phosphatase in free-SC. In conclusion in high-input organic systems under tunnels, the misleading notion that a high supply of OC and TN through green manuring, compost amendment etc., improves <i>p
{"title":"Different organic farming systems under greenhouse do not improve soil C storage but affect microbial functions across soil aggregates","authors":"Salvatore Baiano, Enrica Picariello, Loredana Canfora, Fabio Tittarelli, Luigi Morra","doi":"10.1111/sum.13011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13011","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetable crops production is usually based on organic fertilizers purchased off-farm while the care of soil fertility based on the maintenance of adequate level of soil organic matter receives few attentions. Organic production in plastic tunnel-greenhouses represents the most intensified organic production system. Therefore, we compared four alternative organic production systems mainly characterized by the combination of fertilization practices based on compost, cover crops, and commercial organic fertilizers. The systems were: input substitution organic method (BAU), biodynamic method (BIODYN), organic-agroecological (AGROEC), and a not fertilized but organically managed control (CNT). The objective of this study was to explore in a 3-year long trial, the effects of different organic systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) balance and the possible effects on soil chemical-physical characteristics, enzymatic activities involved in the C, N, and P cycling, total bacterial biomass (16S rRNA), and the microbial functional genes cbbL and amoA in bulk soil and in three aggregate size fractions (macroaggregates >250 μm, free microaggregates 250-53 μm, and free silt plus clay (free-SC) < 53 μm). The conducive microclimatic conditions for soil microbial activities under the greenhouse, together with the transition towards a more intensive rotation and tillage, determined a decrease of the SOC stock (from 5.9 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in BIODYN to 10.8 in CNT) that was only partially balanced by C input distributed to soil (from 4.6 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> in CNT to 31.6 in AGROEC). The different organic systems did not seem to directly affect chemical and microbial properties in the bulk soils. The higher SOC decline in CNT, however, resulted in the degradation of soil structure but at same time led to the increase of the FDAse in the bulk soil. At aggregate level, instead, more evident effects of organic systems were observed on both chemical-physical and microbial properties. The impact of organic systems on enzymatic activities differed in the different aggregate size classes while the effect on bacterial biomass and functional genes was the same in all aggregate size classes. Interestingly, the cbbL gene abundance in soil aggregates, especially in macroaggregates, was correlated positively to OC inputs (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). The amoA gene and bacterial biomass, instead, put in evidence for BIODYN, a significant decrease in soil aggregates that seemed to be related, particularly in macro and free microaggregates, to the low amount of total N content. In soil aggregates only AGROEC, compared to CNT, determined the increment of the phosphatase in macroaggregates, while BIODYN and BAU highlighted even lower values of β-d-glucosidase, β-d-glucosaminidase, and phosphatase in free-SC. In conclusion in high-input organic systems under tunnels, the misleading notion that a high supply of OC and TN through green manuring, compost amendment etc., improves <i>p","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"33 81","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is a key indicator for understanding the carbon dynamics in agroecosystems. Carbon fractions, on the other hand, can be more sensitive over short periods and can detect changes in the distribution and relationship patterns of SOC pools. To test this hypothesis nine, 16‐year‐old agroforestry systems (AFS) were tested and compared with control at 0‐15cm and 15‐30cm soil depths for K2Cr2O7 oxidizable carbon (SOC), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) and carbon fractions, viz. very labile (C1frac), labile (C2frac), less labile (C3frac), and non‐labile (C4frac). Carbon lability index (CLI) and Stratification Ratio (SR) were calculated to assess the lability and vertical distribution of SOC. The study found that from the time of plantation, SOC stocks significantly improved in the range 19.82‐46.33% under different AFS with SOC sequestration ranging from 0.111±0.002 to 0.697±0.017 MgC ha‐1yr‐1. Among different AFS, Bambusa vulgaris showed significantly higher SOC sequestration than all other treatments at both soil depths. AFS also demonstrated a significant improvement in SOC lability, leading to an increase in CLI by 0.08‐4.48% at 0‐15cm depth and a more pronounced improvement of 2.08‐18.32% at 15‐30 cm depth. Among different AFS the highest improvement in CLI was observed in Bambusa vulgaris and the lowest in fallow land. The vertical distribution of carbon fractions in the soil was also affected by AFS, with the labile carbon fraction mostly concentrated in the topsoil layer as indicated by high SR values (1.133‐1.203) for C1frac. The highly significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) of labile carbon fractions with SOC (r=0.872** for C1frac, r=0.900** for C2frac and r=0.915** for C3frac) indicated the high dependence of SOC on labile carbon. The study revealed that AFS have the potential to significantly enhance carbon sequestration, while also impacting the lability and vertical distribution of SOC.
{"title":"Quantifying the impact of different agroforestry systems on soil carbon fractions lability and long‐term carbon sequestration in Central Himalayas","authors":"Suraj Melkani, Veer Singh, J. Bhadha","doi":"10.1111/sum.13012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13012","url":null,"abstract":"Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is a key indicator for understanding the carbon dynamics in agroecosystems. Carbon fractions, on the other hand, can be more sensitive over short periods and can detect changes in the distribution and relationship patterns of SOC pools. To test this hypothesis nine, 16‐year‐old agroforestry systems (AFS) were tested and compared with control at 0‐15cm and 15‐30cm soil depths for K2Cr2O7 oxidizable carbon (SOC), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) and carbon fractions, viz. very labile (C1frac), labile (C2frac), less labile (C3frac), and non‐labile (C4frac). Carbon lability index (CLI) and Stratification Ratio (SR) were calculated to assess the lability and vertical distribution of SOC. The study found that from the time of plantation, SOC stocks significantly improved in the range 19.82‐46.33% under different AFS with SOC sequestration ranging from 0.111±0.002 to 0.697±0.017 MgC ha‐1yr‐1. Among different AFS, Bambusa vulgaris showed significantly higher SOC sequestration than all other treatments at both soil depths. AFS also demonstrated a significant improvement in SOC lability, leading to an increase in CLI by 0.08‐4.48% at 0‐15cm depth and a more pronounced improvement of 2.08‐18.32% at 15‐30 cm depth. Among different AFS the highest improvement in CLI was observed in Bambusa vulgaris and the lowest in fallow land. The vertical distribution of carbon fractions in the soil was also affected by AFS, with the labile carbon fraction mostly concentrated in the topsoil layer as indicated by high SR values (1.133‐1.203) for C1frac. The highly significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) of labile carbon fractions with SOC (r=0.872** for C1frac, r=0.900** for C2frac and r=0.915** for C3frac) indicated the high dependence of SOC on labile carbon. The study revealed that AFS have the potential to significantly enhance carbon sequestration, while also impacting the lability and vertical distribution of SOC.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Kwesi Abebrese, Recep Serdar Kara, K. Báťková, J. K. M. Biney, S. Matula
Under the recent water‐limiting crisis on farmlands in the Czech Republic, more sustainable approaches to improve water infiltration and suction within the soil layer useful for plant growth is crucial. This study sought to explore changes induced by applied tillage system, and time after tillage (considering two field conditions; at crop maturity when the soil had consolidated long after tillage, and after tillage and seeding operations). The tillage systems investigated were reduced tillage (RT), occasional tillage (OT), no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Soil properties at 0 – 30 cm depth analyzed were dry bulk density, soil organic matter content, saturated volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. After the tillage and seeding operations, soil organic matter increased on all conservation tillage plots (RT, OT and NT) but decreased under CT. Insignificant changes in dry bulk density were observed on the conservation tillage plots whereas CT reduced dry bulk density by 15.3%. Saturated hydraulic conductivity fluctuated significantly under OT and CT, while remaining stable under RT and NT. Generally, significant variability in organic matter influenced changes in saturated volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Changes in dry bulk density on all the tilled plots (RT, OT, and CT) did not show any significant relationship with saturated volumetric water content. Likewise, no significant relationship between changes in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on all plots were observed. While organic matter improvements under OT positively correlated with saturated volumetric water content, its seasonal dynamics under saturated hydraulic conductivity can be further studied. CT causes high instabilities in both saturated volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity leading to impaired characteristics during the soil's consolidated state.
在捷克共和国农田近期的限水危机下，采用更具可持续性的方法来改善土壤层中有利于植物生长的水分渗透和吸力至关重要。本研究试图探讨应用耕作制度和耕作后时间所引起的变化（考虑两种田间条件：耕作后土壤长期固结的作物成熟期，以及耕作和播种作业后）。调查的耕作制度包括减少耕作（RT）、偶尔耕作（OT）、不耕作（NT）和传统耕作（CT）。分析的 0 - 30 厘米深度的土壤特性包括干容重、土壤有机质含量、饱和体积水含量和饱和导水率。翻耕和播种作业后，所有保护性耕作地块（RT、OT 和 NT）的土壤有机质都有所增加，但 CT 地块的土壤有机质则有所减少。保护性耕作地块的干容重变化不大，而 CT 地块的干容重降低了 15.3%。饱和导水率在 OT 和 CT 下波动明显，而在 RT 和 NT 下保持稳定。一般来说，有机质的显著变化会影响饱和容积含水量和饱和导水率的变化。所有翻耕地块（RT、OT 和 CT）的干容重变化与饱和容积含水量没有明显关系。同样，所有地块的容重变化与饱和导水性之间也没有明显关系。虽然 OT 条件下有机质的改善与饱和容积含水量呈正相关，但其在饱和导水率条件下的季节动态仍有待进一步研究。CT 会导致饱和容积含水量和饱和导水率的高度不稳定性，从而损害土壤固结状态下的特性。
{"title":"Assessing the effects of different tillage systems on selected physical and chemical properties of a silty clay loam soil under different field conditions in the Czech Republic","authors":"David Kwesi Abebrese, Recep Serdar Kara, K. Báťková, J. K. M. Biney, S. Matula","doi":"10.1111/sum.13007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13007","url":null,"abstract":"Under the recent water‐limiting crisis on farmlands in the Czech Republic, more sustainable approaches to improve water infiltration and suction within the soil layer useful for plant growth is crucial. This study sought to explore changes induced by applied tillage system, and time after tillage (considering two field conditions; at crop maturity when the soil had consolidated long after tillage, and after tillage and seeding operations). The tillage systems investigated were reduced tillage (RT), occasional tillage (OT), no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Soil properties at 0 – 30 cm depth analyzed were dry bulk density, soil organic matter content, saturated volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. After the tillage and seeding operations, soil organic matter increased on all conservation tillage plots (RT, OT and NT) but decreased under CT. Insignificant changes in dry bulk density were observed on the conservation tillage plots whereas CT reduced dry bulk density by 15.3%. Saturated hydraulic conductivity fluctuated significantly under OT and CT, while remaining stable under RT and NT. Generally, significant variability in organic matter influenced changes in saturated volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Changes in dry bulk density on all the tilled plots (RT, OT, and CT) did not show any significant relationship with saturated volumetric water content. Likewise, no significant relationship between changes in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on all plots were observed. While organic matter improvements under OT positively correlated with saturated volumetric water content, its seasonal dynamics under saturated hydraulic conductivity can be further studied. CT causes high instabilities in both saturated volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity leading to impaired characteristics during the soil's consolidated state.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"28 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138949757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phosphorus (P) is the main limiting nutrient in agriculture. Most of the P fertilizers applied to the soil remain ineffective because of the weak movement and transfer of P in the soil. Current agricultural production requires large amounts of P fertilizers, leading to the accumulation of residual P in the soil and serious ecological problems. Fixation of P is a vital reason for limited fertilizer effectiveness. Therefore, improving soil P effectiveness is the key to reducing soil P accumulation. This study explored the effects of different water‐soluble P fertilizers on maize yield and economic benefits by comparing the relationships between soil P distribution and P absorption and utilisation of maize in a calcareous soil of Xinjiang province in China. The main results indicated that (1) the drip application of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and urea phosphate (UR) was more beneficial for increasing the total P content in the deep soil layer; the drip application of APP was beneficial in increasing the available P content of the deep soil layer. (2) Dripping acid fertilizer was more conducive to reducing soil acidity and alkalinity (pH). (3) The application of different P fertilizers favoured the accumulation of P in all organs of maize, among which APP and UP were the most effective since they increased accumulation by 75.8% and 60.4% (at flowering stage) and 98.2% and 62.3% (at maturity stage), respectively, compared with CK (without P fertilizer). (4) pH was the main factor affecting P uptake and transformation, and the drip application of P fertilizer had the most significant effect on pH. (5) The application of different water‐soluble P fertilizers increased maize yield and economic benefits. Among the five water‐soluble P fertilizers selected in this study, APP had the greatest economic benefits, followed by UP and Monoammonium phosphate (MAP); they increased yields by 31.6%, 24.5%, and 22.0%, respectively, compared with CK.
磷（P）是农业中的主要限制性养分。由于磷在土壤中的移动和转移能力较弱，施入土壤中的大部分磷肥仍然无效。目前的农业生产需要施用大量的磷肥，导致土壤中残留磷的积累和严重的生态问题。磷的固定是肥效有限的重要原因。因此，提高土壤中 P 的有效性是减少土壤中 P 累积的关键。本研究通过比较中国新疆石灰性土壤中土壤磷的分布与玉米对磷的吸收利用之间的关系，探讨了不同水溶性磷肥对玉米产量和经济效益的影响。主要结果表明：（1）滴施多磷酸铵（APP）和磷酸脲（UR）更有利于提高土壤深层总磷含量；滴施多磷酸铵（APP）有利于提高土壤深层可利用磷含量。(2）滴施酸性肥料更有利于降低土壤酸碱度（pH 值）。(3）施用不同的钾肥有利于钾在玉米各器官中的积累，其中 APP 和 UP 的效果最好，与 CK（不施钾肥）相比，它们分别增加了 75.8%和 60.4%（开花期）以及 98.2%和 62.3%（成熟期）的钾积累。(4）pH 值是影响钾吸收和转化的主要因素，滴施钾肥对 pH 值的影响最大。(5）施用不同的水溶性磷肥可提高玉米产量和经济效益。在本研究选择的五种水溶性磷肥中，APP的经济效益最大，其次是UP和磷酸一铵（MAP）；与CK相比，它们分别增产31.6%、24.5%和22.0%。
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