Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4293
A. Owhonka, Nlerum, Godshalom Otokin, Robinson, Victor K., Okafor, Afam Chibuike
The microbiological quality of Rainwater and air of the market, hospital, and residential area was evaluated. Roof-harvested and direct rainwater samples were collected from the three aforementioned locations. The air quality was investigated using the plate sedimentation method. Culture-based techniques were used for the enumeration and isolation of microorganisms in water samples, while the identities were confirmed using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. The range of the total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) of rainwater was 1.2±7.1x106 to 6.1±1.1 x106 cfu/ml, total coliform count (TCC) ranged between 8.0±0.00 x103 to 30.5 ±2.1 x103 cfu/ml, faecal coliform counts (FCC) ranged between 1.0±0.00×103 to 6.0±0.00×103 cfu/ml, fungal counts ranged from 2.0±0.00x103 to 11.0±0.00x103 cfu/ml. The THB, TCC, and FCC of the air samples, ranged between 0.04±0.02 to 0.13±0.04 cfu/min-m2, 0.01±0.00to 0.03±0.00 cfu/min-m2, and 0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 cfu/min-m2, respectively. There was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial load of the roof-harvested rainwater and the direct rainwater of the residential area, roof-harvested and direct rainwater of the hospital. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total coliform counts of the water with the coliform counts of the roof-harvested rainwater of the market being significantly higher than the coliform counts recorded in other locations. Seven bacterial genera belonging to Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter sp, and Bacillus sp were isolated. The fungal isolates were Candida sp, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that rainwater is not fit for consumption due to its components and can cause harm to individuals if consumed without treatment. proper treatment is recommended before consumption. The results also showed that the microbiological quality of the air samples was influenced by their environment.
{"title":"Microbiological Assessment of Rainwater and Air Quality of Some Areas in Port Harcourt","authors":"A. Owhonka, Nlerum, Godshalom Otokin, Robinson, Victor K., Okafor, Afam Chibuike","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4293","url":null,"abstract":"The microbiological quality of Rainwater and air of the market, hospital, and residential area was evaluated. Roof-harvested and direct rainwater samples were collected from the three aforementioned locations. The air quality was investigated using the plate sedimentation method. Culture-based techniques were used for the enumeration and isolation of microorganisms in water samples, while the identities were confirmed using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. The range of the total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) of rainwater was 1.2±7.1x106 to 6.1±1.1 x106 cfu/ml, total coliform count (TCC) ranged between 8.0±0.00 x103 to 30.5 ±2.1 x103 cfu/ml, faecal coliform counts (FCC) ranged between 1.0±0.00×103 to 6.0±0.00×103 cfu/ml, fungal counts ranged from 2.0±0.00x103 to 11.0±0.00x103 cfu/ml. The THB, TCC, and FCC of the air samples, ranged between 0.04±0.02 to 0.13±0.04 cfu/min-m2, 0.01±0.00to 0.03±0.00 cfu/min-m2, and 0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 cfu/min-m2, respectively. There was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial load of the roof-harvested rainwater and the direct rainwater of the residential area, roof-harvested and direct rainwater of the hospital. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total coliform counts of the water with the coliform counts of the roof-harvested rainwater of the market being significantly higher than the coliform counts recorded in other locations. Seven bacterial genera belonging to Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter sp, and Bacillus sp were isolated. The fungal isolates were Candida sp, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that rainwater is not fit for consumption due to its components and can cause harm to individuals if consumed without treatment. proper treatment is recommended before consumption. The results also showed that the microbiological quality of the air samples was influenced by their environment.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91217268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4292
Agyingi Lucy Ambang, Keuete Kamdoum Elie, Maah Romanus Nyamjua
Sigatoka Disease (SD) represents the major pre-harvest fungal disease of banana and also appear as the major constraint of banana production. This diseaseis caused by two major pathogenic fungi, Pseudocercospora fijiensis and P. musicola. It provokes necrotic lesions on leaves and serious infestations leads to a substantial reduction in the green leaf area of infected plants and thus the photosynthetic area of the plant and consequently leads to yield loss. In the present work, three plantations were surveyed and experiments conducted in Southwest Cameroon to assess the prevalence and severity of sigatoaka disease in the banana plantations. Our results revealed a 100 % prevalence of Sigatoka in the field with an incidence of 59 %. In a severe manner, the severity in all the plantations was seen to have a constant increase with the highest severity at 23.83 % observed in plantation 1. In a nutshell, the incidence and severity of the disease was seen to increase with respect to time and season.
{"title":"Prevalence and Severity of Sigatoka Disease of Banana in Cameroon","authors":"Agyingi Lucy Ambang, Keuete Kamdoum Elie, Maah Romanus Nyamjua","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4292","url":null,"abstract":"Sigatoka Disease (SD) represents the major pre-harvest fungal disease of banana and also appear as the major constraint of banana production. This diseaseis caused by two major pathogenic fungi, Pseudocercospora fijiensis and P. musicola. It provokes necrotic lesions on leaves and serious infestations leads to a substantial reduction in the green leaf area of infected plants and thus the photosynthetic area of the plant and consequently leads to yield loss. In the present work, three plantations were surveyed and experiments conducted in Southwest Cameroon to assess the prevalence and severity of sigatoaka disease in the banana plantations. Our results revealed a 100 % prevalence of Sigatoka in the field with an incidence of 59 %. In a severe manner, the severity in all the plantations was seen to have a constant increase with the highest severity at 23.83 % observed in plantation 1. In a nutshell, the incidence and severity of the disease was seen to increase with respect to time and season.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86493536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was aimed at evaluating metal tolerant and antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from underground water around aged crude oil polluted site. Samples were collected from different locations around aged crude oil polluted site and control sample from an uncontaminated site of Bodo community, Gokana Local Government, Rivers state, Nigeria. The samples were cultured on nutrient agar, Bushnell Hass and MacConkay agar using standard microbial technique. Antibiogram of the isolated and identified bacteria were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The bacterial tolerance of different concentrations of the heavy metals, Chromium, Vanadium, Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead was determined. The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC) of the samples ranged from 1.26×104 CFU/ml to 3.6×105 CFU/ml. Count of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) ranged from 1.02×103 to 3.2×103 CFU/ml and the coliform count of the sample ranged from 4.2×103 CFU/ml to 4.0×103ml. The predominant bacteria identified were Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, and Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp and Proteus sp. All (100%) the Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to the antibiotic, Ceftazidime, Cefprozil and Cloxacin, 92% were resistant to Gentamycin and Erythromycin while 80% were resistant to Augmentin. All (100%) of the Gram-negative bacteria isolates were resistant to cefluroxime, 66% were resistant to Augmentin and Ceftazidim, and 33% were observed to be resistant to Nitrofurantin and Gentamicin. It was observed that all the isolates were tolerant to 50 µg/ml concentration, 70 to 100% of the isolates were tolerant to 100 µg/ml concentration, 17 to 100% were tolerant to 200 µg/ml concentration while 11 to 41% were tolerant to 300 µg/ml concentration of all the heavy metals studied. From this study, it was revealed that petroleum aged contamination could be a source of heavy-metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
{"title":"Antimicrobial and Metal Tolerance of Bacteria Isolated from Underground Water Sample of Aged Crude Oil Contaminated Site","authors":"Yirabari Gote Igoni, Danagogo Lawson Stephenson, Nbaa Smart Atah, Clement Okpulor Amaechi","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i4291","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed at evaluating metal tolerant and antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from underground water around aged crude oil polluted site. Samples were collected from different locations around aged crude oil polluted site and control sample from an uncontaminated site of Bodo community, Gokana Local Government, Rivers state, Nigeria. The samples were cultured on nutrient agar, Bushnell Hass and MacConkay agar using standard microbial technique. Antibiogram of the isolated and identified bacteria were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The bacterial tolerance of different concentrations of the heavy metals, Chromium, Vanadium, Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead was determined. The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC) of the samples ranged from 1.26×104 CFU/ml to 3.6×105 CFU/ml. Count of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) ranged from 1.02×103 to 3.2×103 CFU/ml and the coliform count of the sample ranged from 4.2×103 CFU/ml to 4.0×103ml. The predominant bacteria identified were Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, and Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp and Proteus sp. All (100%) the Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to the antibiotic, Ceftazidime, Cefprozil and Cloxacin, 92% were resistant to Gentamycin and Erythromycin while 80% were resistant to Augmentin. All (100%) of the Gram-negative bacteria isolates were resistant to cefluroxime, 66% were resistant to Augmentin and Ceftazidim, and 33% were observed to be resistant to Nitrofurantin and Gentamicin. It was observed that all the isolates were tolerant to 50 µg/ml concentration, 70 to 100% of the isolates were tolerant to 100 µg/ml concentration, 17 to 100% were tolerant to 200 µg/ml concentration while 11 to 41% were tolerant to 300 µg/ml concentration of all the heavy metals studied. From this study, it was revealed that petroleum aged contamination could be a source of heavy-metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79830198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3290
Afran Sidjè Arlette, M’Bengue Gbonon Valérie, T. Bertin, Kipré Guédé Bertin, T. Anatole, K. Fernique, G. Nathalie, N. Simon-Pierre, Dosso Mireille
Background: Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) represent a global health scourge. Their emergence in hospital services complicates the clinical management of infections caused in particular in immunocompromised persons. The objective of our work was to evaluate the prevalence of MDR in the neonatal services of the University Hospitals Centers of Abidjan. Materials and Methods: The present study took place from September to November 2020 and from January to June 2021. The samples collected consisted of venous blood samples for blood cultures, rectal swabs from newborns, nasal and hand swabs from health care workers, and swabs from inert surfaces and neonatal care equipment. Bacterial identification methods, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and Chi-square testing were performed. Results: A total of 513 samples were obtained from which 215 organisms were isolated and identified. These bacteria consisted of 52.1% Gram-negative bacilli, of which 77.7% were Enterobacteriaceae and 47.9% Gram-positive cocci. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (25.6%), coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (24.6%), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (23.2%) were the most isolated bacteria. The overall prevalence of MDR was 73.9%. The main antibiotic resistance phenotypes described were the production of Broad Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in 71.9% of Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin resistance (Meti-R) in 75.6% of Staphylococcus. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (E-ESBL) were mainly observed in rectal carriage and Meti-R strains in blood cultures in newborns in the respective proportions of 45.6% and 56.4%. Conclusion: In our work, the results obtained showed a high prevalence of MDR in neonatal services and newborns are the most affected subjects. Improving hygiene rules and control and rationalizing the use of antibiotics are highly recommended control strategies to reduce the hospital dissemination of MDR.
{"title":"Multi-resistant Bacteria to Antibiotics in Hospitals: The Case of Neonatology Services of the University Hospitals Centers of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"Afran Sidjè Arlette, M’Bengue Gbonon Valérie, T. Bertin, Kipré Guédé Bertin, T. Anatole, K. Fernique, G. Nathalie, N. Simon-Pierre, Dosso Mireille","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3290","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) represent a global health scourge. Their emergence in hospital services complicates the clinical management of infections caused in particular in immunocompromised persons. The objective of our work was to evaluate the prevalence of MDR in the neonatal services of the University Hospitals Centers of Abidjan. \u0000Materials and Methods: The present study took place from September to November 2020 and from January to June 2021. The samples collected consisted of venous blood samples for blood cultures, rectal swabs from newborns, nasal and hand swabs from health care workers, and swabs from inert surfaces and neonatal care equipment. Bacterial identification methods, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and Chi-square testing were performed. \u0000Results: A total of 513 samples were obtained from which 215 organisms were isolated and identified. These bacteria consisted of 52.1% Gram-negative bacilli, of which 77.7% were Enterobacteriaceae and 47.9% Gram-positive cocci. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (25.6%), coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (24.6%), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (23.2%) were the most isolated bacteria. The overall prevalence of MDR was 73.9%. The main antibiotic resistance phenotypes described were the production of Broad Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in 71.9% of Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin resistance (Meti-R) in 75.6% of Staphylococcus. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (E-ESBL) were mainly observed in rectal carriage and Meti-R strains in blood cultures in newborns in the respective proportions of 45.6% and 56.4%. \u0000Conclusion: In our work, the results obtained showed a high prevalence of MDR in neonatal services and newborns are the most affected subjects. Improving hygiene rules and control and rationalizing the use of antibiotics are highly recommended control strategies to reduce the hospital dissemination of MDR.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73831907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3289
C. Ugboma, R. Nrior, M. Igbudu
Aim: To evaluate the bioremediation potential of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) in crude oil contaminated sediment. Study Design: The study employs three (3) experimental designs using flat rubber, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation makes up the study design. Place and Duration of Study: New Calabar River, Choba, Obio Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, was used for this study. New Calabar River lies between longitude 6°53.13E and latitude 4°53.52N in Choba. Bioremediation monitoring process lasted for 56 days; analyses were carried out at 14 days’ interval. Methodology: Three (3) experimental set up were employed using a using flat rubber basin, each set up contained 2500g of sediment and was contaminated with 250ml of Crude Oil except Control 1 uncontaminated sediment (Us). The set up was augmented with the Chlorella vulgaris (CHL) except the control 1 and 2 (Us and Cs). Sediment profile like Temperature, pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, electrical conductivity, moisture content, total organic carbon, soil organic matter and total hydrocarbon content (THC) before contamination was determined using standard analytical methods while parameters like Temperature, pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Total Hydrocarbon Contents (THC) were monitored throughout the experimental period. Microalgae and Hydrocarbon utilizing algae (HUA) were monitored throughout the experimental period using standard microbiological methods. Percentage Bioremediation was estimated from amount of THC reduction from day 1 (initial) of monitoring. Statistical analysis was carried out for microbiological and physicochemical parameters when treated using Statistical ANOVA to ascertain significant difference of mean values between various treatments. Results: Results revealed the amount of hydrocarbon removed and % bioremediation efficiency after 56 days of monitoring with different treatment on the set up is given in a decreasing order as follows: (initial contamination value of 10525mg/kg) Cs+Chl (7700mg/kg; 73.15%) > control (Cs) contaminated without amendment of organisms (6345mg/kg 60.28%) > and Us uncontaminated sediment 1969.96 mg/kg. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) of the treated setup decreased from (10525mg/kg initial contamination value) at the start of bioremediation to Cs+Chl (7700mg/kg: 73.15%) at the end of bioremediation. The highest count of microalgae (log10cfu/g) for each set up during the monitoring were as follows; day 0 Us (7.65) day14 Cs (7.63) day28 Us (7.70) day42 Cs+Chl (7.60) day56 Cs (7.30). It was observed that peak count was on day28 (7.70) and a decline was on day56 (7.30). The highest Hydrocarbon Utilizing Algae (Log10cfu/g) count for each set up during the monitoring were as follows; day 0 Cs+Chl (5.23) day 14 Cs+Chl (5.30) day28 Cs (5.23) day42 Cs+Chl (4.77) > day56 Cs (5.07). Decline was observed on day 42 and peak count was on day 14. Conclusion: Results from the study revealed that Chlorella vulg
{"title":"Bioremediation Potential of Algae (Chlorella vulgaris) in Crude Oil Contaminated Sediment","authors":"C. Ugboma, R. Nrior, M. Igbudu","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3289","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the bioremediation potential of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) in crude oil contaminated sediment. \u0000Study Design: The study employs three (3) experimental designs using flat rubber, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation makes up the study design. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: New Calabar River, Choba, Obio Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, was used for this study. New Calabar River lies between longitude 6°53.13E and latitude 4°53.52N in Choba. Bioremediation monitoring process lasted for 56 days; analyses were carried out at 14 days’ interval. \u0000Methodology: Three (3) experimental set up were employed using a using flat rubber basin, each set up contained 2500g of sediment and was contaminated with 250ml of Crude Oil except Control 1 uncontaminated sediment (Us). The set up was augmented with the Chlorella vulgaris (CHL) except the control 1 and 2 (Us and Cs). Sediment profile like Temperature, pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, electrical conductivity, moisture content, total organic carbon, soil organic matter and total hydrocarbon content (THC) before contamination was determined using standard analytical methods while parameters like Temperature, pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Total Hydrocarbon Contents (THC) were monitored throughout the experimental period. Microalgae and Hydrocarbon utilizing algae (HUA) were monitored throughout the experimental period using standard microbiological methods. Percentage Bioremediation was estimated from amount of THC reduction from day 1 (initial) of monitoring. Statistical analysis was carried out for microbiological and physicochemical parameters when treated using Statistical ANOVA to ascertain significant difference of mean values between various treatments. \u0000Results: Results revealed the amount of hydrocarbon removed and % bioremediation efficiency after 56 days of monitoring with different treatment on the set up is given in a decreasing order as follows: (initial contamination value of 10525mg/kg) Cs+Chl (7700mg/kg; 73.15%) > control (Cs) contaminated without amendment of organisms (6345mg/kg 60.28%) > and Us uncontaminated sediment 1969.96 mg/kg. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) of the treated setup decreased from (10525mg/kg initial contamination value) at the start of bioremediation to Cs+Chl (7700mg/kg: 73.15%) at the end of bioremediation. The highest count of microalgae (log10cfu/g) for each set up during the monitoring were as follows; day 0 Us (7.65) day14 Cs (7.63) day28 Us (7.70) day42 Cs+Chl (7.60) day56 Cs (7.30). It was observed that peak count was on day28 (7.70) and a decline was on day56 (7.30). The highest Hydrocarbon Utilizing Algae (Log10cfu/g) count for each set up during the monitoring were as follows; day 0 Cs+Chl (5.23) day 14 Cs+Chl (5.30) day28 Cs (5.23) day42 Cs+Chl (4.77) > day56 Cs (5.07). Decline was observed on day 42 and peak count was on day 14. \u0000Conclusion: Results from the study revealed that Chlorella vulg","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73611030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-06DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3288
Wemedo S. A., J. Williams, Doctor Ledum Ndem
Salmonella contamination in ready-to-eat food is seen as a health risk, and improper food processing puts customers at risk. This study therefore was carried out to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolated from food vendor’s hands and work bench in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Ninety (90) samples were collected for a period of three months from three different location in Port Harcourt with five sampling points in each locations. Samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella organism using standard microbiological procedure for enumeration and identification. Salmonella-Shigella (SSC) counts ranged from 1.9+4.9x103cfu/g to 3.8+1.4x103cfu/g for choba and Aggrey road respectively in cooked rice, 0.2+0.3x103cfu/g to 0.9+0.4x103cfu/g for Mile 3 and Aggrey road respectively in Moi Moi, 0.6+0.5x103cfu/g to 1.5+1.5x103cfu/g for Aggrey road and Mile 3 in Salad, and 1.6+0.7x103cfu/ml to 2.6+1.7x103cfu/ml for Choba and Aggrey road in Egusi soup. Six (6) Salmonella spp were isolated in Salad and workbench from Mile 3 and Choba respectively. Salmonella showed a decreasing trend of resistance in the order: Ceporex, Gentamycin and Augmentin (100%) > Nalidixic acid (83.3%) > Septrin and Streptomycin (66.7%) > Tarivid, Pefloxacin and Ampicilin (33.3%). The molecular identification of the Six (6) isolates using polymerase chain reaction confirmed 100% Salmonella spp isolates. The six (6) Salmonella isolates were identified with blaTEM and blaSHV gene 6(100%). Out of the Six (6) isolates, 100% had multidrug resistance index ≥ 0.2 while 0.00% had <0.2 as their Multidrug Resistance Index. Conclusively, this study revealed prevalence of Salmonella spp in food and food vendors in Rivers State, posing a serious threat to consumers. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be discouraged to reduce the prevalence of resistant strains of Salmonella.
{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella among Food and Food Vendors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"Wemedo S. A., J. Williams, Doctor Ledum Ndem","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3288","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella contamination in ready-to-eat food is seen as a health risk, and improper food processing puts customers at risk. This study therefore was carried out to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolated from food vendor’s hands and work bench in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Ninety (90) samples were collected for a period of three months from three different location in Port Harcourt with five sampling points in each locations. Samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella organism using standard microbiological procedure for enumeration and identification. Salmonella-Shigella (SSC) counts ranged from 1.9+4.9x103cfu/g to 3.8+1.4x103cfu/g for choba and Aggrey road respectively in cooked rice, 0.2+0.3x103cfu/g to 0.9+0.4x103cfu/g for Mile 3 and Aggrey road respectively in Moi Moi, 0.6+0.5x103cfu/g to 1.5+1.5x103cfu/g for Aggrey road and Mile 3 in Salad, and 1.6+0.7x103cfu/ml to 2.6+1.7x103cfu/ml for Choba and Aggrey road in Egusi soup. Six (6) Salmonella spp were isolated in Salad and workbench from Mile 3 and Choba respectively. Salmonella showed a decreasing trend of resistance in the order: Ceporex, Gentamycin and Augmentin (100%) > Nalidixic acid (83.3%) > Septrin and Streptomycin (66.7%) > Tarivid, Pefloxacin and Ampicilin (33.3%). The molecular identification of the Six (6) isolates using polymerase chain reaction confirmed 100% Salmonella spp isolates. The six (6) Salmonella isolates were identified with blaTEM and blaSHV gene 6(100%). Out of the Six (6) isolates, 100% had multidrug resistance index ≥ 0.2 while 0.00% had <0.2 as their Multidrug Resistance Index. Conclusively, this study revealed prevalence of Salmonella spp in food and food vendors in Rivers State, posing a serious threat to consumers. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be discouraged to reduce the prevalence of resistant strains of Salmonella.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87726941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3287
I. Titus, M. Y. Iliyasu, M. Sahal, R. D. Umar, M. Wali, S. Ismai’l, V. Agbo, A. F. Umar, E. Agbo
Background: Typhoid fever is one of the most common infectious diseases in developing countries including Nigeria. Globally, typhoid fever is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world. People most at risk for serious complications due to Salmonella infections include older adults, pregnant women, infants, children, and people who have compromised immune systems. Design and Duration: The study involves the collection of blood and stool specimens across all ages and gender between ages 0-70 years who present with fever and diarrhoea among other symptoms of typhoid in selected hospitals within Bauchi from January 2019 to August 2020. Aim: The aim of this research is to phenotypically characterize virulence factors in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella typhi serovars isolated from clinical specimens in selected hospitals within Bauchi. Materials and Methods: A total of 518 blood and stool specimens were collected from selected health facilities within Bauchi metropolis to determine the presence of Salmonellae pathogens. Phenotypic identification of Salmonella typhi was performed using standard microbiological procedures, virulence factors were investigated and the Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method was used for the determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility and Multidrug Resistant pattern of the isolates. Results and Discussion: Highest number of specimens collected was among patients with fever. Age groups 31-40 and 0-10 had the highest frequencies of occurrence respectively while age group 61-70 had the least. There was no significant difference between the age group and the number of isolates as p>0. 05. Highest frequency of S. typhi was found within the Female gender while Males recorded the lowest. The stool had the highest number of positive samples 31(21.6%) and blood had the least 17(4. 5%). Flagella was present in 18(37.5%) of 48 virulence isolates and was the most prevalent. Haemolysin was the least prevalent 4(8.3%) in all the isolates in our study. In the present study, 37(77.0%) of S. typhi isolates were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobial agents (Multidrug resistance). The highest resistance was observed in Oxacillin 46(95.8%). The isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin 31(64.5%), Colistin Sulphate 29(60.4%), and Ceftriaxone 28(58.3%). All isolates 48(100%) were Multidrug-resistant and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Colistin Sulphate, Ceftriaxone, and Amikacin. Conclusion: This study established that Salmonella typhi was more prevalent in the middle age group, female out-patient with most cases of fever, diarrhoea, and sometimes both. Most of the Salmonella typhi recovered from this study were more from stool than blood. Of all of the isolates in this study 48(9.2%) produced two or more virulent factors, with flagella as the commonest across all the MDR isolates; which is indicative of a significant relationship between virulence factors and multidrug resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resista
{"title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Virulence Factors in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella typhi Serovars Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Bauchi Metropolis","authors":"I. Titus, M. Y. Iliyasu, M. Sahal, R. D. Umar, M. Wali, S. Ismai’l, V. Agbo, A. F. Umar, E. Agbo","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3287","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Typhoid fever is one of the most common infectious diseases in developing countries including Nigeria. Globally, typhoid fever is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world. People most at risk for serious complications due to Salmonella infections include older adults, pregnant women, infants, children, and people who have compromised immune systems. \u0000Design and Duration: The study involves the collection of blood and stool specimens across all ages and gender between ages 0-70 years who present with fever and diarrhoea among other symptoms of typhoid in selected hospitals within Bauchi from January 2019 to August 2020. \u0000Aim: The aim of this research is to phenotypically characterize virulence factors in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella typhi serovars isolated from clinical specimens in selected hospitals within Bauchi. \u0000Materials and Methods: A total of 518 blood and stool specimens were collected from selected health facilities within Bauchi metropolis to determine the presence of Salmonellae pathogens. Phenotypic identification of Salmonella typhi was performed using standard microbiological procedures, virulence factors were investigated and the Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method was used for the determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility and Multidrug Resistant pattern of the isolates. \u0000Results and Discussion: Highest number of specimens collected was among patients with fever. Age groups 31-40 and 0-10 had the highest frequencies of occurrence respectively while age group 61-70 had the least. There was no significant difference between the age group and the number of isolates as p>0. 05. Highest frequency of S. typhi was found within the Female gender while Males recorded the lowest. The stool had the highest number of positive samples 31(21.6%) and blood had the least 17(4. 5%). Flagella was present in 18(37.5%) of 48 virulence isolates and was the most prevalent. Haemolysin was the least prevalent 4(8.3%) in all the isolates in our study. In the present study, 37(77.0%) of S. typhi isolates were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobial agents (Multidrug resistance). The highest resistance was observed in Oxacillin 46(95.8%). The isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin 31(64.5%), Colistin Sulphate 29(60.4%), and Ceftriaxone 28(58.3%). All isolates 48(100%) were Multidrug-resistant and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Colistin Sulphate, Ceftriaxone, and Amikacin. \u0000Conclusion: This study established that Salmonella typhi was more prevalent in the middle age group, female out-patient with most cases of fever, diarrhoea, and sometimes both. Most of the Salmonella typhi recovered from this study were more from stool than blood. Of all of the isolates in this study 48(9.2%) produced two or more virulent factors, with flagella as the commonest across all the MDR isolates; which is indicative of a significant relationship between virulence factors and multidrug resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resista","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81301687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3286
A. Awopeju, N. Robinson, L. Ossai-Chidi, A. Jonah, M. Alex-Wele, I. Oboro, C. Okoli, C. Duru, R. Ugwu, L. E. Yago-Ide, N. Paul, K. Wariso, O. Obunge
Background: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are interventions which have been developed to address irrational and inappropriate use particularly in health care centers. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes involve a set of activities which promote appropriate use of antimicrobials in terms of selection, dosing, route and duration of antimicrobial therapy. Methods: A Point-prevalence survey (PPS) was organized in line with Global point prevalence patient-based protocol for PPS and antimicrobial use was carried out in the paediatrics department of a tertiary healthcare institution in southern Nigeria. A total of 66 inpatients on admission for at least 24hours and still on admission at 8am on the day of the survey were included in the study. Results: The results show that 34 (51.50%) patients were on at least one antimicrobial drug and this included 19 (55.80%) males and 15 (44.20%) females. The highest proportion (n=15; 44%) of these patients were admitted in the children emergency ward while the least number (n=5; 14.7%) were found in children medical ward 1. The average age of patients on antimicrobials was 53 months. Thirty-four (51.50%) patients were on at least one antimicrobial drug and this included 19 (55.8%) males and 15 (44.2%) females. The three most prescribed antimicrobials were, ceftriaxone (23.88%), aminoglycoside gentamicin (20.90%), cefuroxime (16.42%) and Ceftazidime was the least common antibiotic prescribed (1.49%). Only 10.45 % were targeted therapy (based on microbiological results) while there was missing information for 10.45% of prescriptions. Conclusion: The findings of the study shows that it is important to initiate antimicrobial stewardship programmes within our hospital to optimize antimicrobial use to improve patient care in the hospital.
{"title":"Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Prescription and Indicators in a Tertiary Healthcare Center in Southern Nigeria","authors":"A. Awopeju, N. Robinson, L. Ossai-Chidi, A. Jonah, M. Alex-Wele, I. Oboro, C. Okoli, C. Duru, R. Ugwu, L. E. Yago-Ide, N. Paul, K. Wariso, O. Obunge","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i3286","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are interventions which have been developed to address irrational and inappropriate use particularly in health care centers. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes involve a set of activities which promote appropriate use of antimicrobials in terms of selection, dosing, route and duration of antimicrobial therapy. \u0000Methods: A Point-prevalence survey (PPS) was organized in line with Global point prevalence patient-based protocol for PPS and antimicrobial use was carried out in the paediatrics department of a tertiary healthcare institution in southern Nigeria. A total of 66 inpatients on admission for at least 24hours and still on admission at 8am on the day of the survey were included in the study. \u0000Results: The results show that 34 (51.50%) patients were on at least one antimicrobial drug and this included 19 (55.80%) males and 15 (44.20%) females. The highest proportion (n=15; 44%) of these patients were admitted in the children emergency ward while the least number (n=5; 14.7%) were found in children medical ward 1. The average age of patients on antimicrobials was 53 months. Thirty-four (51.50%) patients were on at least one antimicrobial drug and this included 19 (55.8%) males and 15 (44.2%) females. The three most prescribed antimicrobials were, ceftriaxone (23.88%), aminoglycoside gentamicin (20.90%), cefuroxime (16.42%) and Ceftazidime was the least common antibiotic prescribed (1.49%). Only 10.45 % were targeted therapy (based on microbiological results) while there was missing information for 10.45% of prescriptions. \u0000Conclusion: The findings of the study shows that it is important to initiate antimicrobial stewardship programmes within our hospital to optimize antimicrobial use to improve patient care in the hospital.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81056381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2285
F. E. Siagian
Aim: To review recent findings in the context of the relation between intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) induce the host’s chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation that contributes to stunting. Discussion: To some extent, based on the parasite species (with the account of the condition of co-infections), combined with its timing (when was the initial infection took place), the duration of the disease, its intensity, and also must be considered the patho-physiology effects, can cause serious effect to their host. Prolonged IPI contributes to the formation of stunting. Active IPI can cause direct dysregulation of growth factors which are important for prenatal and postnatal growth. Furthermore, IPI opens the door for the entry of secondary infections, bacterial and viral, and allowed them to established definite co-infection which can cause prolonged inflammation, locally and systematically. Several potential interrelated mechanistic routes also could be connected through the host’s imbalanced nutritional status, possible environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) due to persistent IPI and prolonged inflammation, hormonal derangement and perhaps also due to metabolic disturbances, immune dynamics, the consequences of definite anaemia, changed microbiota composition, and also changes in epigenetic signature. Conclusion: Persistent and prolonged IPI induced both chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation that contributes to the formation of stunting, directly and indirectly.
{"title":"Role of Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Stunting","authors":"F. E. Siagian","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2285","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To review recent findings in the context of the relation between intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) induce the host’s chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation that contributes to stunting. \u0000Discussion: To some extent, based on the parasite species (with the account of the condition of co-infections), combined with its timing (when was the initial infection took place), the duration of the disease, its intensity, and also must be considered the patho-physiology effects, can cause serious effect to their host. Prolonged IPI contributes to the formation of stunting. Active IPI can cause direct dysregulation of growth factors which are important for prenatal and postnatal growth. Furthermore, IPI opens the door for the entry of secondary infections, bacterial and viral, and allowed them to established definite co-infection which can cause prolonged inflammation, locally and systematically. Several potential interrelated mechanistic routes also could be connected through the host’s imbalanced nutritional status, possible environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) due to persistent IPI and prolonged inflammation, hormonal derangement and perhaps also due to metabolic disturbances, immune dynamics, the consequences of definite anaemia, changed microbiota composition, and also changes in epigenetic signature. \u0000Conclusion: Persistent and prolonged IPI induced both chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation that contributes to the formation of stunting, directly and indirectly.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76807594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2284
Mbithe P. Kiteme, B. Onyango, Eric C. Njagi, F. Ogolla
Herbals have been used for decades to treat gastrointestinal infections across the world, including in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Crude extracts from herbs have long been prescribed by traditional healers for treatment of typhoid, cholera, and shigellosis. However, the effectiveness of extracts obtained using different extraction solvents such as methanol, acetone, and hexane have not fully been evaluated. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of solvents (Ethanol, hexane, and methanol) on the yield of crude extract from plants (Erythrinna abyssinica, Aspilia pluriseta, Vangueria infausta, Ficus sycomorus, and Carissa edulis), assessing the effect of the solvents on extracted active metabolites, and determining the effect of these solvents on extract’s bioactivity against Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimuriumi and, Escherichia coli that served as a model organism for screening plant extracts against Gram-negative bacteria. Crude extracts were obtained by soaking dried ground plant parts in individual solvents, which were then concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening to detect plant metabolites was done qualitatively. Bioassays to analyze the efficacy of the plant crude extracts against the microbes were carried out in 4×3×3×5 factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design. The determination of bioactivity of herbal extracts was carried out using minimal inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Data obtained on the bioactivity assay (Count of the bacteria colony forming units) was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at α = 0.05, and medians were compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test in Scientific Analysis System version 9.4. Methanol solvent produced higher quantities of crude extracts for all the herbal samples used with, Vangueria infausta producing the highest extract (5.06g). Most phytochemicals were present in Methanolic extracts compared to hexane and acetone extracts. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the bioactivity of different herbal plants against bacterial pathogens at different concentrations of crude extract. The efficacy of plant extract increased progressively from 100ppm to 1000ppm concentration. Methanol is recommended for use in the extraction of medicinal plant extracts as it leads to improved potency as compared to hexane and acetone.
{"title":"Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Poly Herbal Extracts against Bacterial Pathogens Causing Gastroenteritis in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya","authors":"Mbithe P. Kiteme, B. Onyango, Eric C. Njagi, F. Ogolla","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2284","url":null,"abstract":"Herbals have been used for decades to treat gastrointestinal infections across the world, including in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Crude extracts from herbs have long been prescribed by traditional healers for treatment of typhoid, cholera, and shigellosis. However, the effectiveness of extracts obtained using different extraction solvents such as methanol, acetone, and hexane have not fully been evaluated. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of solvents (Ethanol, hexane, and methanol) on the yield of crude extract from plants (Erythrinna abyssinica, Aspilia pluriseta, Vangueria infausta, Ficus sycomorus, and Carissa edulis), assessing the effect of the solvents on extracted active metabolites, and determining the effect of these solvents on extract’s bioactivity against Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimuriumi and, Escherichia coli that served as a model organism for screening plant extracts against Gram-negative bacteria. Crude extracts were obtained by soaking dried ground plant parts in individual solvents, which were then concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening to detect plant metabolites was done qualitatively. Bioassays to analyze the efficacy of the plant crude extracts against the microbes were carried out in 4×3×3×5 factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design. The determination of bioactivity of herbal extracts was carried out using minimal inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Data obtained on the bioactivity assay (Count of the bacteria colony forming units) was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at α = 0.05, and medians were compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test in Scientific Analysis System version 9.4. Methanol solvent produced higher quantities of crude extracts for all the herbal samples used with, Vangueria infausta producing the highest extract (5.06g). Most phytochemicals were present in Methanolic extracts compared to hexane and acetone extracts. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the bioactivity of different herbal plants against bacterial pathogens at different concentrations of crude extract. The efficacy of plant extract increased progressively from 100ppm to 1000ppm concentration. Methanol is recommended for use in the extraction of medicinal plant extracts as it leads to improved potency as compared to hexane and acetone.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83218666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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