Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2283
T. Omodara, O. Fajilade
Introduction: The majority of people in Nigeria consume Garri, as it is known there. It can be consumed by mixing it with cold water, sugar, or milk to make a snack, or by reconstituting it with hot water to make a thick paste that can be eaten with soup or stew. However, the lack of standardization in production and handling procedures has led to a product with a range of quality and safety indices. Aims: This study examined the level of microbiological contamination, the presence of aflatoxin, and its dispersion in Garri procured in Ado-Ekiti. Methodology: Altogether 14 samples were collected into sterile ziplock bags. The isolation of fungi was carried out using the direct plating method. Results: The result showed six (6) genera of fungi viz: Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., and Yeast. The bacteria isolated and identified from the samples include; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The presence of these organisms pose risk to both Human and Animals. These were analyzed for aflatoxin content using standard procedures. Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) was detected in varying concentrations ranging from 13ppm-259ppm while the concentration of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) was between 3ppm-16ppm. The concentration of Aflatoxin G1 and G2 were zero. Conclusion: High levels of aflatoxins pose a great risk to human health. It is hereby recommended to implement steps like prioritizing sanitation in the state to protect the lives of the populace. Also, handlers/vendors should be educated on proper handling of food.
{"title":"Study of Aflatoxin Content and Bacteriological Assay of Garri Collected From Ado–Ekiti in Ekiti State","authors":"T. Omodara, O. Fajilade","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2283","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The majority of people in Nigeria consume Garri, as it is known there. It can be consumed by mixing it with cold water, sugar, or milk to make a snack, or by reconstituting it with hot water to make a thick paste that can be eaten with soup or stew. However, the lack of standardization in production and handling procedures has led to a product with a range of quality and safety indices. \u0000Aims: This study examined the level of microbiological contamination, the presence of aflatoxin, and its dispersion in Garri procured in Ado-Ekiti. \u0000Methodology: Altogether 14 samples were collected into sterile ziplock bags. The isolation of fungi was carried out using the direct plating method. \u0000Results: The result showed six (6) genera of fungi viz: Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., and Yeast. The bacteria isolated and identified from the samples include; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The presence of these organisms pose risk to both Human and Animals. These were analyzed for aflatoxin content using standard procedures. Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) was detected in varying concentrations ranging from 13ppm-259ppm while the concentration of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) was between 3ppm-16ppm. The concentration of Aflatoxin G1 and G2 were zero. \u0000Conclusion: High levels of aflatoxins pose a great risk to human health. It is hereby recommended to implement steps like prioritizing sanitation in the state to protect the lives of the populace. Also, handlers/vendors should be educated on proper handling of food.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82079544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2282
K. Mohammed, M. Iduh, S. Muhammed
Background: Co-infection of Malaria parasite and intestinal helminths is a serious global problem with increasing morbidity and mortality rate especially in the developing countries and it occurs among all age groups and gender. Despite the fact that this disease affects all age groups, the frequency and severity of the disease are most common among children less than 15 years of age due to their undeveloped immunity coupled with their frequent exposure to the predisposing factors. Aims: This research aimed to determine the co-infection of Malaria parasite and intestinal helminths among children attending some selected hospitals during the course of the study. Study Design: This was a cross sectional, descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted among children (1 to 15 years) attending Specialist hospital and Maryam Abacha Women and Children’s hospital in Sokoto metropolis, from May 2020 to October 2020. Methodology: A total of 152 stool and blood samples were collected. Parasitological examination was carried out on stool samples using microscopy following formal ether concentration methods while malaria parasites were determined using rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Results: Findings revealed that 58 (38.2%) were positive for malaria parasite while 11 (7.2%) were positive for intestinal helminths. The intestinal helminths encountered in this study were A. lumbricoides with a prevalence rate of 2.6%, T. trichiuria with a prevalence of 2.0% followed by D. latum and E. vermicularis with a prevalence rate of 1.3% each. In this study, a higher rate of prevalence for malaria infection was recorded in males (39.3%) and a lower prevalence was seen in females (36.5%). There was no statistical significance between malaria infection and gender (X2= 0.319, P-value= 0.572). The age group 11-15 had the highest prevalence rate for malaria infection (42.9%), while the least prevalence rate (33.3%) was seen in the age group 1-5 years. There was no statistical significance between malaria infection and age group (X2= 1.073, P-value= 0.585). For intestinal helminth infection, males showed a higher prevalence of 9.0% than their female counterparts with 4.8%. But this was not statistical significant ( X2 = 1.337, P- value = 0.720). For the overall study, only one sample was found to have co-infection of malaria parasite and intestinal helminths which gave a co-infection prevalence rate of 1 (0.7%). Conclusion: The overall 152 blood and stool samples collected 38.2% were positive for malaria parasite while intestinal helminths were 7.2% only. The co-infection prevalence rate recorded so far was 0.7% and no multiple intestinal helminths were seen in any sample throughout the research.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Malaria Parasite and Intestinal Helminths among Children Attending Specialist Hospital and Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital in Sokoto Metropolis","authors":"K. Mohammed, M. Iduh, S. Muhammed","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2282","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Co-infection of Malaria parasite and intestinal helminths is a serious global problem with increasing morbidity and mortality rate especially in the developing countries and it occurs among all age groups and gender. Despite the fact that this disease affects all age groups, the frequency and severity of the disease are most common among children less than 15 years of age due to their undeveloped immunity coupled with their frequent exposure to the predisposing factors. \u0000Aims: This research aimed to determine the co-infection of Malaria parasite and intestinal helminths among children attending some selected hospitals during the course of the study. \u0000Study Design: This was a cross sectional, descriptive study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted among children (1 to 15 years) attending Specialist hospital and Maryam Abacha Women and Children’s hospital in Sokoto metropolis, from May 2020 to October 2020. \u0000Methodology: A total of 152 stool and blood samples were collected. Parasitological examination was carried out on stool samples using microscopy following formal ether concentration methods while malaria parasites were determined using rapid diagnostic test (RDT). \u0000Results: Findings revealed that 58 (38.2%) were positive for malaria parasite while 11 (7.2%) were positive for intestinal helminths. The intestinal helminths encountered in this study were A. lumbricoides with a prevalence rate of 2.6%, T. trichiuria with a prevalence of 2.0% followed by D. latum and E. vermicularis with a prevalence rate of 1.3% each. In this study, a higher rate of prevalence for malaria infection was recorded in males (39.3%) and a lower prevalence was seen in females (36.5%). There was no statistical significance between malaria infection and gender (X2= 0.319, P-value= 0.572). The age group 11-15 had the highest prevalence rate for malaria infection (42.9%), while the least prevalence rate (33.3%) was seen in the age group 1-5 years. There was no statistical significance between malaria infection and age group (X2= 1.073, P-value= 0.585). For intestinal helminth infection, males showed a higher prevalence of 9.0% than their female counterparts with 4.8%. But this was not statistical significant ( X2 = 1.337, P- value = 0.720). For the overall study, only one sample was found to have co-infection of malaria parasite and intestinal helminths which gave a co-infection prevalence rate of 1 (0.7%). \u0000Conclusion: The overall 152 blood and stool samples collected 38.2% were positive for malaria parasite while intestinal helminths were 7.2% only. The co-infection prevalence rate recorded so far was 0.7% and no multiple intestinal helminths were seen in any sample throughout the research.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79172585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2281
Diaby Aboubakar Sidik, B. Issa, Gbonon M’bengue Valérie Carole, Yao Kouamé Eric, C. Julien, V. Sabine, Dosso Mireille, D. Joseph
The microbiological quality of urban wastewater presents important environmental, health and political challenges. The lack of a water treatment system leads to a lack of knowledge about the variability of the microbiological quality of wastewater in the major cities of Côte d'Ivoire. Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess the level of microbiological pollution of urban wastewater in the drainage channels of the different agglomerations. Methodology: Indicators of environmental pollution (mesophilic aerobic germs) and faecal contamination (fecal coliforms and intestinal enterococci) were analyzed at 14 upstream and downstream sites in cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, Yamoussoukro during rainy periods and in the dry season. Results: Our results show an important pollution translated by the abundance of bacterial indicators of which the aerobic mesophilic germs can reach average loads going from 3x107 cfu/100 mL to 7x109 cfu/100 mL and the witnesses of fecal contaminations can reach average loads going from 3x105 cfu/100 mL to 7x107 cfu/100 mL for the fecal coliforms and from 6x105 cfu/100mL to 1x107 cfu/100mL for the intestinal enterococci These average bacterial loads fluctuate according to the configuration of the sewerage systems and the hydrological conditions. In the rainy season, a significant dilution of certain indicators, precisely mesophilic aerobic germs and intestinal enterococcus, can be observed. The number of microorganisms encountered exceeds the values indicated by the WHO guidelines (WHO, 2017) and the standards in force for wastewater discharge. Conclusion: Creation of strong treatment systems for wastewater to manage them before any discharge in waterbodies have to be a priority. This could reduce the risks of pollution from an environmental and health point of view. The microorganisms encountered can cause mild or serious infections.
{"title":"Assessment of Bacterial Load in Urban Wastewater in Drainage Canals in the Cities of Abidjan, Bouake and Yamousoukro, Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"Diaby Aboubakar Sidik, B. Issa, Gbonon M’bengue Valérie Carole, Yao Kouamé Eric, C. Julien, V. Sabine, Dosso Mireille, D. Joseph","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2281","url":null,"abstract":"The microbiological quality of urban wastewater presents important environmental, health and political challenges. The lack of a water treatment system leads to a lack of knowledge about the variability of the microbiological quality of wastewater in the major cities of Côte d'Ivoire. \u0000Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess the level of microbiological pollution of urban wastewater in the drainage channels of the different agglomerations. \u0000Methodology: Indicators of environmental pollution (mesophilic aerobic germs) and faecal contamination (fecal coliforms and intestinal enterococci) were analyzed at 14 upstream and downstream sites in cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, Yamoussoukro during rainy periods and in the dry season. \u0000Results: Our results show an important pollution translated by the abundance of bacterial indicators of which the aerobic mesophilic germs can reach average loads going from 3x107 cfu/100 mL to 7x109 cfu/100 mL and the witnesses of fecal contaminations can reach average loads going from 3x105 cfu/100 mL to 7x107 cfu/100 mL for the fecal coliforms and from 6x105 cfu/100mL to 1x107 cfu/100mL for the intestinal enterococci These average bacterial loads fluctuate according to the configuration of the sewerage systems and the hydrological conditions. In the rainy season, a significant dilution of certain indicators, precisely mesophilic aerobic germs and intestinal enterococcus, can be observed. The number of microorganisms encountered exceeds the values indicated by the WHO guidelines (WHO, 2017) and the standards in force for wastewater discharge. \u0000Conclusion: Creation of strong treatment systems for wastewater to manage them before any discharge in waterbodies have to be a priority. This could reduce the risks of pollution from an environmental and health point of view. The microorganisms encountered can cause mild or serious infections.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74902667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1280
Khalifa Jamil Saleh, Z. Samuel, Ahmad Bello Salim
Aflatoxins are the most common and potent mycotoxins produced mainly, by Aspergillus species, often found contaminating cereals. This study was aimed at isolating fungal species and detecting aflatoxins from grinded cereals sold in Dutsin-ma metropolis of Katsina State, Nigeria. Forty (40) cereal samples (Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Wheat), 10 of each were collected randomly from 3 different locations in Dutsin-ma metropolis. Standard microbiological procedures were used to isolate and identify fungal species on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and fungal ATLAS [1,2] respectively. The predominant fungi isolated were species of Aspergillus, Mucor and Fusarium. Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 32.1%, Aspergillus flavus had 20.2%, followed by Mucor spp. with 13.1%, Aspergillus fumigatus with 11.9%, Aspergillus parasiticus had 8.3%, then Aspergillus lentulus and Fusarium oxysporum had 7.14% each. Presence of Aflatoxins were tested (out of the four aflatoxin types) in the samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (H.P.L.C) (UV-VIS detector) by comparing the retention time of standards to the time on the peaks obtained from the samples during the HPLC analysis. Aflatoxins were detected in all three samples that were tested with the maize sample having the highest % height of B1 (48.10%), Millet had the highest % height of G1 (29.88%). G2 was not detected on the millet samples. All the other 2 samples had all three aflatoxins detected. Percentage height of aflatoxin peaks ranged from 16.60% – 48.10. This study revealed high contamination of grinded cereals by species of Aspergillus, Mucor and Fusarium. Aflatoxins B1, G1 and G2 were also detected, which makes their consumption a public health risk. Proper pre-harvest and post-harvest management of cereals coupled with proper cooking of cereal products before eating are recommended so as to reduce contamination and prevent possible intake of these toxins.
{"title":"Isolation of Fungal Species and Aflatoxin Detection from Grinded Cereals Sold in Dutsin-Ma Metropolis","authors":"Khalifa Jamil Saleh, Z. Samuel, Ahmad Bello Salim","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1280","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxins are the most common and potent mycotoxins produced mainly, by Aspergillus species, often found contaminating cereals. This study was aimed at isolating fungal species and detecting aflatoxins from grinded cereals sold in Dutsin-ma metropolis of Katsina State, Nigeria. Forty (40) cereal samples (Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Wheat), 10 of each were collected randomly from 3 different locations in Dutsin-ma metropolis. Standard microbiological procedures were used to isolate and identify fungal species on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and fungal ATLAS [1,2] respectively. The predominant fungi isolated were species of Aspergillus, Mucor and Fusarium. Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 32.1%, Aspergillus flavus had 20.2%, followed by Mucor spp. with 13.1%, Aspergillus fumigatus with 11.9%, Aspergillus parasiticus had 8.3%, then Aspergillus lentulus and Fusarium oxysporum had 7.14% each. Presence of Aflatoxins were tested (out of the four aflatoxin types) in the samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (H.P.L.C) (UV-VIS detector) by comparing the retention time of standards to the time on the peaks obtained from the samples during the HPLC analysis. Aflatoxins were detected in all three samples that were tested with the maize sample having the highest % height of B1 (48.10%), Millet had the highest % height of G1 (29.88%). G2 was not detected on the millet samples. All the other 2 samples had all three aflatoxins detected. Percentage height of aflatoxin peaks ranged from 16.60% – 48.10. This study revealed high contamination of grinded cereals by species of Aspergillus, Mucor and Fusarium. Aflatoxins B1, G1 and G2 were also detected, which makes their consumption a public health risk. Proper pre-harvest and post-harvest management of cereals coupled with proper cooking of cereal products before eating are recommended so as to reduce contamination and prevent possible intake of these toxins.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87889041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1279
Nedie Patience Akani, P. N. Barika, A. Akintola, S. Amadi
Bacteremia and systemic infection caused by Rothia mucilaginosa and Staphylococcus spp are uncommon and their resistance to antibiotics are becoming overwhelming. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of Rothia mucilaginosa and Staphylococcus spp from oral cavity of students in a Tertiary Institution. A total of fifty (50) specimen were collected from the oral cavity of male and female students in Rivers State University and subjected to standard microbiological procedures such as culturing, isolation, identification as well as antibiotic susceptibility test. Sixty-seven (67) isolates were identified where Staphylococcus aureus were 43 isolates, Rothia mucilaginosa were 18 isolates and six (6) isolates were Staphylococcus epidermidis. All the isolates of Rothia mucilaginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were positive for the presence of haemolysin and catalase enzymes. The results of the percentage occurrence among male and female students revealed that Staphylococcus aureus had the highest occurrence (64.18%:59.38%) followed closely by Rothia mucilaginosa (22.86%:31.25%) while Staphylococcus epidermidis had the least prevalence (8.95%:9.37%) in male and female respectively. The result of the susceptibility patterns showed that majority of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Rothia mucilaginosa were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (90.70%; 100%; 83.33%) and gentamicin (76.74%; 83.33%: 100%), and highly resistant to azithromycin (44.19% and 66.67%) for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Rothia mucilaginosa were highly resistant to ampiclox (61.11%). The results of the multidrug resistance index of 37 (86.05%) of the 43 S. aureus isolates had a MAR index ≥ 0.2, 15 (83.33%) of the 18 R. mucilaginosa isolates had MAR index ≥ 0.2 and (100%) of the S. epidermidis also had a MAR index ≥ 0.2. This study displays about serious threat to public health because these microorganisms can become pathogen causing diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, and other life-threatening infections. It also illustrated the risks associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics are advised.
{"title":"Prevalence and Antibiogram of Rothia mucilaginosa and Staphylococcus spp Isolated from Oral Cavity of Students in a Tertiary Institution","authors":"Nedie Patience Akani, P. N. Barika, A. Akintola, S. Amadi","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1279","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteremia and systemic infection caused by Rothia mucilaginosa and Staphylococcus spp are uncommon and their resistance to antibiotics are becoming overwhelming. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of Rothia mucilaginosa and Staphylococcus spp from oral cavity of students in a Tertiary Institution. A total of fifty (50) specimen were collected from the oral cavity of male and female students in Rivers State University and subjected to standard microbiological procedures such as culturing, isolation, identification as well as antibiotic susceptibility test. Sixty-seven (67) isolates were identified where Staphylococcus aureus were 43 isolates, Rothia mucilaginosa were 18 isolates and six (6) isolates were Staphylococcus epidermidis. All the isolates of Rothia mucilaginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were positive for the presence of haemolysin and catalase enzymes. The results of the percentage occurrence among male and female students revealed that Staphylococcus aureus had the highest occurrence (64.18%:59.38%) followed closely by Rothia mucilaginosa (22.86%:31.25%) while Staphylococcus epidermidis had the least prevalence (8.95%:9.37%) in male and female respectively. The result of the susceptibility patterns showed that majority of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Rothia mucilaginosa were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (90.70%; 100%; 83.33%) and gentamicin (76.74%; 83.33%: 100%), and highly resistant to azithromycin (44.19% and 66.67%) for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Rothia mucilaginosa were highly resistant to ampiclox (61.11%). The results of the multidrug resistance index of 37 (86.05%) of the 43 S. aureus isolates had a MAR index ≥ 0.2, 15 (83.33%) of the 18 R. mucilaginosa isolates had MAR index ≥ 0.2 and (100%) of the S. epidermidis also had a MAR index ≥ 0.2. This study displays about serious threat to public health because these microorganisms can become pathogen causing diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, and other life-threatening infections. It also illustrated the risks associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics are advised.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81122413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-20DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1278
A. I. Umar, I. Garba, A. Ganau
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has a worldwide distribution and is an important cause of clinical and epidemiological problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of some phenotypic methods for the detection of methicillin resistant S. aureus in clinical laboratories. The study is cross sectional. A total of 93 S. aureus isolates were tested using cefoxitin disk diffusion (CDD) and oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) with reference to mecA gene PCR. Of the 93 isolates, CDD test showed 34 were MRSA, while ORSAB recorded 42. MecA gene was detected by PCR in 34 of the isolates. The CDD showed 97.1% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity and therefore superior to ORSAB with sensitivity 97.1% and specificity 84.7%. The cefoxitin disk test required no special test conditions and can improve the reliability of routine tests for the detection of MRSA. CDD test can thus be used as a cheap and reliable alternative to PCR for the detection of MRSA in resources limited settings.
{"title":"Evaluation of Cefoxitin Disc Diffusion and Chromogenic Agar in the Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"A. I. Umar, I. Garba, A. Ganau","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1278","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has a worldwide distribution and is an important cause of clinical and epidemiological problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of some phenotypic methods for the detection of methicillin resistant S. aureus in clinical laboratories. The study is cross sectional. A total of 93 S. aureus isolates were tested using cefoxitin disk diffusion (CDD) and oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) with reference to mecA gene PCR. Of the 93 isolates, CDD test showed 34 were MRSA, while ORSAB recorded 42. MecA gene was detected by PCR in 34 of the isolates. The CDD showed 97.1% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity and therefore superior to ORSAB with sensitivity 97.1% and specificity 84.7%. The cefoxitin disk test required no special test conditions and can improve the reliability of routine tests for the detection of MRSA. CDD test can thus be used as a cheap and reliable alternative to PCR for the detection of MRSA in resources limited settings.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91216326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1277
Fattma A. Ali, A. A. Al-Daood, Gazang Shakir Ibrahim, Chra Ahmed Abdulla, H. Assad, Dlaram Wali Muhammed
Background: Raoultella ornithinolytica should never be regarded as merely a saprophytic bacterium that occasionally contaminates bronchial lavage or other deep respiratory samples or surgical sites is an underreported, emerging hospital-acquired infection and is particularly related with invasive operations.R. ornithinolytica isolates have significant antimicrobial resistance rates, and physicians should be aware of this so that, before accurate microbiological data are received, an immediate broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment can be instituted.. Objectives: The goal of our study was to retrospectively examine R. ornithinolytica, which was isolated from a variety of clinical samples in Erbil, and to examine its epidemiology, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and ability to produce the enzyme extend spectrum beta lactamase. Methods: A total of 2350 samples were collected from three different sources(Urine ,High vaginal swab and wound), collected from female and male from patient attending Rizgary hospital and Central lab in Erbil city during the July 2017 to Februry 2018 . Only 10 cases had been identified as R. ornithinolytica and all isolates isolated and identified by using microscopical, morphological , biochemical tests and Vitek 2 compact system . Also antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by using Vitec 2 compact system according to the standard protocol against 13 antibiotics which are (Ampicillin /Sulbactam , Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, Cefazolin, Ceftazidim , Ceftriaxon , Cefepime, Levofloxacin , Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin). Results: Only ten R. ornithinolytica isolates isolated from 2350 distribution according to their source of isolation High vaginal swab 6(0.23%) appeared to be the most dominant specimen than other specimens followed by urine sample 3(0.13%) then wound 1(0.04%).The highest percentage of R. ornithinolytica. isolated from female .Most isolates from high vaginal swab sample 6(0.26%) followed by urine 3 (0.13%) then wound 1(0.04), when performing of antibiotic susceptibility the highest resistances rate were to Cefazolin and Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazol 10 (100%) followed by Ampicillin / Sulbactam , Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Ceftriaxon , Gentamycin , Tobramycin and Ciprofloxacin 7(70%) for each, 6(60%)isolates ESBL producer, all isolated R. ornithinolytica were resistance to more than 8 antibiotics and two isolates completely resistance to all thirteen antibiotics. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of R. ornithinolytica isolates was low in Erbil city and we can be observed and isolated from varies clinical samples and causes serious infections and susceptibility to some antibiotics are low and also most isolates multiresistance and ESBL producers and These findings offer a reliable measure of the prevalence of Raoultella ornithinolytica in our region and provide a baseline for future studies that will enab
{"title":"Emergence of Raoultella ornithinolytica Producing Beta Lactamase Enzyme in Different Clinical Specimens in Erbil City","authors":"Fattma A. Ali, A. A. Al-Daood, Gazang Shakir Ibrahim, Chra Ahmed Abdulla, H. Assad, Dlaram Wali Muhammed","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1277","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Raoultella ornithinolytica should never be regarded as merely a saprophytic bacterium that occasionally contaminates bronchial lavage or other deep respiratory samples or surgical sites is an underreported, emerging hospital-acquired infection and is particularly related with invasive operations.R. ornithinolytica isolates have significant antimicrobial resistance rates, and physicians should be aware of this so that, before accurate microbiological data are received, an immediate broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment can be instituted.. \u0000Objectives: The goal of our study was to retrospectively examine R. ornithinolytica, which was isolated from a variety of clinical samples in Erbil, and to examine its epidemiology, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and ability to produce the enzyme extend spectrum beta lactamase. \u0000Methods: A total of 2350 samples were collected from three different sources(Urine ,High vaginal swab and wound), collected from female and male from patient attending Rizgary hospital and Central lab in Erbil city during the July 2017 to Februry 2018 . Only 10 cases had been identified as R. ornithinolytica and all isolates isolated and identified by using microscopical, morphological , biochemical tests and Vitek 2 compact system . Also antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by using Vitec 2 compact system according to the standard protocol against 13 antibiotics which are (Ampicillin /Sulbactam , Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, Cefazolin, Ceftazidim , Ceftriaxon , Cefepime, Levofloxacin , Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin). \u0000Results: Only ten R. ornithinolytica isolates isolated from 2350 distribution according to their source of isolation High vaginal swab 6(0.23%) appeared to be the most dominant specimen than other specimens followed by urine sample 3(0.13%) then wound 1(0.04%).The highest percentage of R. ornithinolytica. isolated from female .Most isolates from high vaginal swab sample 6(0.26%) followed by urine 3 (0.13%) then wound 1(0.04), when performing of antibiotic susceptibility the highest resistances rate were to Cefazolin and Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazol 10 (100%) followed by Ampicillin / Sulbactam , Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Ceftriaxon , Gentamycin , Tobramycin and Ciprofloxacin 7(70%) for each, 6(60%)isolates ESBL producer, all isolated R. ornithinolytica were resistance to more than 8 antibiotics and two isolates completely resistance to all thirteen antibiotics. \u0000Conclusion: The overall prevalence of R. ornithinolytica isolates was low in Erbil city and we can be observed and isolated from varies clinical samples and causes serious infections and susceptibility to some antibiotics are low and also most isolates multiresistance and ESBL producers and These findings offer a reliable measure of the prevalence of Raoultella ornithinolytica in our region and provide a baseline for future studies that will enab","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83631025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foodborne contamination especially by Staphylococcus species is of concern as many isolates of the genus have been reported for their multidrugs resistance. The study was aimed at determining the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from abattoir. A total of 100 samples were collected from five different surfaces; bucket swab, butchers hand swab, table swab, knife swab and meat swab from four abattoirs in of Rivers State, Nigeria. The samples were transported aseptically to laboratory for immediate analysis. The samples were cultured on mannitol agar (MSA) using standard microbiology technique to isolate Staphylococcus species. Hemolysis test was carried out and susceptibilities of isolates against a panel of 10 antibiotics were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the isolates were determined. Out of the 43 isolates of Staphylococcus from the abattoirs, 51.1% were coagulase positive while 48.9% were coagulase negative. 18.6% of the Staphylococcus species produced beta hemolysis and 16.28% showed alpha hemolytic activity. Staphylococcus species produced resistance to amoxicillin (88.4%), zinnacef (88.4%), ampiclox (88.4%), receptrin (60.5%), streptomycin (37.2%), septrin (37.2%), erythromycin (34.5%), and gentamicin (39.5%), ciprofloxacin (20.9%) and perfloxacin (16.8%). The multidrug resistance index (MAR index) showed that 2.35% of the isolates showed complete resistance to all the 10 antibiotics tested with MAR index of 1, 4.6% recorded MAR index of 0.1, 4.6% recorded MAR index of 0.2. Majority of the isolates of Staphylococcus species associated with meat and materials or equipment (such as bucket, knife) used in abattoir and the hands of butcher are multidrug resistance and is of great medical concern hence there is need to regulate the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
{"title":"Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Some Abattoirs in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Hope Barine Deidei, O. Aleruchi, Danagogo Lawson Stephenson, Gote Yirabari Igoni","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i1276","url":null,"abstract":"Foodborne contamination especially by Staphylococcus species is of concern as many isolates of the genus have been reported for their multidrugs resistance. The study was aimed at determining the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from abattoir. A total of 100 samples were collected from five different surfaces; bucket swab, butchers hand swab, table swab, knife swab and meat swab from four abattoirs in of Rivers State, Nigeria. The samples were transported aseptically to laboratory for immediate analysis. The samples were cultured on mannitol agar (MSA) using standard microbiology technique to isolate Staphylococcus species. Hemolysis test was carried out and susceptibilities of isolates against a panel of 10 antibiotics were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the isolates were determined. Out of the 43 isolates of Staphylococcus from the abattoirs, 51.1% were coagulase positive while 48.9% were coagulase negative. 18.6% of the Staphylococcus species produced beta hemolysis and 16.28% showed alpha hemolytic activity. Staphylococcus species produced resistance to amoxicillin (88.4%), zinnacef (88.4%), ampiclox (88.4%), receptrin (60.5%), streptomycin (37.2%), septrin (37.2%), erythromycin (34.5%), and gentamicin (39.5%), ciprofloxacin (20.9%) and perfloxacin (16.8%). The multidrug resistance index (MAR index) showed that 2.35% of the isolates showed complete resistance to all the 10 antibiotics tested with MAR index of 1, 4.6% recorded MAR index of 0.1, 4.6% recorded MAR index of 0.2. Majority of the isolates of Staphylococcus species associated with meat and materials or equipment (such as bucket, knife) used in abattoir and the hands of butcher are multidrug resistance and is of great medical concern hence there is need to regulate the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78689214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2022/v14i2269
O. J. Ohale, S. Wemedo, Nedie Patience Akani
Candidiasis is a common opportunistic fungal infection caused by yeast, which affects mainly women. The prevalence of candidiasis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in two Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria was investigated. A total of ninety-five women from ages of 18 to 46 years were selected for the study. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in two Local Government areas of Rivers State. The study population included pregnant and non-pregnant women. Vaginal specimens were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and also sub cultured on Hi Crome Candida differential Agar. The isolates obtained were subjected to gram staining, germ-tube test and sensitivity testing. Nystatin and fluconazole are used as antifungal agent. Identified Candida species using cultured technique include Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilopsis. Results further revealed a higher prevalence rate of candidiasis in pregnant women 29.4% compared to non-pregnant women 13.68%. Results of distribution of candidiasis according to trimester of pregnancy showed that Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were more prevalent in pregnant women while the distribution for non-pregnant women showed that Candida albicans were the most implicated species that causes vaginal candidiasis. Twenty-six Candida albicans species were subjected to germ-tube test and ten isolates were confirmed positive to germ-tube formation. This study showed lower rate of candidiasiss in women due to high rate of personal hygiene and medical facilities provided and also the study showed a higher prevalence in pregnant women compare to non-pregnant women. The women at great risk were those between the ages of 26 to 35 years and in their third trimester. Candida albicans was the most prevalent vaginal Candida species across all age groups and trimesters. Appropriate health education is necessary to reduce candidiasis since poor hygiene can lead to opportunistic infection.
{"title":"Prevalence of Candidiasis among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women in Eleme and Okrika Local Government Areas of Rivers State","authors":"O. J. Ohale, S. Wemedo, Nedie Patience Akani","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2022/v14i2269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2022/v14i2269","url":null,"abstract":"Candidiasis is a common opportunistic fungal infection caused by yeast, which affects mainly women. The prevalence of candidiasis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in two Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria was investigated. A total of ninety-five women from ages of 18 to 46 years were selected for the study. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in two Local Government areas of Rivers State. The study population included pregnant and non-pregnant women. Vaginal specimens were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and also sub cultured on Hi Crome Candida differential Agar. The isolates obtained were subjected to gram staining, germ-tube test and sensitivity testing. Nystatin and fluconazole are used as antifungal agent. Identified Candida species using cultured technique include Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilopsis. Results further revealed a higher prevalence rate of candidiasis in pregnant women 29.4% compared to non-pregnant women 13.68%. Results of distribution of candidiasis according to trimester of pregnancy showed that Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were more prevalent in pregnant women while the distribution for non-pregnant women showed that Candida albicans were the most implicated species that causes vaginal candidiasis. Twenty-six Candida albicans species were subjected to germ-tube test and ten isolates were confirmed positive to germ-tube formation. This study showed lower rate of candidiasiss in women due to high rate of personal hygiene and medical facilities provided and also the study showed a higher prevalence in pregnant women compare to non-pregnant women. The women at great risk were those between the ages of 26 to 35 years and in their third trimester. Candida albicans was the most prevalent vaginal Candida species across all age groups and trimesters. Appropriate health education is necessary to reduce candidiasis since poor hygiene can lead to opportunistic infection.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74222307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2022/v14i3275
M. Bashir, M. Bilyaminu, Abdullahi Tawfiq Umar
Milk and milk products are highly nutritious substances and they are more prone to microbial attack and spoiled very easily. Fermented milk was analyzed to ascertain the level of contaminants and to also to quantify it is nutritional composition. Total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria contaminants as well as coliform bacteria in the fermented milk were determined. The proximate, vitamin and mineral concentration of the fermented milk were also ascertained. The pH, temperature, turbidity and acidity of the fermented milk were found to be 4.38±0.29, 10.26±1.70C, 6.22±4.89NTU, 0.16±0.04 respectively. The mean aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were 2.23x109cfu/mL and 6.15x103cfu/mL while the coliform count was 6.10±2.2MPN/100mL. However, the fermented milk analyzed was found to contain an appreciable amount of proximate constituent, vitamins and mineral element. Lack of cooling system in most of the study areas can significantly increase the pH and temperature of the milk and this will create a good environment for microorganisms which when fermented milk stay longer the bacteria will further ferment the milk and produce acid turn the milk sour.
{"title":"Microbial Quality Assessment, Proximate, Vitamins, and Elemental Analysis of Fermented Milk Vended in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"M. Bashir, M. Bilyaminu, Abdullahi Tawfiq Umar","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2022/v14i3275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2022/v14i3275","url":null,"abstract":"Milk and milk products are highly nutritious substances and they are more prone to microbial attack and spoiled very easily. Fermented milk was analyzed to ascertain the level of contaminants and to also to quantify it is nutritional composition. Total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria contaminants as well as coliform bacteria in the fermented milk were determined. The proximate, vitamin and mineral concentration of the fermented milk were also ascertained. The pH, temperature, turbidity and acidity of the fermented milk were found to be 4.38±0.29, 10.26±1.70C, 6.22±4.89NTU, 0.16±0.04 respectively. The mean aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were 2.23x109cfu/mL and 6.15x103cfu/mL while the coliform count was 6.10±2.2MPN/100mL. However, the fermented milk analyzed was found to contain an appreciable amount of proximate constituent, vitamins and mineral element. Lack of cooling system in most of the study areas can significantly increase the pH and temperature of the milk and this will create a good environment for microorganisms which when fermented milk stay longer the bacteria will further ferment the milk and produce acid turn the milk sour.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":"289 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78491766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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