South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Isolation of Amylase Producing Bacteria and Fungi from Kitchen Waste Water of Restaurants and Hostels in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria","authors":"Oluwabunmi Victoria Obagbemisoye","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i8379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i8379","url":null,"abstract":"Organisms of industrial use are often isolated directly from the environment, most times from the soil, air and water. Amylase producing bacteria and fungi were obtained and isolated from kitchen waste water samples gotten from different hostels and restaurant across Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The samples were first screened using pour plate method on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, then the isolates were further screened using other differential medium like starch agar. \u0000The isolates recovered were further characterized macroscopically, microscopically and biochemically to ascertain for amylase producing ability. Four bacterial and three fungal isolates were presumptively identified as; Bacillus macerans, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus brevis and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus fumigatus.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Antibiogram Profile of Vibrio cholerae Isolates from Sea Foods and Water Samples from Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"T. Ebob, Inyang Ikpeme Henry","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7370","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the antibiogram profile of Vibrio cholerae [V. cholerae] strains isolated from Cross River State environment. \u0000Study Design:  The cross-sectional study was a completely Randomized design because it is flexible and yields maximum degrees of freedom for any experimental errors. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This was conducted in the Department of Microbiology University of Cross River State Calabar, Nigeria, between 2022 and 2024. \u0000Methodology: A total of 1,155 V. cholerae strains were isolated from water samples and sea foods from the North, Central and Southern geographical zones of CRS. This was done to have a complete picture of the spatial distribution of these MDR strains of the test bacterial strains. A total of 30 samples were assessed from three different locations in each geographical zone, for the presence of V. cholerae strains using conventional culture methods and isolates identified bio/serologically with commercial polyvalent and monovalent antisera. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols, were implored, for testing the susceptibility of the isolates to 10 commercially used antibiotics. \u0000Results: A total of 529±9.90 (45.8%) of the isolates showed resistance to Augmentin 30µg and 83±2.92 (7.17%) showed resistance to Gentamycin 10 µg. The overall percentage mean resistance by source, showed that the lowest resistance was from Cray fish (44.26±18.422%), and the highest was from Periwinkle (2.17±6.10%). It was also observed that the isolates from Ikom (CR Center) were the most resistant, with, 31.93±25.41%, followed by Calabar (CR South) with 24.54± 19.43% and Obanlikwu (CR North), the least with 9.07±18.80%. Statistically, significant differences were observed in the resistance pattern of the isolates from the different sources and locations, with significant values of .00 respectively (P=.05). \u0000Conclusion: There are great Chances that human infections, caused by these environmental V. cholerae strains can arise from contacts with these environmental sources. There is therefore, a need to carry out a surveillance on these MDR V. cholerae strains to help curb any eventual case of cholera outbreak of in the state.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Some Hair Cream Compositions on the Flora Density of Human Scalp","authors":"Okwelle, A.A., Amadi-Ikpa, C.N.","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i4354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i4354","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed the effect of some brands of hair creams coded MBB and SDR on the flora density of the human scalp in parts of Port Harcourt. Twenty volunteered persons subjected their scalp aseptically; for swap collection before and after application of the coded hair creams. Standard microbiological procedure was adopted to culture the scalp samples on prepared sterile nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar and Sabouraud destrose agar media. All the inoculated culture media plates were incubated in their respective temperature requirements and after which colonies that developed were counted. The result showed heterotrophic bacteria counts of 9.8 x 103 and 9.3 x 103CFU/ml for before and after application of SDR hair cream, while counts of 1.05 x 104 and 1.07 x 104CFU/ml were obtained from MBB hair volunteers before and after application respectively. Similarly, a Staphylococcal count of 4.5 x 103 and 3.7 x 103CFU/ml were obtained before and after application of SDR hair cream, while counts of 6.2 x 103 and 5 x 102 CFU/ml were obtained from MBB hair before and after application respectively. A total of 53 isolates were recovered from which two bacteria genera namely: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungi genera named Candida krusei were identified. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were noted with a 12% and 56% occurrence respectively, in sample SDR volunteers. MBB cream volunteers, recovered 14.8 and 7.4 % frequency occurrence for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Thus, a negative effect of hair cream SDR on the human scalp was observed. The SDR hair cream significantly, reduced the Staphylococcal normal flora of the scalp, which can lead to the development of opportunistic infection. The study recommends that users of SDR cream to be mindful in application due to creams composition.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140370988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Nutritional Composition of Fermented Parkia biglobosa Seeds with Spices","authors":"T. Omodara, A. O. Omojokun","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i4353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i4353","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Fermented Parkia biglobosa seed is an essential condiment in Nigeria for its unique flavor and nutritional value.\u0000Aims: The study investigated the influence of spices such as Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium sativum (garlic), Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Xylopia aethiopica (grains of Selim), Chrysobalanus icaco (cocoplum) and Parinari excelsa (skinplum) on the nutritional composition of the condiment.\u0000Methodology: Thirty grams (30g) of dried spice was added to 300g of previously pressure cooked and dehulled locust beans in separate containers. Each was inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and fermented at 37oC for 36 hours.\u0000Results: The phytic acid in alligator fermented ‘iru’, ginger fermented ‘iru’ and nutmeg fermented ‘iru’ were 4.53mg/g, 18.54mg/g and 20.19mg/g respectively, which were significantly lower than the phytic acid of the commercially produced ‘iru’ (21.40mg/g). Starter culture fermented ‘iru’, turmeric fermented ‘iru’ and cocoplum fermented ‘iru’ had significantly lower levels of trypsin inhibitors of 24.68mg/g, 26.13mg/g and 26.13mg/g, respectively when compared to commercially fermented ‘iru’. Skinplum fermented ‘iru’ and cocoplum fermented ‘iru’ had significantly higher flavonoids levels. Alligator fermented ‘iru’ had significantly higher Vit. A (4.65), Vit. B1 (2.94), Vit. B2 (0.31mg/g) and Vit. B5 (0.08 mg/g) compared to commercially produced ‘iru’. The protein digestibility of Nutmeg fermented ‘iru’ was significantly higher than commercially fermented ‘iru’. However, other fermented samples had significantly reduced protein digestibility compared to commercially produced ‘iru’.\u0000Conclusion: To fortify and enhance nutritional composition of fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds, alligator pepper, skinplum and nutmeg may be used.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sero-prevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydiosis among Women of Reproductive Age in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"Ikpeama, R. A., Nyenke, C. U., Onosakponome, E. O., Uzor, B. C., Nwankwo, L.","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3351","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study is aimed to determine the association between chlamydiosis and some selected risk factors among women of reproductive age in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. \u0000Study Design: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted at Rivers State University teaching hospital. \u0000Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Rivers State University teaching hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria between March, 2022 and August, 2022. \u0000Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 450 women who ranged in age from 15 to 55 years and met the inclusion criteria after obtaining ethical approval from Rivers state teaching hospital ethics committee. The women were divided into four subgroups: outpatients, immunocompromised patients (HIV clinic patients), pregnant women, and healthy volunteers. Well-structured questionnaires were used to obtain data on risk factors of chlamydiosis on consultancy basis. Healthy volunteers were those who showed no symptoms otherwise regarded as apparently healthy volunteers. The data obtained were analyzed using Chlamydia trachomatis IgG Enzyme Immunoassay test kit. \u0000Results: Out of the 450 samples examined, 45 (10%) tested positive to chlamydia antibodies with the highest prevalence among the immunodeficiency virus subjects (4.2%) and this was followed by the outpatient (2.4%) and healthy volunteers (2.2%). Pregnant women had the lowest seroprevalence rate of 1.1%. The study further revealed that about 78% of the study population heard about chlamydiosis while 22% had no knowledge of it. Statistically, there was no association (p=.06) between awareness parameters and sero-prevalence of chlamydiosis. Similarly, there was no association (p=.08) between person hygiene parameters and sero-prevalence of chlamydiosis. The study equally revealed that there was an association between self-screening for sexually transmitted infection and ever screened for Chlamydia trachomatis as life styles for chlamydiosis (p=.05). \u0000Conclusion: The results of this study indicate a strong correlation between self-screening for Sextually transmitted infections and chlamydia infection and those who have ever had a Chlamydia trachomatis screening. In order to lessen the harmful effects chlamydiosis has on society, particularly among those who are of reproductive age, awareness of the risk factor associated with the disease should also be increased.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Trends in Quinolone Resistance among Urinary Pathogens: A Brief Review","authors":"Rasmi T. R., Pavan Chand Attavar, Sona P. Hydrose, M. S. Kotian, Delna N. S.","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3352","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) present a significant global health challenge, Intensified by the high level of antimicrobial resistance, particularly to quinolone antibiotics. This brief review synthesizes recent literature to elucidate the prevalence and mechanisms of quinolone resistance, with a focus on plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), among UTI-causing pathogens. Highlighting the genetic basis of resistance, including mutations in DNA gyrase and efflux pump regulation genes, as well as the role of plasmid-mediated mechanisms such as 'qnr' genes, the review underscores the clinical implications of quinolone resistance in UTI management. Understanding these emerging trends is urgently required for improving antimicrobial management strategies and guiding effective interventions to control the spread of quinolone resistance among urinary pathogens.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extracts Against Pathogenic Bacterial Strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolated from Contaminated Water","authors":"Vini Mary Varghese, Hemand Aravind, Saritha SS, Mithilesh Jaiswal","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3349","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Murraya koenigii is a widely used plant both as a potential medicinal agent and also for common cooking purposes. Aim of this present study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. \u0000Study Design: Screening and isolation of pathogenic bacterial strains from contaminated water. Preparation of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts using petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate by using serial extraction method with Soxhlet apparatus. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of microbiology, Agro biotec research centre Ltd, Poovanthuruthu, Kottayam, Kerala, India, between 2014 January to 2014 May. \u0000Methodology:  Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the bacterial strains used in this study. Morphological and biochemical analysis of microorganisms were conducted to identify the strains. Leaf extracts (petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate) of Murraya koenigii were screened using MHA disc diffusion methods. \u0000Results: Various concentration of plant extracts were used to check its activity against isolated pathogens. Acetone extract of curry leaves exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and petroleum ether extracts shown maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriological Tracing of Haemophilus influenzae in Some Public Toilet Seat Bowls of Port Harcourt","authors":"Amadi-Ikpa, C. N., Okwelle, A. A.","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i3350","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at tracing Haemophilus influenzae on toilet seat bowls of some public toilets in Port Harcourt. The toilets were coded DER, TYU, AFR for park, market and hospital toilets respectively, for the purpose of the study. Swabs were collected aseptically from the toilet seat bowls, with a moistened swab stick, and then introduced into a freshly prepared sterile peptone water for viability of the Haemophilus influenza isolates. Thereafter, the spread plate technique was employed in which the swabbed samples were inoculated into Chocolate agar. Result showed toilet seat bowl coded DER had a Haemophilus influenzae mean count of 5 x 102CFU/ml while codes TYU and AFR had a mean Haemophilus influenzae counts of 6 x 102 and 9 x 102 CFU/ml respectively.  A percentage frequency occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae on the toilet bowl showed DER coded toilets had 17% frequency of occurrence, while codes TYU and AFR had 25 and 58% frequency of occurrence respectively. A total of 49 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were identified macroscopically and biochemically. The presence of Haemophilus influenzae on surface of toilet seat bowl may have resulted from aerosols generated during flushing. Thus, influenza infection (respiratory tract infection) may affect users. Hence, toilet seats, specifically, codes AFR class of toilets should be closed before and after flushing at all times.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycological and Mycotoxicological Producing Potential of Isolates from Fermented Melon Seeds [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsun ‘Egusi kirikiri’]","authors":"C. Opara, A. Alabere","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i2347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i2347","url":null,"abstract":"This study identified and examined fungal presumed producing mycotoxins in fermented melon seed condiment (ogiri). The samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose agar to identify fungi. The detection of mycotoxins in the fermented melon seeds samples was carried out by the use of Coconut Agar Media (CAM), by which the fungal isolates were cultured and plates incubated for 3-7days at 280C. The mycobiota of fermented melon seed revealed of many species belonging to the Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Cladosporium spp, and Rhizopus oryzae. Among all the fungi identified in the study, Aspergillus spp has the highest prevalence rate (44.4%) while Penicillium spp, and Rhizopus oryzae have same value (22.2%).the lowest is Cladosporium spp with (11.1%)  and its presence can be attributed to decaying of the samples. The results obtained show that some of the fungal isolates had the ability to produce mycotoxins. From the mycotoxin screening, only six (6) species (Aspergillus spp, and Penicillium spp) were positive (+), Cladosporium spp, and Rhizopus oryzae were negative (-). Mycotoxin contamination level varied in different market locations in which Swali Market had the highest level of mycotoxin (50%) followed by Opolo Market (33.3%) and Tombia Market (16.7%). Mycotoxigenic producing fungi and mycotoxin levels in fermented melon seed samples are public health concern. Meanwhile, the occurrence of the pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus) in fermented melon seed can affect its shelf life and can also cause severe health challenges.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140451781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Perception and Knowledge of Specimen Rejection Criteria in the Laboratory among Medical Doctors in Southern Nigeria","authors":"I. A. Jeremiah, Bob-Manuel Mienye, Ejime Ebeigbe","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i1341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i1341","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Laboratory diagnosis plays a major role in the clinical management of patients, as such, specimen handling errors should be avoided at all costs. Laboratory results are largely dependent on the quality and conditions of the specimens received for analysis. Every laboratory has a set of standard rejection criteria for samples. \u0000Since the pre-analytical stage of specimen handling lies in the purview of the medical practitioners who make the request, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of medical doctors regarding specimen appropriateness and their perception of specimen rejection criteria. \u0000Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was performed using a Google form which was distributed to medical practitioners practising in the southern part of Nigeria through various medical association WhatsApp groups, between April and September 2021. The self-administered questionnaire made up of three sections was used to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, the knowledge, and perception of medical doctors regarding good sample management practices.  \u0000Results: Most of the respondents were senior registrars, medical officers and consultants employed in Teaching Hospitals. \u000050 (50%) of the doctors had good knowledge of sample rejection, while 30(30%) had poor knowledge. In the same vein, 80(80%) of the respondents had good perception of specimen rejection criteria, while four ( 4% ) had poor perception. \u0000The relationship between the knowledge of respondents on sample rejection criteria and their office ranks was statistically significant (p<0.05) as well as the association between the facilities the doctors worked in and their knowledge of sample rejection criteria. \u0000Conclusion: Since a significant percentage of doctors still demonstrate inadequate knowledge and perception, all hands must be on deck to improve knowledge regarding specimen collection and handling. The authors believe that this is remediable by improved training and quality assurance measures.","PeriodicalId":21776,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139531714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}