Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.3390/separations10110558
Alessio Caravella, Giuseppe Prenesti, Salvatore De Luca, Maria Turano, Flaviano Testa, Rossella Girimonte
This work is part of a research project aimed at studying potential sorbents for CO2 capture. The main parameters characterising the adsorption process of zeolite 13X were derived with the aim of overcoming the limits of experimental analysis and thus predicting the performances of the materials of interest. In particular, the main parameters that control the adsorption process of CO2 in zeolite 13X were evaluated through parametric optimisation. This systematic procedure allows for the prediction of the performances of the materials at different operating conditions, identifying the most suitable ones for the case under consideration. Another important application lies in the possibility of a preliminary study of a potential process scale-up for future industrial use. The captured carbon dioxide can be stored or used as a reagent in the production of products with higher economic values, such as methanol, DME and others.
{"title":"Evaluation of CO2 Adsorption Parameters in Fluidised Zeolite 13X Beds Using Non-Linear Multivariate Optimisation","authors":"Alessio Caravella, Giuseppe Prenesti, Salvatore De Luca, Maria Turano, Flaviano Testa, Rossella Girimonte","doi":"10.3390/separations10110558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110558","url":null,"abstract":"This work is part of a research project aimed at studying potential sorbents for CO2 capture. The main parameters characterising the adsorption process of zeolite 13X were derived with the aim of overcoming the limits of experimental analysis and thus predicting the performances of the materials of interest. In particular, the main parameters that control the adsorption process of CO2 in zeolite 13X were evaluated through parametric optimisation. This systematic procedure allows for the prediction of the performances of the materials at different operating conditions, identifying the most suitable ones for the case under consideration. Another important application lies in the possibility of a preliminary study of a potential process scale-up for future industrial use. The captured carbon dioxide can be stored or used as a reagent in the production of products with higher economic values, such as methanol, DME and others.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"35 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.3390/separations10110557
Frank L. Dorman
The journal Separations (ISSN: 2297-8739) was launched in 2014 [...]
期刊《Separations》(ISSN: 2297-8739)于2014年创刊[…]
{"title":"Separations—Scope Update","authors":"Frank L. Dorman","doi":"10.3390/separations10110557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110557","url":null,"abstract":"The journal Separations (ISSN: 2297-8739) was launched in 2014 [...]","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"9 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135270851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.3390/separations10110554
Yuandong Liu, Jiayu He, Xiangdong Shangguan, Run Liu, Xiaofeng Zeng, Wissal Belqadi, Kan Wang, Yan Tong, Runlan Yu, Weimin Zeng, Xueling Wu, Li Shen, Guanzhou Qiu
Iron oxidase was proposed to be the initial electron acceptor from the ferrous ion in the iron oxidation of the Acidithiobacillus genus for metal bioextraction; however, its most fundamental property of direct ferrous oxidation kinetics remains undetermined due to the confusion of reaction monitor method. Here, a recombinant iron oxidase from Acidithiobacillus ferridurans Riv11 was constructed, expressed, purified, characterized, and further used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of ferrous oxidation. This protein is more stable in an acid solution than in a neutral solution. An infrared characteristic peak around 1050 cm−1 of the [Fe4S4] cluster was identified. The [Fe4S4] cluster does not affect the secondary structure of protein, but plays an important role in the stability of protein and strongly absorbs the intrinsic fluorescence of protein, resulting in a great loss of the fluorescence emission. The protein has far more absorbance than those of the iron ions in solution in the visible region; therefore, the maximum difference absorbance around 500 nm between the oxidized and reduced states of protein can be used to monitor the reaction of ferrous oxidation. Accordingly, the kinetic rate constant of the reaction was determined. Bioinformatics analysis and molecular simulation further revealed the underlying molecular mechanism that ferrous ions approach the protein at the edge of a large hydrophobic surface patch nearest to the [Fe4S4] cluster from a direction far from all positively charged residues, which enough enables an efficient electron transfer.
{"title":"Purification, Characterization, and Ferrous Oxidation Kinetics of Iron Oxidase from Acidithiobacillus ferridurans","authors":"Yuandong Liu, Jiayu He, Xiangdong Shangguan, Run Liu, Xiaofeng Zeng, Wissal Belqadi, Kan Wang, Yan Tong, Runlan Yu, Weimin Zeng, Xueling Wu, Li Shen, Guanzhou Qiu","doi":"10.3390/separations10110554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110554","url":null,"abstract":"Iron oxidase was proposed to be the initial electron acceptor from the ferrous ion in the iron oxidation of the Acidithiobacillus genus for metal bioextraction; however, its most fundamental property of direct ferrous oxidation kinetics remains undetermined due to the confusion of reaction monitor method. Here, a recombinant iron oxidase from Acidithiobacillus ferridurans Riv11 was constructed, expressed, purified, characterized, and further used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of ferrous oxidation. This protein is more stable in an acid solution than in a neutral solution. An infrared characteristic peak around 1050 cm−1 of the [Fe4S4] cluster was identified. The [Fe4S4] cluster does not affect the secondary structure of protein, but plays an important role in the stability of protein and strongly absorbs the intrinsic fluorescence of protein, resulting in a great loss of the fluorescence emission. The protein has far more absorbance than those of the iron ions in solution in the visible region; therefore, the maximum difference absorbance around 500 nm between the oxidized and reduced states of protein can be used to monitor the reaction of ferrous oxidation. Accordingly, the kinetic rate constant of the reaction was determined. Bioinformatics analysis and molecular simulation further revealed the underlying molecular mechanism that ferrous ions approach the protein at the edge of a large hydrophobic surface patch nearest to the [Fe4S4] cluster from a direction far from all positively charged residues, which enough enables an efficient electron transfer.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"36 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135808697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fusarium bulb rot, caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is a worldwide disease of garlic, both in the open field and during storage. Early diagnosis of the disease during storage is difficult due to the morphology of the bulbs and cloves. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary metabolites produced by several microorganisms, including phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. In recent years, the development of several techniques for the detection and characterization of VOCs has prompted their use, among others, as a diagnostic tool for the early and non-destructive analysis of many diseases of species of agricultural interest. In this paper, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were successfully utilized to characterize the volatolome of commercial garlic cloves, artificially and naturally infected with F. proliferatum, for the early discrimination between diseased and healthy ones. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and a principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for the separation of infected and healthy cloves and the identification of specific VOCs produced by the fungus during the infection. The results obtained in this work could be utilized for the development of simpler, more economical, and more portable devices for the early detection of infected garlic bulbs during storage.
{"title":"Examination of Volatile Signatures of Fusarium Bulb Rot in Garlic Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Alessandro Infantino, Cosimo Taiti, Alessandro Grottoli, Stefano Mancuso, Corrado Costa, Stefania Garzoli","doi":"10.3390/separations10110556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110556","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium bulb rot, caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is a worldwide disease of garlic, both in the open field and during storage. Early diagnosis of the disease during storage is difficult due to the morphology of the bulbs and cloves. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary metabolites produced by several microorganisms, including phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. In recent years, the development of several techniques for the detection and characterization of VOCs has prompted their use, among others, as a diagnostic tool for the early and non-destructive analysis of many diseases of species of agricultural interest. In this paper, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were successfully utilized to characterize the volatolome of commercial garlic cloves, artificially and naturally infected with F. proliferatum, for the early discrimination between diseased and healthy ones. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and a principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for the separation of infected and healthy cloves and the identification of specific VOCs produced by the fungus during the infection. The results obtained in this work could be utilized for the development of simpler, more economical, and more portable devices for the early detection of infected garlic bulbs during storage.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"64 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135809656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.3390/separations10110553
Yiqin Yang, Dongyun Guo, Shujie Yang, Huiquan Hu, Xiaorong Luo, Na Wan
Electronic nose (E-nose) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components of silver wormwood from different habitats, and the antibacterial activity of essential oils was also studied, to provide a scientific basis for quality control of silver wormwood and rational utilization of their essential oils. In this study, the total content of essential oils in silver wormwood was determined by steam distillation; the volatile components were conducted in an overall analysis by E-nose combined with chemometrics; the volatile components were analyzed and identified by GC-MS; and two G-negative bacteria and one Gram-positive bacteria were used as test bacteria to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oils from silver wormwood. The results showed that principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of E-nose could distinguish the essential oils of silver wormwood from different habitats, and the odor difference of essential oils was obvious. A total of 87 volatile components were identified by GC-MS, and there were significant differences in components and contents in silver wormwood from different habitats; PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) could effectively distinguish silver wormwood from different habitats. The essential oils from silver wormwood from different habitats all had a certain inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the combination of E-nose and GC-MS could quickly distinguish silver wormwood from different habitats and provide a reference for quality control, drug selection, and comprehensive utilization of silver wormwood.
{"title":"Analysis of Volatile Components and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Wormwood Essential Oils from Different Habitats by E-Nose Combined with GC-MS","authors":"Yiqin Yang, Dongyun Guo, Shujie Yang, Huiquan Hu, Xiaorong Luo, Na Wan","doi":"10.3390/separations10110553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110553","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic nose (E-nose) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components of silver wormwood from different habitats, and the antibacterial activity of essential oils was also studied, to provide a scientific basis for quality control of silver wormwood and rational utilization of their essential oils. In this study, the total content of essential oils in silver wormwood was determined by steam distillation; the volatile components were conducted in an overall analysis by E-nose combined with chemometrics; the volatile components were analyzed and identified by GC-MS; and two G-negative bacteria and one Gram-positive bacteria were used as test bacteria to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oils from silver wormwood. The results showed that principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of E-nose could distinguish the essential oils of silver wormwood from different habitats, and the odor difference of essential oils was obvious. A total of 87 volatile components were identified by GC-MS, and there were significant differences in components and contents in silver wormwood from different habitats; PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) could effectively distinguish silver wormwood from different habitats. The essential oils from silver wormwood from different habitats all had a certain inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the combination of E-nose and GC-MS could quickly distinguish silver wormwood from different habitats and provide a reference for quality control, drug selection, and comprehensive utilization of silver wormwood.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135808703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.3390/separations10110555
Qu Xu, Yutao Qin, Yogesh B. Gianchandani
A chemical recognition algorithm is an integral part of any autonomous microscale gas chromatography (µGC) system for automated chemical analysis. For a multi-detector µGC system, the chemical analysis must account for the retention time of each chemical analyte as well as the relative response of each detector to each analyte, i.e., the detector response pattern (DRP). In contrast to the common approaches of heuristically using principal component analysis and machine learning, this paper reports a rule-based automated chemical recognition algorithm for a multi-cell, multi-detector µGC system, in which the DRP is related to theoretical principles; consequently, this algorithm only requires a small amount of calibration data but not extensive training data. For processing both the retention time and the raw DRP, the algorithm applies rules based on expert knowledge to compare the detected peaks; these rules are located in a customized software library. Additionally, the algorithm provides special handling for chromatogram peaks with a small signal-to-noise ratio. It also provides separate special handling for asymmetrical peaks that may result from surface adsorptive analytes. This work also describes an experimental evaluation in which the algorithm used the relative response of two complementary types of capacitive detectors as well as a photoionization detector that were incorporated into the µGC system of interest. In these tests, which were performed on chromatograms with 21–31 peaks for each detector, the true positive rate was 96.3%, the true negative rate was 94.1%, the false positive rate was 5.9%, and the false negative rate was 3.7%. The results demonstrated that the algorithm can support µGC systems for automated chemical screening and early warning applications.
{"title":"A Rule-Based Automated Chemical Recognition Algorithm for a Multi-Cell Multi-Detector Micro Gas Chromatograph","authors":"Qu Xu, Yutao Qin, Yogesh B. Gianchandani","doi":"10.3390/separations10110555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110555","url":null,"abstract":"A chemical recognition algorithm is an integral part of any autonomous microscale gas chromatography (µGC) system for automated chemical analysis. For a multi-detector µGC system, the chemical analysis must account for the retention time of each chemical analyte as well as the relative response of each detector to each analyte, i.e., the detector response pattern (DRP). In contrast to the common approaches of heuristically using principal component analysis and machine learning, this paper reports a rule-based automated chemical recognition algorithm for a multi-cell, multi-detector µGC system, in which the DRP is related to theoretical principles; consequently, this algorithm only requires a small amount of calibration data but not extensive training data. For processing both the retention time and the raw DRP, the algorithm applies rules based on expert knowledge to compare the detected peaks; these rules are located in a customized software library. Additionally, the algorithm provides special handling for chromatogram peaks with a small signal-to-noise ratio. It also provides separate special handling for asymmetrical peaks that may result from surface adsorptive analytes. This work also describes an experimental evaluation in which the algorithm used the relative response of two complementary types of capacitive detectors as well as a photoionization detector that were incorporated into the µGC system of interest. In these tests, which were performed on chromatograms with 21–31 peaks for each detector, the true positive rate was 96.3%, the true negative rate was 94.1%, the false positive rate was 5.9%, and the false negative rate was 3.7%. The results demonstrated that the algorithm can support µGC systems for automated chemical screening and early warning applications.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"78 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135870233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many high-altitude plants, such as Hedyotis aspera, need to be explored for their possible medicinal value. The current study explored the protective effect of Hedyotis aspera methanolic extract whole plant (HAME) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. It profiled their phytocontents using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analytic methods. The LC-MS analysis of HAME revealed 27 compounds. Eight compounds followed Lipinski’s rule of five and were found to be potential TNF-α inhibitors with binding affinities of −6.9, −6.3, −6.3, and −6.3 Kcal/mol, such as 14,19-Dihydroaspidospermatine, coumeroic acid, lycocernuine and muzanzagenin. All potential compounds were found to be safe according to the ADMET analysis. The in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrlhydrazyl (DPPH) assay assessed the antioxidant activity. The nephroprotective activity was assessed in rats using a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model. The in vivo analysis involved histological examination, tissue biochemical evaluation, including a kidney function test, catalase activity (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the inflammatory mediator TNF-α. Based on DPPH activity, HAME showed a scavenging activity IC50 of 264.8 ± 1.2 µg/mL, while results were compared with a standard vitamin C IC50 of 45 ± 0.45 µg/mL. Nephrotoxicity was successfully induced, as shown by elevated creatinine and uric acid levels, decreased kidney antioxidant levels, and increased TNF-α in gentamicin-treated rats. The HAME treatment significantly reduced serum creatinine and uric acid levels, increased GSH (p < 0.01 **), CAT (p < 0.01 **), and SOD (p < 0.001 ***), and decreased TNF-α (p < 0.001 ***) in nephrotoxic rats. The histopathological examination of the groups treated with HAME revealed a notable enhancement in the structural integrity of the kidneys as compared to the group exposed to gentamicin. Biochemical, histopathological, and phytochemical screening of HAME suggests that it has nephroprotective potential, owing to the presence of 14,19-Dihydroaspidospermatine, coumeroic acid, lycopene, and muzanzagenin.
{"title":"LC/MS-Based Profiling of Hedyotis aspera Whole-Plant Methanolic Extract and Evaluation of Its Nephroprotective Potential against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats Supported by In Silico Studies","authors":"Dsnbk Prasanth, Lingala Siva Sankar Reddy, Tharani Dasari, Pamula Reddy Bhavanam, Sheikh F. Ahmad, Rahul Nalluri, Praveen Kumar Pasala","doi":"10.3390/separations10110552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110552","url":null,"abstract":"Many high-altitude plants, such as Hedyotis aspera, need to be explored for their possible medicinal value. The current study explored the protective effect of Hedyotis aspera methanolic extract whole plant (HAME) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. It profiled their phytocontents using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analytic methods. The LC-MS analysis of HAME revealed 27 compounds. Eight compounds followed Lipinski’s rule of five and were found to be potential TNF-α inhibitors with binding affinities of −6.9, −6.3, −6.3, and −6.3 Kcal/mol, such as 14,19-Dihydroaspidospermatine, coumeroic acid, lycocernuine and muzanzagenin. All potential compounds were found to be safe according to the ADMET analysis. The in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrlhydrazyl (DPPH) assay assessed the antioxidant activity. The nephroprotective activity was assessed in rats using a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model. The in vivo analysis involved histological examination, tissue biochemical evaluation, including a kidney function test, catalase activity (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the inflammatory mediator TNF-α. Based on DPPH activity, HAME showed a scavenging activity IC50 of 264.8 ± 1.2 µg/mL, while results were compared with a standard vitamin C IC50 of 45 ± 0.45 µg/mL. Nephrotoxicity was successfully induced, as shown by elevated creatinine and uric acid levels, decreased kidney antioxidant levels, and increased TNF-α in gentamicin-treated rats. The HAME treatment significantly reduced serum creatinine and uric acid levels, increased GSH (p < 0.01 **), CAT (p < 0.01 **), and SOD (p < 0.001 ***), and decreased TNF-α (p < 0.001 ***) in nephrotoxic rats. The histopathological examination of the groups treated with HAME revealed a notable enhancement in the structural integrity of the kidneys as compared to the group exposed to gentamicin. Biochemical, histopathological, and phytochemical screening of HAME suggests that it has nephroprotective potential, owing to the presence of 14,19-Dihydroaspidospermatine, coumeroic acid, lycopene, and muzanzagenin.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"51 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-29DOI: 10.3390/separations10110551
Valentina Bušić, Sunčica Roca, Dajana Gašo-Sokač
The synthesis of 14 hydrazone compounds derived from pyridoxal, pyridine-4-carbaldehyde, and quinoline-2-carbaldehyde using two methods, conventional method in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and effective combination of ultrasound and DESs, is presented in this paper. In addition, the possibility of using 12 choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs as an alternative to organic solvents was investigated. The results show that the application of ultrasound not only improves the reaction yield but also shortens the reaction time. The prepared compounds synthesized at room temperature were analyzed via NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry. The studies confirmed that the DESs ChCl:malonic, oxalic, levulinic, and trans-cinnamic acid can be excellent alternatives to classical organic solvents. By the combined use of DESs and the ultrasonic method, compound 11 was obtained in a nearly quantitative yield of 98% in DES ChCl:oxalic acid. The advantages of using DESs as reaction media are that they are biodegradable, nontoxic, recyclable, and can be easily prepared with inexpensive starting materials. The results of recycling DESs show that they can be used up to the fourth recycling cycle without significantly changing the reaction yield.
{"title":"Application of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Synthesis of Hydrazones","authors":"Valentina Bušić, Sunčica Roca, Dajana Gašo-Sokač","doi":"10.3390/separations10110551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110551","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis of 14 hydrazone compounds derived from pyridoxal, pyridine-4-carbaldehyde, and quinoline-2-carbaldehyde using two methods, conventional method in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and effective combination of ultrasound and DESs, is presented in this paper. In addition, the possibility of using 12 choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs as an alternative to organic solvents was investigated. The results show that the application of ultrasound not only improves the reaction yield but also shortens the reaction time. The prepared compounds synthesized at room temperature were analyzed via NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry. The studies confirmed that the DESs ChCl:malonic, oxalic, levulinic, and trans-cinnamic acid can be excellent alternatives to classical organic solvents. By the combined use of DESs and the ultrasonic method, compound 11 was obtained in a nearly quantitative yield of 98% in DES ChCl:oxalic acid. The advantages of using DESs as reaction media are that they are biodegradable, nontoxic, recyclable, and can be easily prepared with inexpensive starting materials. The results of recycling DESs show that they can be used up to the fourth recycling cycle without significantly changing the reaction yield.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-28DOI: 10.3390/separations10110550
Zheng Si, Yipeng Ji, Jiaqing Chen, Xiujun Wang, Hong Du, Jian Zhang, Hai Yu, Qiang Ren, Zhao Hua
The tubular dynamic hydrocyclone (TDH) holds great potential for the pre-deoiling of offshore oil platforms. However, the shear and turbulence in the flow field can cause the oil droplets, the dispersed phase in water, to break up when the swirling flow is produced by the swirler. A design method is proposed for the low-shear rotary swirler (LSRS) of TDH, the aim of which is to reduce the shear force and local turbulence during the fluid forming swirling flow. The blade setting angle of the LSRS is calculated based on the relative velocity vector between the fluid and the swirler. The distribution characteristics of the tangential velocity and turbulence in the TDH with LSRS are simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The maximum stable droplet diameter is analyzed. The results show that the shear stress and turbulence energy dissipation rates are reduced by 74.6% and 68.5%, respectively, and that the stable droplet diameter is increased by more than 60%, compared to the conventional rotating swirler. In addition, a TDH prototype with LSRS was tested in an offshore oil field by continuous operation for more than 36 h. The average separation efficiency was 83%, and the average underflow oil concentration was 27 mg/L. The research also found that the drastic changes in the tangential velocity along the axial direction were critical to shear. Moreover, the results make up for the deficiency of the spatial variation of the tangential velocity in the dynamic cyclone separator.
{"title":"Design Methodology for a Low-Shear Rotating Swirler","authors":"Zheng Si, Yipeng Ji, Jiaqing Chen, Xiujun Wang, Hong Du, Jian Zhang, Hai Yu, Qiang Ren, Zhao Hua","doi":"10.3390/separations10110550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110550","url":null,"abstract":"The tubular dynamic hydrocyclone (TDH) holds great potential for the pre-deoiling of offshore oil platforms. However, the shear and turbulence in the flow field can cause the oil droplets, the dispersed phase in water, to break up when the swirling flow is produced by the swirler. A design method is proposed for the low-shear rotary swirler (LSRS) of TDH, the aim of which is to reduce the shear force and local turbulence during the fluid forming swirling flow. The blade setting angle of the LSRS is calculated based on the relative velocity vector between the fluid and the swirler. The distribution characteristics of the tangential velocity and turbulence in the TDH with LSRS are simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The maximum stable droplet diameter is analyzed. The results show that the shear stress and turbulence energy dissipation rates are reduced by 74.6% and 68.5%, respectively, and that the stable droplet diameter is increased by more than 60%, compared to the conventional rotating swirler. In addition, a TDH prototype with LSRS was tested in an offshore oil field by continuous operation for more than 36 h. The average separation efficiency was 83%, and the average underflow oil concentration was 27 mg/L. The research also found that the drastic changes in the tangential velocity along the axial direction were critical to shear. Moreover, the results make up for the deficiency of the spatial variation of the tangential velocity in the dynamic cyclone separator.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"32 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136232430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.3390/separations10110549
Zongwu Wang, Wantao Tian, Siyuan Sun, Xing Chen, Haifeng Wang
Industrial wastewater usually contains a large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants, and many microorganisms. However, the types of microorganism present in industrial wastewater are still unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties and drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of sulfate compounds. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from industrial wastewater from industrial produce with high concentrations of sulfate and phosphate, and mass spectrometry identification, gene identification, biochemical analysis and genomic and proteomic property identification were carried out. According to the results of matrix-assisted flight mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA sequencing, the isolated bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and was positive for reactions of ONPG, ACE, GLU, MNE, etc. Through growth experiments, it can be seen that Pseudomonas aeruginosa had a significant growth rate in the LB medium. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to most antibiotics and moderately resistant to Polymyxin B and Polymyxin E. The drug resistance gene experiment showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the gyrB gene related to antibiotic resistance. Proteomic analysis revealed that six proteins were involved in antibiotic resistance. This experiment isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa from industrial produce wastewater containing high concentrations of sulfate and phosphate ions, providing a new perspective for further research on the characteristics and drug resistance of microorganisms in industrial wastewater and their potential functions when using them to deal with environmental pollution.
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