Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.3390/separations10120589
A. Carfora, A. Feola, Raffaella Petrella, Giusy Ambrosio, S. Festinese, Ilaria Fracassi, Paolo Palermo, Martina Zampone, C. Campobasso
Alcohol and drug abuse is a major contributory factor of all road deaths in Europe. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and licit/illicit drug intake among victims of road accidents in Campania region (Italy). A retrospective analysis of road traffic deaths from 2013 to 2022 in Campania was performed. The toxicological results from fluid samples collected at autopsy were reviewed. In total, 228 road deaths occurred, mostly during nights and weekends. A total of 106 victims tested positive for alcohol and/or drugs, among which 39 (36.8%) tested positive for alcohol only, 27 (25.5%) for alcohol and drugs in association; and 40 (37.7%) for licit/illicit drugs only, either individually or in combination. Polydrug intake has been found in 21 victims, and nine in combination with alcohol. The most detected drugs were cocaine and Δ9THC, followed by benzodiazepines. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) > 1.5 g/L was found in most alcohol positives, both alone and in association with drugs. Despite the penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and drugs (DUID), no decrease in the number of alcohol and/or drugs related fatal road accidents has been observed. DUI and/or DUID cases were approximately one third of the entire sample study.
{"title":"Qualitative/Quantitative Analysis of Alcohol and Licit/Illicit Drugs on Post-Mortem Biological Samples from Road Traffic Deaths","authors":"A. Carfora, A. Feola, Raffaella Petrella, Giusy Ambrosio, S. Festinese, Ilaria Fracassi, Paolo Palermo, Martina Zampone, C. Campobasso","doi":"10.3390/separations10120589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120589","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol and drug abuse is a major contributory factor of all road deaths in Europe. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and licit/illicit drug intake among victims of road accidents in Campania region (Italy). A retrospective analysis of road traffic deaths from 2013 to 2022 in Campania was performed. The toxicological results from fluid samples collected at autopsy were reviewed. In total, 228 road deaths occurred, mostly during nights and weekends. A total of 106 victims tested positive for alcohol and/or drugs, among which 39 (36.8%) tested positive for alcohol only, 27 (25.5%) for alcohol and drugs in association; and 40 (37.7%) for licit/illicit drugs only, either individually or in combination. Polydrug intake has been found in 21 victims, and nine in combination with alcohol. The most detected drugs were cocaine and Δ9THC, followed by benzodiazepines. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) > 1.5 g/L was found in most alcohol positives, both alone and in association with drugs. Despite the penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and drugs (DUID), no decrease in the number of alcohol and/or drugs related fatal road accidents has been observed. DUI and/or DUID cases were approximately one third of the entire sample study.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":" 98","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138612494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.3390/separations10120588
Ting Liu, Shu Lin
Qingkailing capsules are a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription with remarkable clinical effects for the treatment of fevers. However, the chemical components of Qingkailing capsules are still unclear. To obtain and characterize the chemical profile of Qingkailing capsules, the present study applied a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHPLC-FT-ICR-MS) to perform a comprehensive chemical characterization of Qingkailing capsules. Leveraging the high separation speed and good separation of UHPLC, the accurate mass data (within 5 ppm) and fragment ions, a total of 276 compounds, including 67 flavonoids and their glycosides, 52 organic acids, 75 terpenoids, 23 steroids, 22 phenylpropanoids, and 37 other compounds, were unambiguously or tentatively identified. This comprehensive analysis of the chemical components of Qingkailing capsules contributes to the quality evaluation and provides a scientific and reasonable basis for further study of prototype components and metabolites in vivo and pharmacological research, ultimately facilitating the advancement of Qingkailing capsules for further development and the therapeutic use of Qingkailing capsules in clinical applications.
{"title":"Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Qingkailing Capsules by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Ting Liu, Shu Lin","doi":"10.3390/separations10120588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120588","url":null,"abstract":"Qingkailing capsules are a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription with remarkable clinical effects for the treatment of fevers. However, the chemical components of Qingkailing capsules are still unclear. To obtain and characterize the chemical profile of Qingkailing capsules, the present study applied a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHPLC-FT-ICR-MS) to perform a comprehensive chemical characterization of Qingkailing capsules. Leveraging the high separation speed and good separation of UHPLC, the accurate mass data (within 5 ppm) and fragment ions, a total of 276 compounds, including 67 flavonoids and their glycosides, 52 organic acids, 75 terpenoids, 23 steroids, 22 phenylpropanoids, and 37 other compounds, were unambiguously or tentatively identified. This comprehensive analysis of the chemical components of Qingkailing capsules contributes to the quality evaluation and provides a scientific and reasonable basis for further study of prototype components and metabolites in vivo and pharmacological research, ultimately facilitating the advancement of Qingkailing capsules for further development and the therapeutic use of Qingkailing capsules in clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138613842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on the efficient flotation desilication of low-grade magnesite is of great significance for the sustainable development of magnesium resources. Traditional collectors usually have some disadvantages, such as poor selectivity, severe environmental pollution, and weak water solubility. To strengthen the desilication flotation process of magnesite ore, the biodegradable surfactant, cocamidopropyl amine oxide (CPAO), was first utilized as the collector for the separation of the magnesite and quartz. The selective adsorption behavior and mechanism of the quartz and magnesite with the CPAO as the collector were studied through the micro-flotation experiments of the single mineral and the artificially mixed mineral, contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The flotation results indicated that the CPAO showed good selectivity and could effectively separate magnesite and quartz. When the concentration of the CPAO was 10.0 mg/L in the natural pulp pH (about 7.2), the concentrates with 97.67% MgO recovery and 45.62% MgO grade were obtained. The contact angle and AFM measurements indicated that the CPAO could selectively adsorb on the quartz surface rather than the magnesite surface to improve the interface difference between them, especially its surface hydrophobicity. The results of the FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that the CPAO is selectively adsorbed on the surface of the quartz, mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. In conclusion, the CPAO had good selectivity and great potential as an effective collector in the reverse flotation desilication progress of magnesite.
{"title":"Study on Selective Adsorption Behavior and Mechanism of Quartz and Magnesite with a New Biodegradable Collector","authors":"Wenbao Liu, Qiang Zhao, Ruirui Zhang, Panxing Zhao, Wengang Liu, Cong Han, Yan-bai Shen","doi":"10.3390/separations10120590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120590","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the efficient flotation desilication of low-grade magnesite is of great significance for the sustainable development of magnesium resources. Traditional collectors usually have some disadvantages, such as poor selectivity, severe environmental pollution, and weak water solubility. To strengthen the desilication flotation process of magnesite ore, the biodegradable surfactant, cocamidopropyl amine oxide (CPAO), was first utilized as the collector for the separation of the magnesite and quartz. The selective adsorption behavior and mechanism of the quartz and magnesite with the CPAO as the collector were studied through the micro-flotation experiments of the single mineral and the artificially mixed mineral, contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The flotation results indicated that the CPAO showed good selectivity and could effectively separate magnesite and quartz. When the concentration of the CPAO was 10.0 mg/L in the natural pulp pH (about 7.2), the concentrates with 97.67% MgO recovery and 45.62% MgO grade were obtained. The contact angle and AFM measurements indicated that the CPAO could selectively adsorb on the quartz surface rather than the magnesite surface to improve the interface difference between them, especially its surface hydrophobicity. The results of the FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that the CPAO is selectively adsorbed on the surface of the quartz, mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. In conclusion, the CPAO had good selectivity and great potential as an effective collector in the reverse flotation desilication progress of magnesite.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"113 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138608529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/separations10120586
Yuxia Zheng, Mingke Guo, Xin Zhang, Zehua Xia, Juan Zhao, Siyu Shi
The disposal of industrial wastewater (IWW) discharged from factories is a significant topic in the environment field, and the use of cement-based materials is a useful way to treat materials with unexpected ions. In this work, IWW with abundant SO42− collected from a factory was utilized to prepare cement mortar (IWWCM), and three kinds of nanomaterials (NMs), including nano-SiO2 (NS), nano-CaCO3 (NC), and nano-metakaolin (NMK), were used to improve the performance of IWWCM. The compressive strengths, hydration degree, hydration products, and micropore structure of the specimens were investigated. The test results showed that IWW reduced the strength of the specimens, and the use of NMs could compensate for this strength reduction. To be specific, the 28-day strength of the freshwater (FW) mixed specimen was 44.6 MPa, and the use of IWW decreased this value to 41.8 MPa. However, the strengths of the specimens with NMs were all higher than 50 MPa, indicating the advantage of NMs for the strengths of the IWWCMs. Moreover, the IWWCM showed a lower hydration degree with a poor pore structure, whereas the use of NMs in IWWCMs refined these properties, explaining the strength increase in the specimens. The results of the SO42− content measurements also showed that the use of NMs could improve the SO42− binding ratio, which is conducive to relieving the pressure of IWW disposal for industrial factories.
{"title":"Improving the Efficiency of Cement Mortar to Immobilize Sulfate in Industrial Wastewater Using Different Nanoparticles","authors":"Yuxia Zheng, Mingke Guo, Xin Zhang, Zehua Xia, Juan Zhao, Siyu Shi","doi":"10.3390/separations10120586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120586","url":null,"abstract":"The disposal of industrial wastewater (IWW) discharged from factories is a significant topic in the environment field, and the use of cement-based materials is a useful way to treat materials with unexpected ions. In this work, IWW with abundant SO42− collected from a factory was utilized to prepare cement mortar (IWWCM), and three kinds of nanomaterials (NMs), including nano-SiO2 (NS), nano-CaCO3 (NC), and nano-metakaolin (NMK), were used to improve the performance of IWWCM. The compressive strengths, hydration degree, hydration products, and micropore structure of the specimens were investigated. The test results showed that IWW reduced the strength of the specimens, and the use of NMs could compensate for this strength reduction. To be specific, the 28-day strength of the freshwater (FW) mixed specimen was 44.6 MPa, and the use of IWW decreased this value to 41.8 MPa. However, the strengths of the specimens with NMs were all higher than 50 MPa, indicating the advantage of NMs for the strengths of the IWWCMs. Moreover, the IWWCM showed a lower hydration degree with a poor pore structure, whereas the use of NMs in IWWCMs refined these properties, explaining the strength increase in the specimens. The results of the SO42− content measurements also showed that the use of NMs could improve the SO42− binding ratio, which is conducive to relieving the pressure of IWW disposal for industrial factories.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139218712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3390/separations10120585
Inês M. Valente, Cláudia S. Sousa, Luís F. Guido
This study aimed to investigate the influence of various production stages on the quality and spoilage conditions of traditionally dry-cured chorizo. To accomplish this, we employed an experimental design that examined three key production parameters: the batch, the filling stage, and the food smoking process. The study was conducted in collaboration with a local producer who adheres to traditional curing methods utilizing oak wood smoke and heat. Biogenic amine levels were closely monitored throughout the process. This involved their extraction and derivatization through the salting-out technique, followed by identification and quantification using LC-ESI/MSn and HPLC-DAD, respectively. The findings suggest that both raw materials and the production process are well controlled during the filling stage. However, it became evident that the 14-day oak wood smoking period had a significant impact on biogenic amine formation, whose total mean values increased from 126 to 1385 mg kg−1, particularly with respect to putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), and tyramine (TYR), although these levels remained below the oral toxicity limit (2000 mg kg−1). Consequently, the concentration of these compounds can influence the quality and safety of traditionally dry-cured chorizos. Therefore, the combined levels of PUT, CAD, and TYR can serve as a valuable quality indicator for these products.
{"title":"Impact of the Smoking Process on Biogenic Amine Levels in Traditional Dry-Cured Chorizo","authors":"Inês M. Valente, Cláudia S. Sousa, Luís F. Guido","doi":"10.3390/separations10120585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120585","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the influence of various production stages on the quality and spoilage conditions of traditionally dry-cured chorizo. To accomplish this, we employed an experimental design that examined three key production parameters: the batch, the filling stage, and the food smoking process. The study was conducted in collaboration with a local producer who adheres to traditional curing methods utilizing oak wood smoke and heat. Biogenic amine levels were closely monitored throughout the process. This involved their extraction and derivatization through the salting-out technique, followed by identification and quantification using LC-ESI/MSn and HPLC-DAD, respectively. The findings suggest that both raw materials and the production process are well controlled during the filling stage. However, it became evident that the 14-day oak wood smoking period had a significant impact on biogenic amine formation, whose total mean values increased from 126 to 1385 mg kg−1, particularly with respect to putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), and tyramine (TYR), although these levels remained below the oral toxicity limit (2000 mg kg−1). Consequently, the concentration of these compounds can influence the quality and safety of traditionally dry-cured chorizos. Therefore, the combined levels of PUT, CAD, and TYR can serve as a valuable quality indicator for these products.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"347 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139227818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon–arsenic-bearing gold ore is a typical complex refractory gold resource. Traditionally, xanthate was often used as a flotation agent to separate gold minerals. But, in this paper, in order to reduce the cost of the agent, kerosene was used as an auxiliary collector, and the gold grade and recovery rate were increased by about 10 g/t and 5.5%, respectively. Through process mineralogy studies of the raw ore, it was found that the ore has an Au grade of 5.68 g/t, most of which is surrounded by sulfide ore, accounting for 79.46%. The main minerals are pyrite, arsenopyrite, and quartz, etc. Their content, shape, particle size distribution, and occurrence state were obtained via microscopic observation and statistical analysis. According to the results of process mineralogy, various flotation conditions were tested, including grinding fineness, kerosene dosage, collector dosage, foaming agent dosage, and the slurry pH value. The optimal chemical system and the process flow of “two roughing, three cleaning and two scavenging” were finally determined, and the concentrate product with a gold grade of 42.83 g/t and recovery of 91.02% was obtained, which verified the feasibility of the kerosene-assisted xanthate flotation of refractory gold.
{"title":"Using Kerosene as an Auxiliary Collector to Recover Gold from Refractory Gold Ore Based on Mineralogical Characteristics","authors":"Xuesong Sun, Jianwen Yu, Jian-Zhong Jin, Hao Sun, Yanjun Li, Yuexin Han","doi":"10.3390/separations10120584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120584","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon–arsenic-bearing gold ore is a typical complex refractory gold resource. Traditionally, xanthate was often used as a flotation agent to separate gold minerals. But, in this paper, in order to reduce the cost of the agent, kerosene was used as an auxiliary collector, and the gold grade and recovery rate were increased by about 10 g/t and 5.5%, respectively. Through process mineralogy studies of the raw ore, it was found that the ore has an Au grade of 5.68 g/t, most of which is surrounded by sulfide ore, accounting for 79.46%. The main minerals are pyrite, arsenopyrite, and quartz, etc. Their content, shape, particle size distribution, and occurrence state were obtained via microscopic observation and statistical analysis. According to the results of process mineralogy, various flotation conditions were tested, including grinding fineness, kerosene dosage, collector dosage, foaming agent dosage, and the slurry pH value. The optimal chemical system and the process flow of “two roughing, three cleaning and two scavenging” were finally determined, and the concentrate product with a gold grade of 42.83 g/t and recovery of 91.02% was obtained, which verified the feasibility of the kerosene-assisted xanthate flotation of refractory gold.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"9 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139237185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-24DOI: 10.3390/separations10120583
Ralph Hindle, J. Headley, D. Muench
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) contains a diverse mixture of inorganic and organic compounds. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a subset of the organic naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) and are a major contributor of toxicity to aquatic species. Thousands of unique chemical formulae are measured in OSPW by accurate mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of NAFCs. As no commercial reference standard is available to cover the range of compounds present in NAFCs, quantitation may best be referred to as “semi-quantitative” and is based on the responses of one or more model compounds. Negative mode electrospray ionization (ESI-) is often used for NAFC measurement but is prone to ion suppression in complex matrices. This review discusses aspects of off-line sample preparation techniques and liquid chromatography (LC) separations to help reduce ion suppression effects and improve the comparability of both inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory results. Alternative approaches to the analytical parameters discussed include extraction solvents, salt content of samples, extraction pH, off-line sample cleanup, on-line LC chromatography, calibration standards, MS ionization modes, NAFC compound classes, MS mass resolution, and the use of internal standards.
{"title":"Pros and Cons of Separation, Fractionation and Cleanup for Enhancement of the Quantitative Analysis of Bitumen-Derived Organics in Process-Affected Waters—A Review","authors":"Ralph Hindle, J. Headley, D. Muench","doi":"10.3390/separations10120583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120583","url":null,"abstract":"Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) contains a diverse mixture of inorganic and organic compounds. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a subset of the organic naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) and are a major contributor of toxicity to aquatic species. Thousands of unique chemical formulae are measured in OSPW by accurate mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of NAFCs. As no commercial reference standard is available to cover the range of compounds present in NAFCs, quantitation may best be referred to as “semi-quantitative” and is based on the responses of one or more model compounds. Negative mode electrospray ionization (ESI-) is often used for NAFC measurement but is prone to ion suppression in complex matrices. This review discusses aspects of off-line sample preparation techniques and liquid chromatography (LC) separations to help reduce ion suppression effects and improve the comparability of both inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory results. Alternative approaches to the analytical parameters discussed include extraction solvents, salt content of samples, extraction pH, off-line sample cleanup, on-line LC chromatography, calibration standards, MS ionization modes, NAFC compound classes, MS mass resolution, and the use of internal standards.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"2006 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.3390/separations10120582
Yuxuan Xue, Sai Zhong, Kuanwen Wang, Qianrui Dong, Yue Huang, Rui Zhang, Lei Wang, T. Jiang
The three-dimensional network and ample pore structure of novel hydrogel materials enable outstanding adsorption performance for pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and Cr6+ ions in wastewater. In order to develop an environmentally friendly hydrogel with high adsorption performance and low cost, a type of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite hydrogel was synthesised with montmorillonite (MMT) via chain radical polymerization, which gives it great potential for application in the field of wastewater purification. A series of hydrogel samples were characterised through SEM, FTIR and nitrogen porosimetry analysis, indicating the successful intercalation of MMT nanosheets into the hydrogel crosslinking network. The mass ratio of CMC to MMT, the amounts of adsorbent, the initial concentration of wastes, pH, and the adsorption temperature were investigated and optimised for hydrogel adsorption performance. When the initial concentration of MB is 60 mg/L, pH is 7, the dosage of MB is 0.5 g/L, and the adsorption temperature is 30 °C, the hydrogel sample the highest adsorption capability for MB removal, with an adsorption amount of 112.9 mg/g. When the initial concentration of Cr6+ is 10 mg/L with a pH of 7, the highest adsorption capacity of the hydrogel for Cr6+ removal is 1.35 mg/g. The fitting results of the isothermal models, the kinetic models, internal particle diffusion models and the thermodynamics of the experimental data of the adsorbate adsorption process show that the adsorption of MB by hydrogel is a spontaneous segmented process of multi-layer physical and chemical adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption of Cr6+ ions by hydrogel is a spontaneous segmented process of multi-layer physical adsorption.
{"title":"Synthesis of Carboxymethylcellulose–Acrylamide–Montmorillonite Composite Hydrogels for Wastewater Purification","authors":"Yuxuan Xue, Sai Zhong, Kuanwen Wang, Qianrui Dong, Yue Huang, Rui Zhang, Lei Wang, T. Jiang","doi":"10.3390/separations10120582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120582","url":null,"abstract":"The three-dimensional network and ample pore structure of novel hydrogel materials enable outstanding adsorption performance for pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and Cr6+ ions in wastewater. In order to develop an environmentally friendly hydrogel with high adsorption performance and low cost, a type of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite hydrogel was synthesised with montmorillonite (MMT) via chain radical polymerization, which gives it great potential for application in the field of wastewater purification. A series of hydrogel samples were characterised through SEM, FTIR and nitrogen porosimetry analysis, indicating the successful intercalation of MMT nanosheets into the hydrogel crosslinking network. The mass ratio of CMC to MMT, the amounts of adsorbent, the initial concentration of wastes, pH, and the adsorption temperature were investigated and optimised for hydrogel adsorption performance. When the initial concentration of MB is 60 mg/L, pH is 7, the dosage of MB is 0.5 g/L, and the adsorption temperature is 30 °C, the hydrogel sample the highest adsorption capability for MB removal, with an adsorption amount of 112.9 mg/g. When the initial concentration of Cr6+ is 10 mg/L with a pH of 7, the highest adsorption capacity of the hydrogel for Cr6+ removal is 1.35 mg/g. The fitting results of the isothermal models, the kinetic models, internal particle diffusion models and the thermodynamics of the experimental data of the adsorbate adsorption process show that the adsorption of MB by hydrogel is a spontaneous segmented process of multi-layer physical and chemical adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption of Cr6+ ions by hydrogel is a spontaneous segmented process of multi-layer physical adsorption.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various porous polymer materials have been prepared for the separation of CO2 from mixed gases. However, complex processes, expensive monomers, and costly catalysts are commonly used for their synthesis, making the adsorbents difficult to achieve in industrial applications. Herein, we developed a strategy to fabricate a series of benzene rings containing porous polymer materials (B-PPMs) via a facile condensation reaction of two inexpensive monomers, namely tetraphenylsilane and 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene. The B-PPMs are verified to have accessible surface areas, large pore volumes, and appreciate pore sizes via a series of characterizations. The B-PPM-2 exhibits the best CO2 adsorption amount of 67 cm3·g−1 at 273 K and 1 bar, while the CO2/N2 selectivity can reach 64.5 and 51.9 at 273 K and 298 K, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorbent B-PPM-2 can be completely regenerated after five cycles of breakthrough experiments under mild conditions, which may provide promising candidates for selective capture of CO2 from mixtures.
人们制备了各种多孔聚合物材料，用于从混合气体中分离二氧化碳。然而，这些材料的合成通常需要复杂的工艺、昂贵的单体和成本高昂的催化剂，使得吸附剂难以实现工业化应用。在此，我们开发了一种策略，通过两种廉价单体（即四苯基硅烷和 1,4-双（溴甲基）苯）的简易缩合反应，制备出一系列含苯环的多孔聚合物材料（B-PPMs）。通过一系列表征，B-PPMs 被证实具有可利用的表面积、较大的孔隙率和较好的孔径。在 273 K 和 1 bar 条件下，B-PPM-2 对 CO2 的吸附量最高，达到 67 cm3-g-1，而在 273 K 和 298 K 条件下，对 CO2/N2 的选择性分别达到 64.5 和 51.9。此外，吸附剂 B-PPM-2 在温和的条件下经过五个循环的突破实验后可以完全再生，这为从混合物中选择性捕获二氧化碳提供了可能。
{"title":"Rational Fabrication of Benzene-Linked Porous Polymers for Selective CO2 Capture","authors":"Xiaofei Yan, Fuqun Zhai, Zifei Sun, Jingwen Chen, Dingming Xue, Jie Miao","doi":"10.3390/separations10120581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120581","url":null,"abstract":"Various porous polymer materials have been prepared for the separation of CO2 from mixed gases. However, complex processes, expensive monomers, and costly catalysts are commonly used for their synthesis, making the adsorbents difficult to achieve in industrial applications. Herein, we developed a strategy to fabricate a series of benzene rings containing porous polymer materials (B-PPMs) via a facile condensation reaction of two inexpensive monomers, namely tetraphenylsilane and 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene. The B-PPMs are verified to have accessible surface areas, large pore volumes, and appreciate pore sizes via a series of characterizations. The B-PPM-2 exhibits the best CO2 adsorption amount of 67 cm3·g−1 at 273 K and 1 bar, while the CO2/N2 selectivity can reach 64.5 and 51.9 at 273 K and 298 K, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorbent B-PPM-2 can be completely regenerated after five cycles of breakthrough experiments under mild conditions, which may provide promising candidates for selective capture of CO2 from mixtures.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"8 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139243993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cathodic reduction is a green and promising remediation strategy for reducing the antibacterial activity of antibiotic contaminants and increasing their biodegradability. However, the lack of cost-effective electrocatalysts has restricted its application. In this study, we upcycled textile white mud by separating 1,4-dicarboxybenzene (BDC) and fabricating MIL-125(Ti)-derived amorphous TiO2@C (TiO2@C-W) as a functional electrocatalyst. The separated BDC from white mud shows lower crystallinity than BDC chemicals, but the resulting TiO2@C-W features a much higher degree of oxygen vacancies and a 25-fold higher specific surface area than that of TiO2@C derived from BDC chemicals. With florfenicol (FLO) as a probe, TiO2@C-W exhibits similar cathodic reductive activity (0.017 min−1) as commercial Pd(3 wt.%)/C (0.018 min−1) does, which was 1.4 and 3.7 times higher than that of oxygen vacancy-engineered TiO2 and TiO2@C, respectively. The as-fabricated TiO2@C-W could not easily remove FLO via the oxygen reduction reaction-based pathway with the applied bias for cathodic reduction. Though the activity of TiO2@C-W undergoes a slight decline with continuous running, more than 80% of 20 mg L−1 FLO can still be reduced in the eighth run. Water chemistry studies suggest that a lower initial solution pH boosts the cathodic reduction process, while common co-existing anions such as Cl−, NO3−, HCO3−, and SO32− show a limited negative impact. Finally, TiO2@C-W shows reductive activity against several representative antibiotics, including nitrofurazone, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, clarifying its potential scope of application for antibiotics (e.g., molecules with structures like furan rings, nitro groups, and halogens). This study couples the upcycling of textile white mud with the remediation of antibiotics by developing functional electrocatalysts, and offers new insights for converting wastes from the printing and dyeing industry into value-added products.
{"title":"Upcycling Textile White Mud to Fabricate MIL-125-Derived Amorphous TiO2@C: Effective Electrocatalyst for Cathodic Reduction of Antibiotics","authors":"Jinmei Zhu, Xiaofei Wen, Yuanhui Feng, Shuaibing Ren, Zimo Lou, Jiansheng Li","doi":"10.3390/separations10120580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10120580","url":null,"abstract":"Cathodic reduction is a green and promising remediation strategy for reducing the antibacterial activity of antibiotic contaminants and increasing their biodegradability. However, the lack of cost-effective electrocatalysts has restricted its application. In this study, we upcycled textile white mud by separating 1,4-dicarboxybenzene (BDC) and fabricating MIL-125(Ti)-derived amorphous TiO2@C (TiO2@C-W) as a functional electrocatalyst. The separated BDC from white mud shows lower crystallinity than BDC chemicals, but the resulting TiO2@C-W features a much higher degree of oxygen vacancies and a 25-fold higher specific surface area than that of TiO2@C derived from BDC chemicals. With florfenicol (FLO) as a probe, TiO2@C-W exhibits similar cathodic reductive activity (0.017 min−1) as commercial Pd(3 wt.%)/C (0.018 min−1) does, which was 1.4 and 3.7 times higher than that of oxygen vacancy-engineered TiO2 and TiO2@C, respectively. The as-fabricated TiO2@C-W could not easily remove FLO via the oxygen reduction reaction-based pathway with the applied bias for cathodic reduction. Though the activity of TiO2@C-W undergoes a slight decline with continuous running, more than 80% of 20 mg L−1 FLO can still be reduced in the eighth run. Water chemistry studies suggest that a lower initial solution pH boosts the cathodic reduction process, while common co-existing anions such as Cl−, NO3−, HCO3−, and SO32− show a limited negative impact. Finally, TiO2@C-W shows reductive activity against several representative antibiotics, including nitrofurazone, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, clarifying its potential scope of application for antibiotics (e.g., molecules with structures like furan rings, nitro groups, and halogens). This study couples the upcycling of textile white mud with the remediation of antibiotics by developing functional electrocatalysts, and offers new insights for converting wastes from the printing and dyeing industry into value-added products.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"120 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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