Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/separations10110548
Stefano Di Bona, Emanuele Artino, Francesca Buiarelli, Patrizia Di Filippo, Roberta Galarini, Stefano Lorenzetti, Franco Lucarelli, Gabriele Cruciani, Laura Goracci
The waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is generally considered a secondary raw material for the recovery of valuable components. However, emerging issues regarding the impact of suspended particles arising from WEEE recycling operations are a concern. It was recently demonstrated that samples from three different WEEE plants were rich in organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Since exposure to a xenobiotic can lead to its biotransformation through human metabolism routes, in the present study, the metabolism of eight OPFRs of interest in our sampling campaign (triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri-m-tolyl phosphate (TMTP), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPhP), tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloropropan-2-yl) phosphate (TDClPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP)) was investigated. Their metabolism was studied at different time points in three matrices: human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes and human skin microsomes. This study, which was run using a common experimental setting, allowed easy comparison of results for each OPFR of interest, and a comparison with other data in the literature was performed. In particular, a number of metabolites not previously described were detected, and for the first time, it was shown that TPhP could be metabolized in human skin microsomes.
{"title":"Metabolic Stability of Eight Airborne OrganoPhosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs) in Human Liver, Skin Microsomes and Human Hepatocytes","authors":"Stefano Di Bona, Emanuele Artino, Francesca Buiarelli, Patrizia Di Filippo, Roberta Galarini, Stefano Lorenzetti, Franco Lucarelli, Gabriele Cruciani, Laura Goracci","doi":"10.3390/separations10110548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110548","url":null,"abstract":"The waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is generally considered a secondary raw material for the recovery of valuable components. However, emerging issues regarding the impact of suspended particles arising from WEEE recycling operations are a concern. It was recently demonstrated that samples from three different WEEE plants were rich in organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Since exposure to a xenobiotic can lead to its biotransformation through human metabolism routes, in the present study, the metabolism of eight OPFRs of interest in our sampling campaign (triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri-m-tolyl phosphate (TMTP), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPhP), tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloropropan-2-yl) phosphate (TDClPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP)) was investigated. Their metabolism was studied at different time points in three matrices: human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes and human skin microsomes. This study, which was run using a common experimental setting, allowed easy comparison of results for each OPFR of interest, and a comparison with other data in the literature was performed. In particular, a number of metabolites not previously described were detected, and for the first time, it was shown that TPhP could be metabolized in human skin microsomes.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135170780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/separations10110547
Carolina Barola, Elisabetta Bucaletti, Simone Moretti, Francesca Buiarelli, Giulia Simonetti, Franco Lucarelli, Laura Goracci, Stefano Lorenzetti, Patrizia Di Filippo, Donatella Pomata, Carmela Riccardi, Roberta Galarini
Poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in the electrical and electronic appliance industry to the point that waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), also known as e-waste, creates significant potential for PFAS exposure (by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure) for people handling and recycling e-waste. The aim of this work was the development of an untargeted analytical approach in order to detect the presence of possible unknown PFASs in particulate matter collected in three Italian e-waste facilities through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) in negative ionization mode. By means of three acquisition experiments, nine compounds were detected as candidate PFASs, and three were definitively confirmed by comparison with their authentic standards. Among these, bistriflimide (bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide), an ionic liquid with several promising technological applications, was the most abundant compound detected in all three recycling plants. This is the first study associating the presence of fluorinated ionic liquids with e-waste, and as these chemicals are not only toxic and persistent but also highly mobile, our results indicate the need to include them in future PFAS research. Only further data on their actual environmental diffusion will determine whether they are emerging pollutants or not.
{"title":"Untargeted Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Airborne Particulate of Three Italian E-Waste Recycling Facilities","authors":"Carolina Barola, Elisabetta Bucaletti, Simone Moretti, Francesca Buiarelli, Giulia Simonetti, Franco Lucarelli, Laura Goracci, Stefano Lorenzetti, Patrizia Di Filippo, Donatella Pomata, Carmela Riccardi, Roberta Galarini","doi":"10.3390/separations10110547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10110547","url":null,"abstract":"Poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in the electrical and electronic appliance industry to the point that waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), also known as e-waste, creates significant potential for PFAS exposure (by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure) for people handling and recycling e-waste. The aim of this work was the development of an untargeted analytical approach in order to detect the presence of possible unknown PFASs in particulate matter collected in three Italian e-waste facilities through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) in negative ionization mode. By means of three acquisition experiments, nine compounds were detected as candidate PFASs, and three were definitively confirmed by comparison with their authentic standards. Among these, bistriflimide (bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide), an ionic liquid with several promising technological applications, was the most abundant compound detected in all three recycling plants. This is the first study associating the presence of fluorinated ionic liquids with e-waste, and as these chemicals are not only toxic and persistent but also highly mobile, our results indicate the need to include them in future PFAS research. Only further data on their actual environmental diffusion will determine whether they are emerging pollutants or not.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135215988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.3390/separations10100546
Olivera Politeo, Ivana Cajic, Anja Simic, Mirko Ruscic, Mejra Bektasevic
The essential oil (EO) of Artemisia plants contains a large number of bioactive compounds that are widely used. The aim of this study was to analyse the chemical composition of EOs of six Artemisia plants collected in Croatia and to test their cholinesterase inhibitory potential. GC–MS analysis of the EO of A. absinthium showed that the dominant compounds are cis-sabinyl acetate and cis-epoxy-ocimene; in EO of A. abrotanum, it is borneol; in the EO of A. annua, they are artemisia ketone, camphor and 1,8-cineole; in the EO of A. arborescens, they are camphor and chamazulene; in the EO of A. verlotiorum, they are cis-thujone, 1,8-cineole and trans-thujone; and in the EO of A. vulgaris, they are trans-thujone and trans-epoxy-ocimene. The EO of the five studied Artemisia species from Croatia is rich in monoterpenoid compounds (1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, cis-thujone, trans-thujone, cis-epoxy-ocimene, camphor, borneol and cis-sabinyl acetate). The EO of A. arborescens is also rich in chamazulene. The results also showed that the tested EOs have moderate cholinesterase inhibition potential, especially the EOs of A. annua, A. vulgaris and A. abrotanum. This is the first analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs of four Artemisia plants and the first analysis of cholinesterase potential for plants collected in Croatia.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Chemical Composition and Cholinesterase Inhibition Potential of Essential Oils Isolated from Artemisia Plants from Croatia","authors":"Olivera Politeo, Ivana Cajic, Anja Simic, Mirko Ruscic, Mejra Bektasevic","doi":"10.3390/separations10100546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100546","url":null,"abstract":"The essential oil (EO) of Artemisia plants contains a large number of bioactive compounds that are widely used. The aim of this study was to analyse the chemical composition of EOs of six Artemisia plants collected in Croatia and to test their cholinesterase inhibitory potential. GC–MS analysis of the EO of A. absinthium showed that the dominant compounds are cis-sabinyl acetate and cis-epoxy-ocimene; in EO of A. abrotanum, it is borneol; in the EO of A. annua, they are artemisia ketone, camphor and 1,8-cineole; in the EO of A. arborescens, they are camphor and chamazulene; in the EO of A. verlotiorum, they are cis-thujone, 1,8-cineole and trans-thujone; and in the EO of A. vulgaris, they are trans-thujone and trans-epoxy-ocimene. The EO of the five studied Artemisia species from Croatia is rich in monoterpenoid compounds (1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, cis-thujone, trans-thujone, cis-epoxy-ocimene, camphor, borneol and cis-sabinyl acetate). The EO of A. arborescens is also rich in chamazulene. The results also showed that the tested EOs have moderate cholinesterase inhibition potential, especially the EOs of A. annua, A. vulgaris and A. abrotanum. This is the first analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs of four Artemisia plants and the first analysis of cholinesterase potential for plants collected in Croatia.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135412863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.3390/separations10100545
Sandra Saunoriūtė, Ona Ragažinskienė, Liudas Ivanauskas, Mindaugas Marksa, Kristina Laužikė, Lina Raudonė
Over the past ten years, particular attention has been paid to Artemisia L. genus plants and their chemical composition. Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L., which are traditional medicinal, aromatic plants with a strong digestive activity that is determined by the various phytochemicals. The research aim was to determine the variation in polyphenols in the samples of different vegetation stages of two Artemisia species and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts in vitro. Phytochemical analysis of the Artemisia samples was carried out using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-PDA techniques, while antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Significant differences in the diversity of phenolic compounds were found among Artemisia species during vegetation stages. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin were predominant among the phenolic compounds. The study provides valuable insights into the composition of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Artemisia plants at different growth stages, shedding light on their potential pharmacological effects and antioxidant activities. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the quality and safety of herbal materials derived from Artemisia species.
{"title":"Phenolic Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L. during Vegetation Stages","authors":"Sandra Saunoriūtė, Ona Ragažinskienė, Liudas Ivanauskas, Mindaugas Marksa, Kristina Laužikė, Lina Raudonė","doi":"10.3390/separations10100545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100545","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past ten years, particular attention has been paid to Artemisia L. genus plants and their chemical composition. Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L., which are traditional medicinal, aromatic plants with a strong digestive activity that is determined by the various phytochemicals. The research aim was to determine the variation in polyphenols in the samples of different vegetation stages of two Artemisia species and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts in vitro. Phytochemical analysis of the Artemisia samples was carried out using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-PDA techniques, while antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Significant differences in the diversity of phenolic compounds were found among Artemisia species during vegetation stages. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin were predominant among the phenolic compounds. The study provides valuable insights into the composition of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Artemisia plants at different growth stages, shedding light on their potential pharmacological effects and antioxidant activities. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the quality and safety of herbal materials derived from Artemisia species.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"17 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135405304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.3390/separations10100543
Yousheng Zhou, Peicheng Li, Yifan Wang, Qiyue Zhao, Hui Sun
Carbon hydrocarbon compounds, especially low-carbon hydrocarbons (C1–C3), are vital raw materials in the petrochemical industry, but their efficient separation has great challenges due to their similar molecular structures and properties. In contrast to traditional low-temperature distillation and absorption separation technologies, selective adsorption employing porous materials as adsorbent has the advantages of low energy consumption, high efficiency, and high selectivity, indicating broad application possibilities in the field of low-carbon hydrocarbon separation. In this paper, the recent progress in the separation and purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by means of the two kinds of porous materials (metal–organic frameworks and molecular sieves) that have been widely used in recent years is reviewed, including purification of methane and separation of ethylene/ethane, propylene/propane, and some high-carbon hydrocarbon isomers. The structure–activity relationships between their chemical composition, structural characteristics, and separation performance are discussed to understand the separation mechanism. In conclusion, the issues encountered in the application of metal–organic frameworks and molecular sieves in the separation of low-carbon hydrocarbons are discussed in light of the current context of “carbon neutrality”.
{"title":"Progress in the Separation and Purification of Carbon Hydrocarbon Compounds Using MOFs and Molecular Sieves","authors":"Yousheng Zhou, Peicheng Li, Yifan Wang, Qiyue Zhao, Hui Sun","doi":"10.3390/separations10100543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100543","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon hydrocarbon compounds, especially low-carbon hydrocarbons (C1–C3), are vital raw materials in the petrochemical industry, but their efficient separation has great challenges due to their similar molecular structures and properties. In contrast to traditional low-temperature distillation and absorption separation technologies, selective adsorption employing porous materials as adsorbent has the advantages of low energy consumption, high efficiency, and high selectivity, indicating broad application possibilities in the field of low-carbon hydrocarbon separation. In this paper, the recent progress in the separation and purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by means of the two kinds of porous materials (metal–organic frameworks and molecular sieves) that have been widely used in recent years is reviewed, including purification of methane and separation of ethylene/ethane, propylene/propane, and some high-carbon hydrocarbon isomers. The structure–activity relationships between their chemical composition, structural characteristics, and separation performance are discussed to understand the separation mechanism. In conclusion, the issues encountered in the application of metal–organic frameworks and molecular sieves in the separation of low-carbon hydrocarbons are discussed in light of the current context of “carbon neutrality”.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.3390/separations10100544
Sana M. Alahmadi, Salwa S. Aljuhani
Silica gel chemically functionalized with alizarin (Si-AZ) and 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (Si-NN) was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, and elemental analysis. The two chelators show adequate sorption properties for Pb (II) and are hence used as SPE sorbents prior to their determination with ICP-MS. Both chelators showed high sorption efficiency for the Pb (II) ion at pH 8. Batch experiments demonstrate that the synthesized resins could remove more than 95% Pb (II) out of solutions containing 100 μg/mL of the ion. At optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities for S-TDI-AZ and S-TDI-NN for Pb (II) were 9.56 and 9.43 mg/g, respectively. Method development was performed to investigate the applicability of the chelating resins as packing materials for SPE using model solutions and real groundwater samples. The method detection limits of SPE were 0.0025 and 0.0026 μg/L with high precision (R.S.D. < 3%). The recoveries of spiked Pb (II) with ground water were 104.70 and 102.62%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Pb (II) in the groundwater by ICP-MS.
{"title":"Synthesis of Silica Gel Chelated with Alizarin and 1-Nitroso-2-Naphthol for Solid Phase Extraction of Lead in Ground Water Samples","authors":"Sana M. Alahmadi, Salwa S. Aljuhani","doi":"10.3390/separations10100544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100544","url":null,"abstract":"Silica gel chemically functionalized with alizarin (Si-AZ) and 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (Si-NN) was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, and elemental analysis. The two chelators show adequate sorption properties for Pb (II) and are hence used as SPE sorbents prior to their determination with ICP-MS. Both chelators showed high sorption efficiency for the Pb (II) ion at pH 8. Batch experiments demonstrate that the synthesized resins could remove more than 95% Pb (II) out of solutions containing 100 μg/mL of the ion. At optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities for S-TDI-AZ and S-TDI-NN for Pb (II) were 9.56 and 9.43 mg/g, respectively. Method development was performed to investigate the applicability of the chelating resins as packing materials for SPE using model solutions and real groundwater samples. The method detection limits of SPE were 0.0025 and 0.0026 μg/L with high precision (R.S.D. < 3%). The recoveries of spiked Pb (II) with ground water were 104.70 and 102.62%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Pb (II) in the groundwater by ICP-MS.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.3390/separations10100542
Ayoub Mourjane, Hafida Hanine, El Mustapha El Adnany, Mourad Ouhammou, Khalid Bitar, Mostafa Mahrouz, Ahcene Boumendjel
The bioavailability of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food preparations depends, among other factors, on the galenic form and the control of the granulometric structure of powders. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of argan pulp powder particle size on functional, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant bioactivity. The particle size study revealed a unimodal particle volume distribution, explaining the regular particle shape. The results relating to functional properties indicated that the critical fraction was in the range of 50–125 µm. However, the study of the particles in each class, evaluated via SEM, showed that the morphology of the pulp powder was strongly dependent on the degree of grinding. The classes in the range of 50–125 µm had the highest polyphenol content, while those of <25 µm had the highest flavonoid content (893.33 mg GAE/100 g DW and 128.67 mg CE/100 g DW, respectively). Molecular analysis via LC and GC-MS showed that particle size had a significant effect on the release of bioactive molecules. ABTS, DPPH, and TAC tests showed that the fraction, ‘‘50–125 µm’’, had the highest antioxidant activity. However, the FRAP test showed highest antioxidant activity for particles of <25 µm. The analysis of the bioactive compounds of the argan pulp powder confirmed a differential distribution, depending on the size of the particles.
化妆品、药品、营养保健品和食品制剂的生物利用度，除其他因素外，取决于粉末的百伦形式和颗粒结构的控制。本研究旨在探讨摩洛哥坚果果肉粉末粒度对其功能、理化性质和抗氧化活性的影响。粒径研究揭示了单峰的颗粒体积分布，解释了规则的颗粒形状。功能性能测试结果表明，临界分数在50 ~ 125µm范围内。然而，对每一类颗粒的研究，通过扫描电镜进行评估，表明纸浆粉末的形态强烈依赖于研磨程度。多酚含量在50 ~ 125µm范围内最高，类黄酮含量在<25µm范围内最高，分别为893.33 mg GAE/100 g DW和128.67 mg CE/100 g DW。LC和GC-MS的分子分析表明，颗粒大小对生物活性分子的释放有显著影响。ABTS、DPPH和TAC试验表明，50 ~ 125µm部位抗氧化活性最高。然而，FRAP测试显示，25µm颗粒的抗氧化活性最高。对摩洛哥坚果纸浆粉末的生物活性化合物的分析证实了一种不同的分布，取决于颗粒的大小。
{"title":"Determination of the Relationship between the Granulometry and Release of Polyphenols Using LC-UV, and Their Antioxidant Activity of the Pulp Powder of the Moroccan Argan Tree, “Argania spinosa L.”","authors":"Ayoub Mourjane, Hafida Hanine, El Mustapha El Adnany, Mourad Ouhammou, Khalid Bitar, Mostafa Mahrouz, Ahcene Boumendjel","doi":"10.3390/separations10100542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100542","url":null,"abstract":"The bioavailability of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food preparations depends, among other factors, on the galenic form and the control of the granulometric structure of powders. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of argan pulp powder particle size on functional, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant bioactivity. The particle size study revealed a unimodal particle volume distribution, explaining the regular particle shape. The results relating to functional properties indicated that the critical fraction was in the range of 50–125 µm. However, the study of the particles in each class, evaluated via SEM, showed that the morphology of the pulp powder was strongly dependent on the degree of grinding. The classes in the range of 50–125 µm had the highest polyphenol content, while those of <25 µm had the highest flavonoid content (893.33 mg GAE/100 g DW and 128.67 mg CE/100 g DW, respectively). Molecular analysis via LC and GC-MS showed that particle size had a significant effect on the release of bioactive molecules. ABTS, DPPH, and TAC tests showed that the fraction, ‘‘50–125 µm’’, had the highest antioxidant activity. However, the FRAP test showed highest antioxidant activity for particles of <25 µm. The analysis of the bioactive compounds of the argan pulp powder confirmed a differential distribution, depending on the size of the particles.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136114537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The seeds of Paeonia clusii Stern subsp. clusii and Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. subsp. mascula growing wild in Greece, though not previously investigated, has been studied as a source of bioactive stilbenoids and other phenolics. Their methanol extracts were analyzed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography—high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), and among the identified metabolites (62), 19 paeoniflorin’s derivatives, 17 flavonoids and 12 stilbenes were detected. Moreover, through classic phytochemical separation procedures, twelve among them were isolated and fully spectrally determined as trans-resveratrol, trans-resveratrol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, cis-resveratrol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, trans-gnetin-H, trans-ε-viniferin, luteolin, luteolin-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-3′,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, hispidulin, paeoniflorin and benzoyl-paeoniflorin. All seed extracts were measured for their total phenolic content (TPC), appearing as a rich source (116.04 and 103.63 mg GAE/g extract, respectively), followed by free radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity (75.24% and 91.54% inhibition at the concentration of 200 μg/mL). The evaluation of tyrosinase inhibition for both extracts (61% and 70%, respectively) confirmed the potential for their future application in skin health care, comparable with other paeonies of Chinese origin, which are well-known as skin whitening and anti-aging promoters.
芍药的种子。赤芍和芍药(L.)轧机。无性系种群。在希腊野生生长的阳刚草，虽然以前没有被调查过，但已经被研究作为生物活性苯乙烯类化合物和其他酚类物质的来源。采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨率质谱(UHPLC-HRMS)对其甲醇提取物进行分析，鉴定出62种代谢物，其中芍药苷衍生物19种，类黄酮17种，二苯乙烯12种。通过经典的植物化学分离方法，分离得到12种化合物，分别为反式白藜芦醇、反式白藜芦醇-4′-O-β- d -葡萄糖苷、顺式白藜芦醇-4′-O-β- d -葡萄糖苷、反式皂素- h、反式ε-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素、木犀草素-3′-O-β- d -葡萄糖苷、木犀草素-3′、4′- 2 -O-β- d -葡萄糖苷、芹菜素、hispidulin、芍药苷和苯甲酰芍药苷。所有种子提取物的总酚含量(TPC)均为丰富的来源(分别为116.04和103.63 mg GAE/g提取物)，其次是自由基(DPPH)清除能力(200 μg/mL浓度下抑制75.24%和91.54%)。两种提取物的酪氨酸酶抑制率(分别为61%和70%)证实了它们在皮肤保健方面的潜在应用前景，与其他中国原产的促进皮肤美白和抗衰老的芍药相当。
{"title":"Chemical Profiling on Bioactive Stilbenoids in the Seeds of Paeonia Species Growing Wild in Greece","authors":"Eleni Dimitropoulou, Konstantia Graikou, Vithleem Klontza, Ioanna Chinou","doi":"10.3390/separations10100540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100540","url":null,"abstract":"The seeds of Paeonia clusii Stern subsp. clusii and Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. subsp. mascula growing wild in Greece, though not previously investigated, has been studied as a source of bioactive stilbenoids and other phenolics. Their methanol extracts were analyzed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography—high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), and among the identified metabolites (62), 19 paeoniflorin’s derivatives, 17 flavonoids and 12 stilbenes were detected. Moreover, through classic phytochemical separation procedures, twelve among them were isolated and fully spectrally determined as trans-resveratrol, trans-resveratrol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, cis-resveratrol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, trans-gnetin-H, trans-ε-viniferin, luteolin, luteolin-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin-3′,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, hispidulin, paeoniflorin and benzoyl-paeoniflorin. All seed extracts were measured for their total phenolic content (TPC), appearing as a rich source (116.04 and 103.63 mg GAE/g extract, respectively), followed by free radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity (75.24% and 91.54% inhibition at the concentration of 200 μg/mL). The evaluation of tyrosinase inhibition for both extracts (61% and 70%, respectively) confirmed the potential for their future application in skin health care, comparable with other paeonies of Chinese origin, which are well-known as skin whitening and anti-aging promoters.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135855624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.3390/separations10100541
Faiyaz Shakeel
A growing tendency toward the discovery and use of natural bioactive compounds that are the least harmful, have the fewest side effects, and are the most natural for the human body has been noticed during the past few decades [...]
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Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.3390/separations10100539
Zhicheng Xi, Wenhan Wang, Qian Ping, Lin Wang, Xiangkai Pu, Bin Wang, Yongmei Li
Phosphorus is a critical influencial factor in the anaerobic digestion of phosphorus-rich sludge (PRS). The anaerobic digestion of PRS and digested sludge (DS) mixed according to different proportions was studied. The result showed that the phosphorus release rate of the mixed sludge increased with the increase in DS proportion until the DS proportion was over 50%. When the mixing ratio of PRS to DS was 3:1, the specific phosphorus release rate (SPRR) was increased by 20% and the methane production was raised to 7.39 mL/g VSS. A further experiment on the concentration of the added acetic acid indicated that the phosphorus release rate also tended to rise with the increase in acetic acid until the concentration was over 500 mg COD/L. Finally, the results of the anaerobic digestion of DS and waste activated sludge (WAS) showed that there was no typical phosphorus release in the initial stage of anaerobic digestion in WAS.
{"title":"Anaerobic Digestion of Phosphorus-Rich Sludge and Digested Sludge: Influence of Mixing Ratio and Acetic Acid","authors":"Zhicheng Xi, Wenhan Wang, Qian Ping, Lin Wang, Xiangkai Pu, Bin Wang, Yongmei Li","doi":"10.3390/separations10100539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100539","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus is a critical influencial factor in the anaerobic digestion of phosphorus-rich sludge (PRS). The anaerobic digestion of PRS and digested sludge (DS) mixed according to different proportions was studied. The result showed that the phosphorus release rate of the mixed sludge increased with the increase in DS proportion until the DS proportion was over 50%. When the mixing ratio of PRS to DS was 3:1, the specific phosphorus release rate (SPRR) was increased by 20% and the methane production was raised to 7.39 mL/g VSS. A further experiment on the concentration of the added acetic acid indicated that the phosphorus release rate also tended to rise with the increase in acetic acid until the concentration was over 500 mg COD/L. Finally, the results of the anaerobic digestion of DS and waste activated sludge (WAS) showed that there was no typical phosphorus release in the initial stage of anaerobic digestion in WAS.","PeriodicalId":21833,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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