Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1177/19485506241256400
Tessa E. S. Charlesworth, Kirsten Morehouse, Vaibhav Rouduri, William Cunningham
Attitudes are intertwined with culture and language. But to what extent? Emerging perspectives in attitude research suggest that cultural representations in language are more related to implicitly measured (vs. explicitly measured) attitudes, and that such relationships persist across history and diverse languages. We offer a comprehensive test of these ideas by correlating (a) attitudes toward 55 topics (e.g., Rich/Poor, Dogs/Cats, Love/Money) from ~100,000 U.S. English-speaking participants with (b) representations of those same topics in word embeddings from contemporary English text, 200 years of English books, and 53 non-English languages. Strong and robust relationships emerged between representations in contemporary English and implicitly but not explicitly measured attitudes. Moreover, strong correlations with implicitly measured attitudes persisted across 200 years of books, and most non-English languages. Results provide new insights into the nature of implicitly measured attitudes and how they are intertwined with cultural representations that are relatively hidden in patterns of language across time and place.
{"title":"Echoes of Culture: Relationships of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes With Contemporary English, Historical English, and 53 Non-English Languages","authors":"Tessa E. S. Charlesworth, Kirsten Morehouse, Vaibhav Rouduri, William Cunningham","doi":"10.1177/19485506241256400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241256400","url":null,"abstract":"Attitudes are intertwined with culture and language. But to what extent? Emerging perspectives in attitude research suggest that cultural representations in language are more related to implicitly measured (vs. explicitly measured) attitudes, and that such relationships persist across history and diverse languages. We offer a comprehensive test of these ideas by correlating (a) attitudes toward 55 topics (e.g., Rich/Poor, Dogs/Cats, Love/Money) from ~100,000 U.S. English-speaking participants with (b) representations of those same topics in word embeddings from contemporary English text, 200 years of English books, and 53 non-English languages. Strong and robust relationships emerged between representations in contemporary English and implicitly but not explicitly measured attitudes. Moreover, strong correlations with implicitly measured attitudes persisted across 200 years of books, and most non-English languages. Results provide new insights into the nature of implicitly measured attitudes and how they are intertwined with cultural representations that are relatively hidden in patterns of language across time and place.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141343429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1177/19485506241254562
F. K. Boland, M. Slepian, Sarah Ward
Recent work has made great strides in understanding the situations that prompt people to disclose information or keep secrets. Through four studies ( N = 24,684), this article provides new insights into disclosure and secrecy through the lens of individual differences. Studies 1 and 2 find that higher levels of private self-consciousness are associated with greater disclosure, while higher levels of public self-consciousness are associated with greater secrecy. Studies 3 and 4 examined the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction, finding reliably distinct patterns when it comes to keeping secrets and having the kinds of experiences people typically keep secret. Taken together, the studies provide several new insights into individual differences as well as future research directions.
{"title":"Who has secrets and who keeps them? Individual differences in disclosure and secrecy","authors":"F. K. Boland, M. Slepian, Sarah Ward","doi":"10.1177/19485506241254562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241254562","url":null,"abstract":"Recent work has made great strides in understanding the situations that prompt people to disclose information or keep secrets. Through four studies ( N = 24,684), this article provides new insights into disclosure and secrecy through the lens of individual differences. Studies 1 and 2 find that higher levels of private self-consciousness are associated with greater disclosure, while higher levels of public self-consciousness are associated with greater secrecy. Studies 3 and 4 examined the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction, finding reliably distinct patterns when it comes to keeping secrets and having the kinds of experiences people typically keep secret. Taken together, the studies provide several new insights into individual differences as well as future research directions.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1177/19485506241256695
Beatrice Alba, Emily J. Cross, Matthew D. Hammond
Women’s everyday experiences of benevolent sexism include being praised for loving men (heterosexual intimacy), praised for caregiving (complementary gender differentiation), and being overhelped (protective paternalism). We investigated women’s perceptions of partners and their wellbeing in the context of self-reported experiences of benevolent sexism in their relationships with men. Integrated data analysis on three community samples of women in Australia (total N = 724) indicated that women’s experiences of protective paternalism were associated with greater psychological distress, lower relationship satisfaction, and perceiving partners as less reliable and more patronizing and undermining. By contrast, experiencing heterosexual intimacy was associated with perceiving partners as more reliable, less patronizing and undermining, and with greater relationship satisfaction. Mixed associations emerged for experiencing complementary gender differentiation, including lower psychological distress and also lower relationship wellbeing. These findings advance understanding of the specific costs and benefits of benevolent sexism in relationships between women and men.
{"title":"Women’s Experiences of Benevolent Sexism in Intimate Relationships With Men Are Associated With Costs and Benefits for Personal and Relationship Wellbeing","authors":"Beatrice Alba, Emily J. Cross, Matthew D. Hammond","doi":"10.1177/19485506241256695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241256695","url":null,"abstract":"Women’s everyday experiences of benevolent sexism include being praised for loving men (heterosexual intimacy), praised for caregiving (complementary gender differentiation), and being overhelped (protective paternalism). We investigated women’s perceptions of partners and their wellbeing in the context of self-reported experiences of benevolent sexism in their relationships with men. Integrated data analysis on three community samples of women in Australia (total N = 724) indicated that women’s experiences of protective paternalism were associated with greater psychological distress, lower relationship satisfaction, and perceiving partners as less reliable and more patronizing and undermining. By contrast, experiencing heterosexual intimacy was associated with perceiving partners as more reliable, less patronizing and undermining, and with greater relationship satisfaction. Mixed associations emerged for experiencing complementary gender differentiation, including lower psychological distress and also lower relationship wellbeing. These findings advance understanding of the specific costs and benefits of benevolent sexism in relationships between women and men.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141270320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1177/19485506241253359
Casper Sakstrup, Henrikas Bartusevičius
Political violence causes immense human suffering. Scholars pinpoint economic inequalities between ethnic groups as a major cause of such violence. However, the relationships between group-based inequality, group-based injustice, and political violence are not fully understood. Combining insights from social psychological research on collective action and political science research on civil conflict, we underscore that it is group-based injustice that motivates violence. A perception that one’s group has been treated unfairly tends to produce conflict-related emotions (e.g., anger). By contrast, a mere perception that one’s group is of lower economic status rarely produces such emotions. Furthermore, perceived economic disadvantage negatively relates to perceived political efficacy, which may dissuade engagement in political violence. To assess these arguments, we analyzed attitudes toward, intentions to engage in, and self-reported engagement in political violence, utilizing probability samples from 18 African countries ( N > 37,000). We found that measures of group-based perceived injustice, whether controlling or not for group-based economic inequality, predicted all violent outcomes; whereas measures of perceived group-based inequality predicted (negatively) self-reported participation in violence but not the other outcomes. We advance both social psychological and political science literatures, suggesting that group-based injustice and inequality are distinct constructs, relating to political violence via different pathways.
{"title":"Group-Based Injustice, but Not Group-Based Economic Inequality, Predicts Political Violence Across 18 African Countries","authors":"Casper Sakstrup, Henrikas Bartusevičius","doi":"10.1177/19485506241253359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241253359","url":null,"abstract":"Political violence causes immense human suffering. Scholars pinpoint economic inequalities between ethnic groups as a major cause of such violence. However, the relationships between group-based inequality, group-based injustice, and political violence are not fully understood. Combining insights from social psychological research on collective action and political science research on civil conflict, we underscore that it is group-based injustice that motivates violence. A perception that one’s group has been treated unfairly tends to produce conflict-related emotions (e.g., anger). By contrast, a mere perception that one’s group is of lower economic status rarely produces such emotions. Furthermore, perceived economic disadvantage negatively relates to perceived political efficacy, which may dissuade engagement in political violence. To assess these arguments, we analyzed attitudes toward, intentions to engage in, and self-reported engagement in political violence, utilizing probability samples from 18 African countries ( N > 37,000). We found that measures of group-based perceived injustice, whether controlling or not for group-based economic inequality, predicted all violent outcomes; whereas measures of perceived group-based inequality predicted (negatively) self-reported participation in violence but not the other outcomes. We advance both social psychological and political science literatures, suggesting that group-based injustice and inequality are distinct constructs, relating to political violence via different pathways.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141170788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1177/19485506241254157
Simon Columbus, Isabel Thielmann, Robert Böhm, Ingo Zettler
Motivated by theoretical accounts positing that participation in intergroup conflict is driven by a desire to promote the in-group, past studies have explored the link between prosocial personality dimensions and out-group harm. However, while dimensions such as Honesty-Humility predict in-group cooperation, they do not explain out-group harm. Across two incentivized experimental studies (one preregistered; overall N = 1,584), we show that out-group harm is uniquely associated with higher levels of the Dark Factor of Personality (D), a personality dimension capturing the core of all aversive personality characteristics. Conversely, high levels of D, alongside low levels of Honesty-Humility, are associated with less in-group cooperation. Our results show that in-group cooperation and out-group harm are associated with distinct personality dimensions.
有理论认为，参与群体间冲突的动机是为了促进本群体的利益，受此理论的驱动，过去的研究探索了亲社会人格维度与群体外伤害之间的联系。然而，虽然诚实-谦逊等人格维度可以预测群内合作，但却无法解释群外伤害。通过两项激励实验研究（其中一项是预先注册的，总人数=1,584），我们发现，群体外伤害与较高的人格黑暗因子（D）水平有独特的关联，D是一个人格维度，捕捉了所有厌恶型人格特征的核心。相反，高水平的 D 与低水平的诚实-谦逊（Honesty-Humility）与较少的群内合作相关。我们的研究结果表明，群内合作和群外伤害与不同的人格维度有关。
{"title":"Personality Correlates of Out-Group Harm","authors":"Simon Columbus, Isabel Thielmann, Robert Böhm, Ingo Zettler","doi":"10.1177/19485506241254157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241254157","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by theoretical accounts positing that participation in intergroup conflict is driven by a desire to promote the in-group, past studies have explored the link between prosocial personality dimensions and out-group harm. However, while dimensions such as Honesty-Humility predict in-group cooperation, they do not explain out-group harm. Across two incentivized experimental studies (one preregistered; overall N = 1,584), we show that out-group harm is uniquely associated with higher levels of the Dark Factor of Personality (D), a personality dimension capturing the core of all aversive personality characteristics. Conversely, high levels of D, alongside low levels of Honesty-Humility, are associated with less in-group cooperation. Our results show that in-group cooperation and out-group harm are associated with distinct personality dimensions.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141170795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1177/19485506241252461
Erica R. Bailey, Kai Krautter, Wen Wu, A. Galinsky, J. Jachimowicz
Having passion is almost universally lauded. People strive to follow their passion at work, and organizations increasingly seek out passionate employees. Supporting the benefits of passion, prior research finds a robust relationship between passion and higher levels of job performance. At the same time, this research also reveals significant variability in the size of the effect. To explain this heterogeneity, we propose that passion is associated with performance overconfidence—inflated views about how well the self is performing—and that this association provides a helpful lens in understanding when passion will be more or less beneficial for performance. A daily diary field study with 829 employees (33,160 observations) and an experiment with 396 participants provide evidence that passion is associated with performance overconfidence. These findings provide a lens through which to discuss when, why, and for whom passion may be more helpful for performance or a potential pitfall.
{"title":"A Potential Pitfall of Passion: Passion Is Associated With Performance Overconfidence","authors":"Erica R. Bailey, Kai Krautter, Wen Wu, A. Galinsky, J. Jachimowicz","doi":"10.1177/19485506241252461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241252461","url":null,"abstract":"Having passion is almost universally lauded. People strive to follow their passion at work, and organizations increasingly seek out passionate employees. Supporting the benefits of passion, prior research finds a robust relationship between passion and higher levels of job performance. At the same time, this research also reveals significant variability in the size of the effect. To explain this heterogeneity, we propose that passion is associated with performance overconfidence—inflated views about how well the self is performing—and that this association provides a helpful lens in understanding when passion will be more or less beneficial for performance. A daily diary field study with 829 employees (33,160 observations) and an experiment with 396 participants provide evidence that passion is associated with performance overconfidence. These findings provide a lens through which to discuss when, why, and for whom passion may be more helpful for performance or a potential pitfall.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1177/19485506241252306
Yahel Nudler, May Zvi, Gal Levy, Yoav Bar-Anan
The evaluative conditioning (EC) effect has been documented in many experiments: Participants typically prefer stimuli that co-occurred with positive stimuli over stimuli that co-occurred with negative stimuli. The present research attempted to test whether demand characteristics are a dominant cause of the EC effect. In three experiments, we informed participants of the research hypothesis, sometimes indicating an expectation of a contrast effect, rather than an assimilative effect. That manipulation hardly moderated the EC effect. The manipulation influenced participants’ beliefs regarding the research hypothesis, although participants generally believed that an assimilative effect is a more plausible research hypothesis than a contrast effect. Even participants who believed that the researchers expected a contrast effect or assumed that stimulus co-occurrence typically causes a contrast effect still showed an assimilative effect. The results suggest that although demand characteristics might influence the EC effect, the overall influence of that factor is minor.
{"title":"Experimental Evidence That Demand Characteristics Do Not Play a Dominant Role in the Evaluative Conditioning Effect","authors":"Yahel Nudler, May Zvi, Gal Levy, Yoav Bar-Anan","doi":"10.1177/19485506241252306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241252306","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluative conditioning (EC) effect has been documented in many experiments: Participants typically prefer stimuli that co-occurred with positive stimuli over stimuli that co-occurred with negative stimuli. The present research attempted to test whether demand characteristics are a dominant cause of the EC effect. In three experiments, we informed participants of the research hypothesis, sometimes indicating an expectation of a contrast effect, rather than an assimilative effect. That manipulation hardly moderated the EC effect. The manipulation influenced participants’ beliefs regarding the research hypothesis, although participants generally believed that an assimilative effect is a more plausible research hypothesis than a contrast effect. Even participants who believed that the researchers expected a contrast effect or assumed that stimulus co-occurrence typically causes a contrast effect still showed an assimilative effect. The results suggest that although demand characteristics might influence the EC effect, the overall influence of that factor is minor.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.1177/19485506241252198
K. Chaney, Leigh S. Wilton, Thekla Morgenroth, Rebecca Cipollina, Izilda Pereira-Jorge
U.S. policies increasingly limit lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or another marginalized gender identity or sexual orientation (LGBTQ +) education topics for children under the guise of age-appropriate curriculum, placing the responsibility of educating children about LGBTQ + identities and experiences on parents. We examined parents’ beliefs about the age-appropriateness of LGBTQ + topics for children, with implications for parent–child conversations and support for restricted LGBTQ + curriculum. In two studies, LGBTQ + and cisgender-heterosexual parents’ ( N = 837) belief that LGBTQ + topics are age-appropriate for children at an older age was related to fewer parent–child conversations about LGBTQ + topics and greater anticipated discomfort having such conversations (Studies 1 and 2). Counter to hypotheses, exposure to restrictive LGBTQ + education policies did not affect age-appropriateness beliefs (Studies 1 and 2). In line with hypotheses, parents’ belief that sexual orientation discussion should be minimized was associated with later age-appropriateness beliefs and greater support for restricting LGBTQ + curriculum (cisgender-heterosexual parents; Study 2). These studies highlight age-appropriateness beliefs as a key mechanism hindering critical parent–child LGBTQ + conversations.
{"title":"Predictors and Implications of Parents’ Beliefs About the Age Appropriateness of LGBTQ+ Topics for Children","authors":"K. Chaney, Leigh S. Wilton, Thekla Morgenroth, Rebecca Cipollina, Izilda Pereira-Jorge","doi":"10.1177/19485506241252198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241252198","url":null,"abstract":"U.S. policies increasingly limit lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or another marginalized gender identity or sexual orientation (LGBTQ +) education topics for children under the guise of age-appropriate curriculum, placing the responsibility of educating children about LGBTQ + identities and experiences on parents. We examined parents’ beliefs about the age-appropriateness of LGBTQ + topics for children, with implications for parent–child conversations and support for restricted LGBTQ + curriculum. In two studies, LGBTQ + and cisgender-heterosexual parents’ ( N = 837) belief that LGBTQ + topics are age-appropriate for children at an older age was related to fewer parent–child conversations about LGBTQ + topics and greater anticipated discomfort having such conversations (Studies 1 and 2). Counter to hypotheses, exposure to restrictive LGBTQ + education policies did not affect age-appropriateness beliefs (Studies 1 and 2). In line with hypotheses, parents’ belief that sexual orientation discussion should be minimized was associated with later age-appropriateness beliefs and greater support for restricting LGBTQ + curriculum (cisgender-heterosexual parents; Study 2). These studies highlight age-appropriateness beliefs as a key mechanism hindering critical parent–child LGBTQ + conversations.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1177/19485506241250374
Thekla Morgenroth, Kira K. Means, Alexandria S. Mueller, Kris D. Sass
Transgender rights are a polarizing topic. When examining the rhetoric used by those opposed to transgender rights, it often seems like their arguments contradict each other (e.g., claiming that transgender people are a negligible minority but simultaneously “taking over”). One explanation for this contradiction could be that different arguments are endorsed by different people. However, across 4 studies ( N = 2,159), we consistently find a positive relationship between endorsement of contradictory anti-transgenderarguments among the same people, even when they themselves view them as contradictory and when the contradictory nature is made salient. We also examine the strategies opponents of transgender rights employ to resolve these contradictions. Our work contributes to a better understanding of modern anti-transgender beliefs in the United States and has implications for those trying to combat harmful anti-transgender rhetoric.
{"title":"The Contradictory Nature of Anti-Transgender Rhetoric","authors":"Thekla Morgenroth, Kira K. Means, Alexandria S. Mueller, Kris D. Sass","doi":"10.1177/19485506241250374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241250374","url":null,"abstract":"Transgender rights are a polarizing topic. When examining the rhetoric used by those opposed to transgender rights, it often seems like their arguments contradict each other (e.g., claiming that transgender people are a negligible minority but simultaneously “taking over”). One explanation for this contradiction could be that different arguments are endorsed by different people. However, across 4 studies ( N = 2,159), we consistently find a positive relationship between endorsement of contradictory anti-transgenderarguments among the same people, even when they themselves view them as contradictory and when the contradictory nature is made salient. We also examine the strategies opponents of transgender rights employ to resolve these contradictions. Our work contributes to a better understanding of modern anti-transgender beliefs in the United States and has implications for those trying to combat harmful anti-transgender rhetoric.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1177/19485506241249816
Anna Köhler, Christoph Heine, Birk Hagemeyer, Michael Dufner
The amount of social support partners provide and receive in romantic relationships is important for psychological well-being. But in what sense exactly? Divergent and highly nuanced hypotheses exist in the literature. We explicitly spelled out these hypotheses, specified a statistical model for each using response surface analyses, and simultaneously tested which model had the most empirical support. We analyzed data from more than 16,000 participants and investigated how the amount of social support relates to relationship satisfaction (of participants themselves and partners) and self-esteem (of participants themselves). For participants’ own relationship satisfaction, models postulating that more provided and received social support is linked to higher satisfaction had the most empirical support. For partners’ relationship satisfaction and participants’ self-esteem, models that also take partners’ (dis)-similarity in supportiveness into account received support. In total, the absolute amount of support seems to generally matter and, in some cases, partners’ (dis)-similarity seems relevant.
{"title":"How Are Provided and Received Social Support Related to Relationship Satisfaction and Self-Esteem? A Comprehensive Test of Competing Hypotheses","authors":"Anna Köhler, Christoph Heine, Birk Hagemeyer, Michael Dufner","doi":"10.1177/19485506241249816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241249816","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of social support partners provide and receive in romantic relationships is important for psychological well-being. But in what sense exactly? Divergent and highly nuanced hypotheses exist in the literature. We explicitly spelled out these hypotheses, specified a statistical model for each using response surface analyses, and simultaneously tested which model had the most empirical support. We analyzed data from more than 16,000 participants and investigated how the amount of social support relates to relationship satisfaction (of participants themselves and partners) and self-esteem (of participants themselves). For participants’ own relationship satisfaction, models postulating that more provided and received social support is linked to higher satisfaction had the most empirical support. For partners’ relationship satisfaction and participants’ self-esteem, models that also take partners’ (dis)-similarity in supportiveness into account received support. In total, the absolute amount of support seems to generally matter and, in some cases, partners’ (dis)-similarity seems relevant.","PeriodicalId":21853,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychological and Personality Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140928590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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