Social Psychological and Personality Science最新文献

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The Strengths of People in Low-SES Positions: An Identity-Reframing Intervention Improves Low-SES Students' Achievement Over One Semester. 低社会经济地位者的优势：身份重塑干预措施提高了低社会经济地位学生一个学期的学习成绩。

IF 4.3 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241284806

Christina A Bauer, Gregory Walton, Veronika Job, Nicole Stephens

Students from low-socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds such as first-generation or low-income students are often portrayed as deficient, lacking in skills and potential to succeed at university. We hypothesized that such representations lead low-SES students to see their SES-identity as a barrier to success and impair achievement. If so, reframing low-SES students' identity as a source of strength may help them succeed. Testing this hypothesis in a highly scalable form, we developed an online low-SES-identity-reframing exercise. In Experiment 1 (N = 214), this exercise helped low-SES students to see their SES-identity more as a source of success and boosted their performance on an academic task by 13%. In Experiment 2, a large randomized-controlled intervention field experiment (N = 786), we implemented the identity-reframing intervention in a university's online learning program. This improved low-SES students' grades over the semester. Recognizing the strengths low-SES students bring to university can help students access these strengths and apply them to schooling.

来自低社会经济地位（SES）背景的学生，如第一代学生或低收入学生，往往被描述为有缺陷，缺乏在大学取得成功的技能和潜力。我们假设，这种表述会导致低社会经济地位学生将他们的社会经济地位身份视为成功的障碍，并影响他们的成就。如果是这样的话，将低社会经济地位学生的身份重塑为力量源泉可能会帮助他们取得成功。为了以高度可扩展的形式验证这一假设，我们开发了一个在线低社会经济地位学生身份重塑练习。在实验 1（N = 214）中，该练习帮助低社会经济地位学生将自己的社会经济地位身份视为成功的源泉，并将他们的学业成绩提高了 13%。实验二是一项大型随机对照干预实地实验（N = 786），我们在一所大学的在线学习项目中实施了身份重塑干预。这提高了低社会经济地位学生一学期的成绩。认识到低社会经济地位学生给大学带来的优势，可以帮助学生获得这些优势，并将其运用到学校教育中。

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引用次数: 0

Perceived Naturalness Biases Objective Behavior in Both Trivial and Meaningful Contexts 在琐碎和有意义的情境中，感知到的自然性都会影响客观行为

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241276027

Brian P. Meier, Eric E. Noreen, Li-Jun Ji, Michael B. Fellman, Courtney M. Lappas

Research shows that perceived naturalness can bias beliefs about the positivity of items such as food, human talent, and vaccines. Yet, this research focuses on self-reports, which leaves open the implications it has for behavior. In four studies ( N = 492), we tested if perceived naturalness impacts trivial and meaningful behaviors. Participants were asked to consume a purported natural/synthetic performance drink (Study 1), test a purported natural/synthetic drug that would be injected (Study 2), eat chocolate containing a purported natural/synthetic cocoa described as causing stomach discomfort (Study 3), or choose a sticker purportedly made with natural/synthetic ink (Study 4). A significant majority of participants (66%–84%) chose and followed through with the natural versus synthetic option. Perceived naturalness guided behavior in contexts involving little (sticker choice) to substantial (drug injection) potential consequences. Self-reports can weakly predict behaviors, but the results revealed that perceived naturalness biases self-reports and behaviors in a similar fashion.

研究表明，感知到的自然性会使人们对食物、人才和疫苗等物品的积极性产生偏差。然而，这些研究主要集中在自我报告上，因此对行为的影响尚无定论。在四项研究中（N = 492），我们测试了感知自然性是否会影响琐碎和有意义的行为。我们要求参与者饮用一种据称是天然/合成的功能饮料（研究 1），测试一种据称是天然/合成的药物（研究 2），食用含有据称会引起胃部不适的天然/合成可可的巧克力（研究 3），或选择一种据称由天然/合成墨水制成的贴纸（研究 4）。绝大多数参与者（66%-84%）选择了天然与合成选项，并坚持到底。在潜在后果很小（选择贴纸）到很大（注射毒品）的情况下，感知到的天然性会引导行为。自我报告可以较弱地预测行为，但结果显示，感知自然性以类似的方式对自我报告和行为产生了偏差。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to a Potential Pitfall of Passion: Passion is Associated with Performance Overconfidence 对 "激情的潜在陷阱 "的更正：激情与表现过度自信有关

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241279395

引用次数: 0

The Game Within the Game: The Potential Influence of Demand Characteristics and Participant Beliefs in Violent Video Game Studies 游戏中的游戏：暴力电子游戏研究中需求特征和参与者信念的潜在影响

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241273193

Yashvin Seetahul, Tobias Greitemeyer

In two experiments, we examined the potential impact of demand characteristics in violent video game (VVG) research. Study 1 ( N = 788) measured behavioral aggression, while Study 2 ( N = 1,182) measured trait aggression. Participants were informed either that researchers wanted to confirm that VVGs increase aggression (“Positive Hypothesis”) or that VVGs have no effect (“Null Hypothesis”). Study 2 included a third condition where participants were given no information. In both studies, the interaction between VVG exposure and experimental conditions was significant. Whereas VVG exposure was significantly positively associated with aggression in the “Null Hypothesis” condition, it was not in the “Positive Hypothesis” condition. These effects were driven by habitual players responding differently based on the presented hypothesis, appearing less aggressive in the “Positive Hypothesis” condition than in the other two conditions. These findings highlight the importance of addressing demand characteristics in VVG studies.

在两项实验中，我们考察了暴力视频游戏（VVG）研究中需求特征的潜在影响。研究 1（788 人）测量的是行为攻击性，而研究 2（1182 人）测量的是特质攻击性。参与者被告知，研究人员希望证实暴力电子游戏会增加攻击性（"正假设"）或暴力电子游戏没有影响（"零假设"）。研究 2 包括第三种情况，即不向参与者提供任何信息。在这两项研究中，接触 VVG 与实验条件之间的交互作用都很显著。在 "零假设 "条件下，接触 VVG 与攻击行为呈显著正相关，而在 "正假设 "条件下则不然。这些影响是由于习惯性玩家根据提出的假设做出了不同的反应，在 "积极假设 "条件下比在其他两种条件下表现出更少的攻击性。这些发现强调了在 VVG 研究中考虑需求特征的重要性。

引用次数: 0

An Improved Scoring Algorithm for Indirect Evaluation Measurement With the Evaluative Priming Task 利用评价性引物任务改进间接评价测量的评分算法

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241273121

Noga Segal-Gordon, Inbal Kuperwasser, Yoav Bar-Anan

People tend to categorize the valence of a target stimulus more quickly and accurately if the target appears after a prime stimulus of the same (than of the opposite) valence. The evaluative priming task (EPT) utilizes this priming effect for indirect evaluation measurement but suffers from low reliability. The present research compared the reliability and validity of 2,160 EPT scoring algorithms across 12 datasets. In contrast to current norms to delete trials with error responses and to rely solely on differences in response latency between different task conditions, superior performance was found when incorporating latency and accuracy data, and when basing the score on differences in mean ranking of each condition’s trials by performance (a scale-invariant non-parametric dominance score named G score). We recommend seven new scoring algorithms that, in comparison to current scoring norms, increase internal consistency by a mean of 41% and correlations with other measures by 17%.

如果目标刺激出现在相同（而非相反）情绪的引物刺激之后，人们往往会更快、更准确地对目标刺激的情绪进行分类。评价性引物任务（EPT）就是利用这种引物效应进行间接评价测量的，但其可靠性较低。本研究比较了 12 个数据集中 2,160 种 EPT 评分算法的可靠性和有效性。与删除有错误反应的试验和仅依赖不同任务条件间反应延迟差异的现行标准不同，在纳入延迟和准确性数据，以及根据各条件试验的平均成绩排名差异（一种名为 G 分数的量表不变非参数优势分数）进行评分时，我们发现了更优越的表现。我们推荐了七种新的评分算法，与目前的评分标准相比，其内部一致性平均提高了 41%，与其他测量指标的相关性提高了 17%。

引用次数: 0

Is the Effect of Trust on Risk Perceptions a Matter of Knowledge, Control, and Time? An Extension and Direct-Replication Attempt of Siegrist and Cvetkovich (2000) 信任对风险认知的影响是知识、控制和时间的问题吗？Siegrist 和 Cvetkovich（2000 年）的扩展和直接复制尝试

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241263884

Shiva Pauer, Bastiaan T. Rutjens, Cameron Brick, Aaron B. Lob, Benjamin Buttlar, Marret K. Noordewier, Iris K. Schneider, Frenk van Harreveld

The complexity of societal risks such as pandemics, artificial intelligence, and climate change may lead laypeople to rely on experts and authorities when evaluating these threats. While Siegrist and Cvetkovich showed that competence-based trust in authorities correlates with perceived societal risks and benefits only when people feel unknowledgeable, recent research has yielded mixed support for this foundational work. To address this discrepancy, we conducted a direct-replication study (preregistered; 1,070 participants, 33 risks, 35,310 observations). The results contradict the original findings. However, additional non-preregistered analyses indicate an alternative perspective aligning with compensatory control theory and the description-experience framework: experiences with insufficient personal control over a threat may amplify individuals’ dependency on powerful others for risk mitigation. These findings highlight the need to reevaluate how trust shapes risk perceptions. Recent societal and technological shifts might have heightened the desire for control compared to subjective knowledge in why people resort to trust.

大流行病、人工智能和气候变化等社会风险的复杂性可能会导致普通人在评估这些威胁时依赖专家和权威。Siegrist 和 Cvetkovich 的研究表明，只有当人们感到不了解情况时，基于能力的权威信任才会与感知到的社会风险和利益相关，但最近的研究对这一基础性工作的支持程度却参差不齐。为了解决这一差异，我们进行了一项直接复制研究（预先登记；1,070 名参与者，33 项风险，35,310 次观察）。结果与最初的发现相矛盾。然而，额外的非预先登记分析表明了与补偿控制理论和描述-体验框架相一致的另一种观点：个人对威胁控制不足的经历可能会放大个人对强大他人的依赖，从而降低风险。这些发现凸显了重新评估信任如何影响风险认知的必要性。与主观知识相比，最近的社会和技术变革可能会增强人们对控制的渴望，这也是人们诉诸信任的原因。

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引用次数: 0

Opposing Misperceptions of Wealth: Liberals Overestimate Their Neighborhoods’ Wealth in Wealthier Neighborhoods While Conservatives Overestimate Their Neighborhoods’ Wealth in Poor Neighborhoods 对财富的截然相反的错误认识：自由派高估了较富裕社区的财富，而保守派则高估了贫困社区的财富

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241265410

Kieren J. Lilly, Rael Dawtry, Robbie M. Sutton, Chris G. Sibley, Danny Osborne

Although perceptions of wealth are shaped by people’s social environment and ideological beliefs, few studies integrate these two perspectives. We address this oversight by examining the association between participants’ actual and estimated average neighborhood household income and whether political orientation moderates this relationship. Using a large, nationwide random sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 14,853), our results reveal that both liberals and conservatives overestimated the wealth of their own neighborhoods—but these differences only emerged in the poorest and wealthiest neighborhoods. Specifically, in poor neighborhoods, conservatives were less accurate than liberals at estimating the average income of their neighborhood. In rich neighborhoods, liberals were less accurate than conservatives at this same task. The implications of these results for understanding (mis)perceptions of wealth on both sides of the political spectrum are discussed.

虽然人们的财富观受社会环境和意识形态信仰的影响，但很少有研究将这两个视角结合起来。针对这一疏忽，我们研究了参与者的实际家庭收入与估计的邻里平均家庭收入之间的关系，以及政治取向是否会调节这种关系。通过对新西兰成年人进行全国范围的大规模随机抽样（N = 14853），我们的结果显示，自由主义者和保守主义者都高估了自己所在社区的财富，但这些差异只出现在最贫穷和最富裕的社区。具体来说，在贫困社区，保守派对其社区平均收入的估计不如自由派准确。而在富裕社区，自由派在这一任务上的准确性低于保守派。本文讨论了这些结果对于理解政治派别双方对财富的（错误）认知的影响。

引用次数: 0

Correcting Misperceptions of Fundamental Differences Between U.S. Republicans and Democrats: Some Hope-Inspiring Effects 纠正对美国共和党人与民主党人之间根本分歧的误解：一些令人鼓舞的效果

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241263887

Lukas J. Wolf, Paul H. P. Hanel

Perceived polarization between U.S. Democratic and Republican voters has grown over past decades, and this polarization underpins a dwindling sense of hope about the future. Contrary to this trend, the present three experiments (one pre-registered) with 2,529 U.S. participants found substantial similarities between the groups in their fundamental values. We tested whether depicting these real value similarities in overlapping distributions can correct misperceptions of group differences and increase hope. Republicans and Democrats who saw overlapping distributions perceived the groups as more similar and expressed more hope in open-ended comments, compared with seeing commonly used barplots or receiving no information. The effect on qualitative hope was partially explained by a sense of shared reality and potential for compromise between groups. We call on the social sciences to report the amount of group overlap when communicating research findings on group comparisons to the media and public to help reduce harmful perceptions of polarization.

过去几十年来，美国民主党和共和党选民之间的两极分化日益加剧，这种两极分化使人们对未来的希望越来越渺茫。与这一趋势相反的是，目前对 2529 名美国参与者进行的三项实验（其中一项是预先登记的）发现，两组选民在基本价值观上有很大的相似性。我们测试了在重叠分布中描绘这些真实的价值相似性是否能够纠正对群体差异的误解并增加希望。与看到常用的条形图或未收到任何信息相比，看到重叠分布图的共和党人和民主党人认为各群体更加相似，并在开放式评论中表达了更多的希望。对定性希望的影响可部分归因于群体间共同的现实感和妥协的可能性。我们呼吁社会科学界在向媒体和公众传播有关群体比较的研究成果时，报告群体重叠的数量，以帮助减少两极分化的有害观念。

引用次数: 0

Transition to Parenthood: The Association Between Expectations and Family-Life Satisfaction 为人父母的过渡：期望与家庭生活满意度之间的关系

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241260570

Chau Tran, Katya Ivanova, Anne K. Reitz, Olga Stavrova

Parenthood is often assumed to profoundly impact well-being. Yet, few studies have explored how the transition to parenthood relates to parent’s family-life satisfaction, and existing research has produced conflicting results. We propose that expected costs and rewards of having children (individual differences in the perceived value of children in one’s life) could explain the mixed findings. Following respondents in a nationally representative panel study from Germany up to 11 years ( N total = 6,850, N parents = 1,196), we found that positive expectations (i.e., higher reward/lower cost) were associated with a higher likelihood of parenthood. Among parents, negative expectations were associated with lower family-life satisfaction as measured by parenting pleasure and family satisfaction; however, expectations did not predict the trajectory post birth. This study underlines the role of expectations about being a parent for the transition to parenthood and for family-life satisfaction once a parent.

为人父母通常被认为会对幸福产生深远影响。然而，很少有研究探讨了为人父母的转变与父母的家庭生活满意度之间的关系，而且现有的研究也得出了相互矛盾的结果。我们认为，生儿育女的预期成本和回报（个人对子女在其生活中的价值的认知差异）可以解释这些参差不齐的研究结果。通过对德国一项具有全国代表性的面板研究中的受访者进行长达 11 年的跟踪调查（总人数 = 6850 人，父母人数 = 1196 人），我们发现，积极的预期（即较高的回报/较低的成本）与较高的为人父母的可能性相关。在父母中，消极期望与较低的家庭生活满意度相关（以养育子女的愉悦感和家庭满意度来衡量）；然而，期望并不能预测生育后的轨迹。这项研究强调了对为人父母的期望对过渡到为人父母以及为人父母后的家庭生活满意度的作用。

引用次数: 0

Meaningful Peer Social Interactions and Momentary Well-Being in Context 有意义的同伴社交互动与情境中的瞬间幸福感

IF 5.7 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/19485506241248271

Mahnaz Roshanaei, Sumer S. Vaid, Andrea L. Courtney, Serena J. Soh, Jamil Zaki, Gabriella M. Harari

Using three large-scale longitudinal datasets collected from a cohort of university students over the span of 3 years (total N = 2,896 participants; ecological momentary assessments = 129,414), we found that engagement in meaningful social interactions with peers was associated with lower momentary loneliness and greater affective well-being. We also examined the role of four contextual factors (interaction partners, communication channels, places, and co-occurring activities) in explaining the relationships between meaningful social interactions and momentary well-being. Across samples, we found (a) participants reported experiencing greater loneliness and lower affective well-being after engaging in meaningful social interaction via computer-mediated channels (and via direct messaging in particular), compared to face-to-face, and (b) participants reported experiencing lower affective well-being after engaging in meaningful social interactions while dining and studying or working, compared to while resting. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the relationships between meaningful social interactions, momentary well-being, and contextual factors.

我们利用从大学生群体中收集的三个大型纵向数据集，历时三年（总人数 = 2,896 名参与者；生态瞬间评估 = 129,414 次），发现与同伴进行有意义的社交互动与较低的瞬间孤独感和较高的情感幸福感有关。我们还研究了四个情境因素（互动伙伴、沟通渠道、场所和共存活动）在解释有意义的社交互动与瞬间幸福感之间的关系时所起的作用。在不同的样本中，我们发现：（a）与面对面交流相比，参与者在通过以计算机为媒介的渠道（尤其是直接发送信息）进行有意义的社交互动后，会感到更孤独，情绪幸福感更低；（b）与休息时相比，参与者在就餐、学习或工作时进行有意义的社交互动后，情绪幸福感更低。总之，我们的研究结果让我们对有意义的社交互动、瞬间幸福感和情境因素之间的关系有了更深入的了解。

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