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Personality and Lifetime Need Frustration: A Person-Centered Perspective on Interpersonal Problems and Personality Pathology 人格与终生需要挫折:以人为中心的人际问题与人格病理学视角
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231191084
Chris Sciberas, Marc A. Fournier
The current research adopted a person-centered approach to examine whether people’s experiences of lifetime need frustration interact with their personality trait profiles to predict their problems and pathology from the perspectives of both the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) and the five-factor model (FFM). Data ( N = 1,026) were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Consistent with prediction, lifetime need frustration predicted participants’ overall levels of interpersonal distress and personality pathology. Furthermore, levels of lifetime need frustration predicted the strength of the relationship between participants’ trait profiles (i.e., IPC and FFM) and their corresponding profiles of interpersonal problems and personality pathology. Findings from the present study demonstrate how between-person differences in lifetime need frustration give rise to the within-person organization of psychological maladjustment and highlight the importance of people’s traits in predicting their unique maladaptations to having their basic psychological needs frustrated.
本研究采用以人为本的方法,从人际关系环(IPC)和五因素模型(FFM)两方面考察了人们的一生需求挫折经历是否与人格特质特征相互作用,以预测他们的问题和病理。数据(N = 1,026)采用多层模型分析。与预测一致,终身需求挫折预测了参与者的人际关系困扰和人格病理的总体水平。此外,终生需要挫折水平预测了参与者的特质特征(即IPC和FFM)与其相应的人际问题和人格病理特征之间的关系强度。本研究的结果揭示了个体间终生需求挫折的差异如何导致心理适应不良的个体内部组织,并强调了个体特征在预测其独特的适应不良对其基本心理需求受挫的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Moral Judgments Are Value-Based Decisions Driven by Culturally Stable Valuations and Culturally Variable Decision Biases 道德判断是一种基于价值的决策,受文化稳定的价值和文化可变的决策偏差的驱动
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231199527
Dale J. Cohen, Philip T. Quinlan, Xingyu Liu
Many theorize that cultural similarities in moral judgments arise from a specialized cognitive system devoted to morality. We claim, in contrast, that people make moral judgments using a general-purpose, value-based decision-making process. We present a computational cognitive model to predict response time and response choice to moral dilemmas using valuations as input. Cultural similarities in moral judgment are explained by a culturally stable set of valuations that drives choices that aid survival. Corresponding cultural differences are explained by changes in a decisional bias parameter that accounts for differences in the perceived costs of making various kinds of decisional errors. The model accurately predicts the timed choices of both U.K. and Chinese respondents from values collected from U.S. respondents.
许多理论认为,道德判断的文化相似性源于专门的道德认知系统。相反,我们认为,人们做出道德判断时使用的是一种通用的、基于价值的决策过程。我们提出了一个计算认知模型,以评估作为输入来预测道德困境的反应时间和反应选择。道德判断的文化相似性可以用一套文化稳定的价值观来解释,这些价值观驱动着有助于生存的选择。相应的文化差异可以通过决策偏差参数的变化来解释,该参数解释了犯各种决策错误的感知成本的差异。该模型根据从美国受访者收集的数据准确预测了英国和中国受访者的时间选择。
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引用次数: 0
Adults Show Positive Moral Evaluations of Curiosity About Religion 成年人对宗教的好奇心表现出积极的道德评价
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231195915
Cindel J. M. White, Ariel J. Mosley, Larisa Heiphetz Solomon
Four experiments investigated the perceived virtue of curiosity about religion. Adults from the United States made moral judgments regarding targets who exhibited curiosity, possessed relevant knowledge, or lacked both curiosity and knowledge about religion and comparison topics (e.g., science). Participants attributed greater moral goodness to targets who displayed curiosity compared with targets who were ignorant or knowledgeable about the domain. This preference was consistent across Jewish, Protestant, Catholic, and other Christian participants but was absent when atheists evaluated religious curiosity. Perceptions of effort partially mediated judgments: Participants viewed curious characters as exerting more effort and consequently rated them as more moral. To test causality, we manipulated perceptions of effort and showed that participants viewed curious characters who exerted effort as particularly moral. This work fosters novel insights into the perceived virtue of curiosity and further illuminates similarities and differences between religious and scientific cognition.
四个实验调查了对宗教好奇的美德。来自美国的成年人对表现出好奇心,拥有相关知识,或缺乏对宗教和比较主题(如科学)的好奇心和知识的目标进行道德判断。参与者认为,与对该领域一无所知或知识渊博的目标相比,表现出好奇心的目标表现出更大的道德美德。这种偏好在犹太教、新教、天主教和其他基督教参与者中是一致的,但在无神论者评估宗教好奇心时却不存在。努力的感知部分地影响了判断:参与者认为好奇的角色付出了更多的努力,因此认为他们更有道德。为了检验因果关系,我们操纵了对努力的看法,并表明参与者认为努力的好奇角色特别有道德。这项工作促进了对好奇心美德的新见解,并进一步阐明了宗教认知和科学认知之间的异同。
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引用次数: 0
Just Playing the Role of Good Study Participants? Evaluative Conditioning, Demand Compliance, and Agreeableness 仅仅扮演好学习参与者的角色?评价条件、需求遵从性和宜人性
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231198653
Moritz Ingendahl, Johanna Woitzel, Hans Alves
Evaluative Conditioning (EC) is the change in liking of stimuli due to their co-occurrence with other valenced stimuli. Recent research has shown stronger EC effects for more agreeable individuals. Because EC procedures are prone to demand characteristics, we hypothesized that more agreeable individuals might simply play the role of good study participants and therefore show stronger EC effects. We tested this in two preregistered experiments ( N = 700). In Experiment 1, self-reported Agreeableness and a behavioral measure of Demand Compliance moderated EC. However, Agreeableness and Demand Compliance were uncorrelated, and the moderations were independent. Experiment 2 used an instructional EC paradigm, showing only a moderation by Demand Compliance but not Agreeableness. Our studies imply that although EC effects are related to Demand Compliance, more agreeable participants are not more likely to comply with demand characteristics in EC experiments.
评价条件作用(EC)是由于刺激与其他有价刺激共同发生而引起的对刺激的喜爱程度的变化。最近的研究表明,更随和的人会受到更强的EC效应。由于交际过程倾向于需求特征,我们假设更随和的个体可能只是扮演了好的研究参与者的角色,因此表现出更强的交际效应。我们在两个预注册实验(N = 700)中验证了这一点。在实验1中,自我报告的亲和性和需求依从性的行为测量调节了电子商务。然而,亲和性和需求依从性不相关,并且调节是独立的。实验2使用一个指导性的EC范例,只显示了需求遵从性的调节,而不是宜人性的调节。我们的研究表明,虽然电子商务效应与需求依从性有关,但在电子商务实验中,更随和的参与者并不更有可能遵守需求特征。
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引用次数: 0
Do We Know How Happy Strangers Are? Accuracy in Well-Being Judgments at Zero Acquaintance 我们知道陌生人有多快乐吗?零相识时幸福感判断的准确性
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231197844
Hyewon Choi, Ed Diener, Shigehiro Oishi
We examined the accuracy of well-being judgments by strangers using Brunswik’s lens model. A sample of 200 college students (targets) reported their self-perception of well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). The targets were photographed and videotaped during their self-introductions. Various physical, nonverbal, paralinguistic, and linguistic cues were measured or rated by cue coders from the photos and videotaped self-introductions. Strangers evaluated the targets’ well-being based on the videotaped self-introductions. We found significant correlations between self- and strangers’ reports of life satisfaction and positive affect but not negative affect. Loud voice and physical attractiveness mediated the correlation between self- and stranger-reports of life satisfaction. Loud voice mediated the correlation between self- and stranger reports of positive affect. These findings suggest that strangers can accurately evaluate someone’s life satisfaction and positive affect in brief self-introductions, and loud voice and physical attractiveness are the sources of the accurate well-being judgments.
我们使用Brunswik的透镜模型检验了陌生人幸福感判断的准确性。200名大学生(目标)报告了他们对幸福的自我感知(生活满意度、积极影响和消极影响)。这些目标在自我介绍时被拍照和录像。线索编码器从照片和录像的自我介绍中测量或评估各种身体、非语言、副语言和语言线索。陌生人根据被试者的自我介绍录像来评估他们的幸福感。我们发现自我和陌生人对生活满意度的报告与积极影响有显著的相关性,而不是消极影响。响亮的声音和外表吸引力在自我和陌生人报告的生活满意度之间起到中介作用。大声的声音介导了自我和陌生人报告的积极影响之间的相关性。这些发现表明,陌生人可以通过简短的自我介绍准确地评价一个人的生活满意度和积极影响,而响亮的声音和外表的吸引力是准确的幸福感判断的来源。
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引用次数: 0
Partisan Media Sentiment Toward Artificial Intelligence 党派媒体对人工智能的看法
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231196817
Angela Yi, Shreyans Goenka, Mario Pandelaere
Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming pervasive across society. However, its deployment appears to be a divisive issue. This research examines aversion to AI across the partisan divide. We analyze partisan media sentiment toward AI, a powerful driver of public opinion toward social issues. We conduct a text analysis of media articles on AI ( N = 7,840) from several liberal-leaning and conservative-leaning media outlets. The results demonstrate that liberal-leaning media show a greater aversion to AI than conservative-leaning media. Furthermore, a mediation analysis suggests that liberal-leaning media are more concerned with AI magnifying social biases in society than conservative-leaning media, which drives the partisan media differences. Moreover, the results also show that media sentiment toward AI became more negative after George Floyd’s death, an event that heightened sensitivity about social biases in society. Implications for how these partisan media differences can polarize public opinion and policymaker support toward AI are discussed.
人工智能(AI)正变得无处不在。然而,它的部署似乎是一个有分歧的问题。这项研究考察了两党对人工智能的厌恶程度。我们分析了党派媒体对人工智能的看法,人工智能是公众舆论对社会问题的强大推动力。我们对来自几个自由倾向和保守倾向媒体的关于人工智能的媒体文章(N = 7840)进行了文本分析。结果表明,自由倾向的媒体比保守倾向的媒体对人工智能表现出更大的厌恶。此外,一项中介分析表明,自由倾向的媒体比保守倾向的媒体更关心人工智能放大社会偏见,这导致了党派媒体的差异。此外,研究结果还显示,在乔治·弗洛伊德(George Floyd)去世后,媒体对人工智能的看法变得更加负面,这一事件提高了人们对社会偏见的敏感度。讨论了这些党派媒体差异如何使公众舆论和政策制定者对人工智能的支持两极分化的含义。
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引用次数: 0
The Fear of Personal Death and the Willingness to Commit to Organ Donation 对个人死亡的恐惧和承诺器官捐赠的意愿
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231198135
Tehila Kogut, Andrea Pittarello, Paul Slovic
In three studies, with samples from different countries (the United States and Israel) and religions (Christians and Jews), we found that individual levels of fear of death significantly predicted lower willingness to register as organ donors (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, after being asked about their organ donation status (i.e., whether they are registered as donors), fear of death significantly increased among unregistered people. This did not occur among registered people, who had already faced the decision to become donors in the past (Study 2). Finally, providing non-registered (non-religious) people with a defense strategy to manage their fear of death increased their willingness to sign an organ donation commitment, partially by increasing their feelings of hopefulness. The implications of these findings for increasing organ donation registration are discussed.
在三项研究中,来自不同国家(美国和以色列)和不同宗教(基督徒和犹太人)的样本,我们发现,个人对死亡的恐惧水平显著预测登记为器官捐赠者的意愿较低(研究1和2)。此外,在被问及他们的器官捐赠状态(即他们是否登记为捐赠者)后,未登记的人对死亡的恐惧显著增加。这并没有发生在已登记的人群中,他们过去已经面临成为捐赠者的决定(研究2)。最后,向未登记(无宗教信仰)的人提供一种防御策略来管理他们对死亡的恐惧,从而增加了他们签署器官捐赠承诺的意愿,部分原因是增加了他们的希望感。这些发现对增加器官捐献登记的意义进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
The Societal Determinants of Happiness and Unhappiness: Evidence From 152 Countries Over 15 Years 幸福与不幸福的社会决定因素:来自152个国家15年的证据
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231197803
Satoshi Araki
What makes people (un)happy? From the macro viewpoint, this study investigates the societal determinants of average life satisfaction (LS), the percentage of thriving/suffering people, and positive/negative affect collectively experienced in a society. Using the aggregate-level panel data for 152 economies over 15 years, country-fixed effects regressions reveal (1) the marginal effect of economic growth is likely to be smaller in affluent countries; (2) generosity predicts higher LS and positive affect heterogeneously across macroeconomic standards; (3) social support is substantially linked to both happiness and unhappiness worldwide; (4) freedom of choice predicts the lower risk of suffering and the higher chances of thriving and positive affect, especially in advanced economies; (5) longer healthy life expectancy is associated with the higher frequency of encountering negative affect; and (6) corruption negatively predicts happiness, particularly in the richest country group. These findings advance the socioeconomics of (un)happiness and relevant policy toward human flourishing.
什么使人们(不)快乐?从宏观的角度来看,本研究调查了平均生活满意度(LS)的社会决定因素,繁荣/痛苦的人的百分比,积极/消极的影响集体经历在一个社会。利用152个经济体过去15年的总体水平面板数据,国家固定效应回归显示:(1)富裕国家经济增长的边际效应可能较小;(2)在不同的宏观经济标准下,慷慨度对高LS和积极效应的预测存在异质性;(3)在世界范围内,社会支持与幸福和不幸福都有着本质上的联系;(4)选择自由预示着更低的痛苦风险和更高的繁荣和积极影响的机会,特别是在发达经济体;(5)健康预期寿命越长,遭遇负面情绪的频率越高;(6)腐败负向预测幸福,尤其是在最富裕的国家群体中。这些发现推动了(非)幸福的社会经济学和人类繁荣的相关政策。
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引用次数: 0
The Great Divide: Neither Fairness Nor Kindness Eliminates Moral Derogation of People With Opposing Political Beliefs 巨大的鸿沟:既不公平也不仁慈消除了政治信仰不同的人的道德贬损
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231194279
Phillip P. McGarry, Garriy Shteynberg, Timothy L. Hulsey, Andrew S. Heim
People increasingly view those with opposing political beliefs as less moral than those with shared political beliefs. Across two experiments, using a U.S. undergraduate sample ( n = 1,070) and a U.S. resident online sample through Prolific ( n = 402), we employed the Ultimatum Game (UG) to investigate whether acts of fairness, or even kindness, by persons with out-party political beliefs would mitigate moral derogation toward them. In neither experiment, did fairness or kindness by persons with opposite political beliefs moderate moral derogation. More extreme partisans engaged in even greater moral derogation of out-party (versus in-party) individuals, regardless of their acts of fairness or kindness. However, even self-identified moderate partisans engage in out-party moral derogation. The implications of these findings for political discourse and resolution for political conflict are discussed.
人们越来越认为,政治信仰不同的人不如政治信仰相同的人道德。在两个实验中,我们使用美国大学生样本(n = 1,070)和美国居民在线样本(n = 402),我们采用最后通牒游戏(UG)来调查具有党外政治信仰的人的公平行为,甚至善意行为是否会减轻对他们的道德贬低。在这两个实验中,政治信仰相反的人的公平或善良都没有缓和道德的贬损。更极端的党派人士对党外人士(相对于党内人士)进行了更大的道德贬低,不管他们的行为是公平的还是善意的。然而,即使是自认为温和的党派人士也会参与党外道德贬损。这些发现对政治话语和解决政治冲突的意义进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Patience Predicts Attitudes Toward Vaccination and Uptake of Vaccines 耐心预测对疫苗接种的态度和疫苗的吸收
IF 5.7 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231189905
H. F. Chan, Stephanie M. Rizio, Ahmed Skali, B. Torgler
Vaccination is a pressing public health issue. We hypothesize that impatience (discounting future benefits of current actions) leads to lower vaccination rates and worse attitudes toward vaccines. In preregistered individual-level Study 1 ( N = 2,614), we document a positive and quantitatively small association (standardized coefficient = 0.06) between patience and attitudes toward vaccines. In Study 2 ( N = 76), national-level patience accounts for 21% of the global variation in COVID-19 vaccinations; patience’s effect is small-to-moderate (standardized coefficient = 0.19). In duration models (Study 3; 4,180 ≤ N≤ 9,973), more patient countries more quickly reach high COVID-19 vaccination thresholds. The results generalize beyond COVID-19: Patience among European subnational regions predicts better attitudes toward vaccination against the 2009 swine influenza (Study 4: Nregions = 138; Ncountries = 17). Finally (Study 5, N = 75), our results are not specific to pandemics: National patience explains the global variation in infant vaccinations.
疫苗接种是一个紧迫的公共卫生问题。我们假设,缺乏耐心(贴现当前行动的未来利益)导致疫苗接种率降低和对疫苗的态度恶化。在预登记的个体水平研究1 (N = 2,614)中,我们记录了耐心和对疫苗态度之间的正相关和定量小关联(标准化系数= 0.06)。在研究2 (N = 76)中,国家层面的耐心占全球COVID-19疫苗接种变化的21%;耐心的影响从小到中等(标准化系数= 0.19)。在持续时间模型(研究3;4180≤N≤9973),更多患者国家更快达到COVID-19疫苗接种的高阈值。结果可以推广到COVID-19之外:欧洲次国家区域的耐心预测对2009年猪流感疫苗接种的态度更好(研究4:Nregions = 138;Ncountries = 17)。最后(研究5,N = 75),我们的结果并不局限于流行病:国家耐心解释了婴儿疫苗接种的全球差异。
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引用次数: 0
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Social Psychological and Personality Science
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