M. Azizi-Chekosari, M. Bouyeh, A. Seidavi, M. R. Ventura
A factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of L-Carnitine and fenofibrate on broilers. There were four replicates of four treatments, with each replicate including ten male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted over a 42-day period. The treatments consisted of two levels of L-Carnitine (200 and 400 mg/kg) and two levels of fenofibrate (50 and 100 mg/kg) as supplements to a basal diet. Growth, carcass characteristics, serum constituents, immune system responsiveness, cecal microflora, sensory attributes and fatty acid profiles of breast meat, and small intestine histology were characterized. During the finishing period, the chickens fed a diet containing 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine and 50 or 100 mg/kg fenofibrate had lower feed intake andfeed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher weight than the other treatments. Application of 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine in combination with two levels of fenofibrate reduced ventricular fat (P <0.05), cholesterol (P <0.01), triglycerides (P <0.05), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P <0.05). These treatments increased antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND)and avian influenza virus (AIV). Among the sensory properties of breast meat, experimental treatments had a significant effect only on its aroma (P <0.05). In general, supplementing the diet of Ross 308 broilers with 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine and 50 or 100 mg/kg of fenofibrate is recommended.
{"title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with L-Carnitine and fenofibrate on broiler chickens","authors":"M. Azizi-Chekosari, M. Bouyeh, A. Seidavi, M. R. Ventura","doi":"10.4314/SAJAS.V51I51.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJAS.V51I51.5","url":null,"abstract":"A factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of L-Carnitine and fenofibrate on broilers. There were four replicates of four treatments, with each replicate including ten male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted over a 42-day period. The treatments consisted of two levels of L-Carnitine (200 and 400 mg/kg) and two levels of fenofibrate (50 and 100 mg/kg) as supplements to a basal diet. Growth, carcass characteristics, serum constituents, immune system responsiveness, cecal microflora, sensory attributes and fatty acid profiles of breast meat, and small intestine histology were characterized. During the finishing period, the chickens fed a diet containing 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine and 50 or 100 mg/kg fenofibrate had lower feed intake andfeed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher weight than the other treatments. Application of 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine in combination with two levels of fenofibrate reduced ventricular fat (P <0.05), cholesterol (P <0.01), triglycerides (P <0.05), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P <0.05). These treatments increased antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND)and avian influenza virus (AIV). Among the sensory properties of breast meat, experimental treatments had a significant effect only on its aroma (P <0.05). In general, supplementing the diet of Ross 308 broilers with 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine and 50 or 100 mg/kg of fenofibrate is recommended.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83639723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Genova, N. Oliveira, C. Scherer, P. Carvalho, A. S. Costa, S. Artoni, A. Junior, L. Santos, S. T. Carvalho, J. Bortoluzzi
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of calcitic seaweed (CS), calcitic limestone (CL) and monodicalcium phosphate (DP) fed to piglets in various combinations on their gastrointestinal tract and bones. A total of 128 piglets (21 days old, 5.50 ± 0.49 kg bodyweight (BW) were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design and eight replications to one of four diets: D1: with CL + DP, D2: with CL, CS + DP, D3, similar to D2, but with 30% less calcium from CS and DP, and D4: with CS + DP. Treatments affected the metatarsal bones, mineral concentration in the heart and liver, and pH in the cecum and colon.Piglets fed D4 tended to have a greater Enterobacteriaceae count in the jejunum and ileum compared withD1 (4.82 vs 4.79 CFU/g). Piglets fed D1 and D3 had a greater Enterobacteriaceae count in their cecum than D4 (4.79 and 4.80 vs 4.76). The D2 and D1 treatments produced greater crypt depth (CD) in the duodenum and ileum compared with D3 and D4, respectively. Feeding D3 resulted in a greater villus height (VH) to CD ratio in the duodenum compared with D2 and showed a 24.5% increase in heart weight compared with fed D1. In conclusion, CS could be an alternative source of calcium source for piglets. The inconsistent findings of the present study suggest the need for further studies to better understand the interplay of effects of Ca2+ source and level on its metabolism.
本试验旨在探讨不同组合的钙质海藻(CS)、钙质石灰石(CL)和磷酸二钙(DP)对仔猪胃肠道和骨骼的影响。试验选用128头21日龄、5.50±0.49 kg体重(BW)的仔猪，采用随机完全区组设计，8个重复，分别饲喂4种饲粮:D1: CL + DP, D2: CL、CS + DP、D3，与D2相似，但CS和DP的钙含量减少30%，D4: CS + DP。治疗影响了跖骨、心脏和肝脏的矿物质浓度以及盲肠和结肠的pH值。与d1相比，饲喂D4的仔猪空肠和回肠中肠杆菌科细菌计数更高(4.82 CFU/g vs 4.79 CFU/g)。饲喂D1和D3的仔猪盲肠肠杆菌科数量高于饲喂D4的仔猪(4.79和4.80 vs 4.76)。D2和D1处理十二指肠和回肠隐窝深度(CD)分别高于D3和D4。饲粮D3使十二指肠绒毛高度(VH) / CD比高于饲粮D2，心脏重量较饲粮D1增加24.5%。综上所述，CS可作为仔猪钙源的替代来源。本研究结果的不一致表明需要进一步的研究来更好地了解Ca2+来源和水平对其代谢的相互作用。
{"title":"Bone, microbiological and intestinal characteristics of piglets fed diets containing Lithothamnium calcareum","authors":"J. Genova, N. Oliveira, C. Scherer, P. Carvalho, A. S. Costa, S. Artoni, A. Junior, L. Santos, S. T. Carvalho, J. Bortoluzzi","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the effect of calcitic seaweed (CS), calcitic limestone (CL) and monodicalcium phosphate (DP) fed to piglets in various combinations on their gastrointestinal tract and bones. A total of 128 piglets (21 days old, 5.50 ± 0.49 kg bodyweight (BW) were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design and eight replications to one of four diets: D1: with CL + DP, D2: with CL, CS + DP, D3, similar to D2, but with 30% less calcium from CS and DP, and D4: with CS + DP. Treatments affected the metatarsal bones, mineral concentration in the heart and liver, and pH in the cecum and colon.Piglets fed D4 tended to have a greater Enterobacteriaceae count in the jejunum and ileum compared withD1 (4.82 vs 4.79 CFU/g). Piglets fed D1 and D3 had a greater Enterobacteriaceae count in their cecum than D4 (4.79 and 4.80 vs 4.76). The D2 and D1 treatments produced greater crypt depth (CD) in the duodenum and ileum compared with D3 and D4, respectively. Feeding D3 resulted in a greater villus height (VH) to CD ratio in the duodenum compared with D2 and showed a 24.5% increase in heart weight compared with fed D1. In conclusion, CS could be an alternative source of calcium source for piglets. The inconsistent findings of the present study suggest the need for further studies to better understand the interplay of effects of Ca2+ source and level on its metabolism.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83372238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Arruda, R. Silva, Flávio C C Mergulhão, M. M. Monteiro, J. Costa, A. M. Batista, P.L.J. Monteiro Júnior, D. Seal, M. Guerra
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the antioxidant myricetin to protect ovine spermatozoa during freezing-thawing. Five semen pools, obtained from four rams, were diluted and frozen in Tris-egg yolk extender (5% glycerol) supplemented with myricetin at 0, 20, 30, 40, 100, 200, 300, and 400 nM. After thawing at 37 °C for 30 seconds and incubation (37 °C) for two hours, these variables were measured: kinematics, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation and membrane stability. There was no interaction between treatment and time, and no direct effect of treatments for the kinematics parameters (P ≥0.09; P ≥0.2113, respectively) and flow cytometry (P ≥0.41; P ≥ 0.52, respectively). The means of progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, percentage of intact plasma membrane and acrosome membrane, oxidative stress and membrane stability were reduced during incubation (P ≤0.04), whereas the cross-beat frequency increased (P =0.0001) throughout incubation. Thus, the addition of myricetin to the semen extender does not produce an antioxidant effect on ram semen in vitro.
{"title":"Quality of ram semen cryopreserved in egg yolk extender supplemented with myricetin","authors":"L. Arruda, R. Silva, Flávio C C Mergulhão, M. M. Monteiro, J. Costa, A. M. Batista, P.L.J. Monteiro Júnior, D. Seal, M. Guerra","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the antioxidant myricetin to protect ovine spermatozoa during freezing-thawing. Five semen pools, obtained from four rams, were diluted and frozen in Tris-egg yolk extender (5% glycerol) supplemented with myricetin at 0, 20, 30, 40, 100, 200, 300, and 400 nM. After thawing at 37 °C for 30 seconds and incubation (37 °C) for two hours, these variables were measured: kinematics, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation and membrane stability. There was no interaction between treatment and time, and no direct effect of treatments for the kinematics parameters (P ≥0.09; P ≥0.2113, respectively) and flow cytometry (P ≥0.41; P ≥ 0.52, respectively). The means of progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, percentage of intact plasma membrane and acrosome membrane, oxidative stress and membrane stability were reduced during incubation (P ≤0.04), whereas the cross-beat frequency increased (P =0.0001) throughout incubation. Thus, the addition of myricetin to the semen extender does not produce an antioxidant effect on ram semen in vitro.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84436706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. S. Pires, D. Moreski, F. R. Domanski, M. R. Sippert, A. Khatlab, R. Ribeiro, L. D. Castilha, E. Gasparino
Dietary supplementation with royal jelly (RJ) may improve growth, antioxidant gene expression, and intestinal antioxidant capacity, and possibly mitigate effects of stress induced by high stocking density (HSD) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Effects of HSD and RJ supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant gene expression, and intestinal antioxidant capacity in zebrafish were investigated. A total of 240 four-month-old zebrafish were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design, with four treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of normal stocking density (NSD) (1 fish/L) and high stocking density (HSD) (3 fish/L) and an unsupplemented commercial diet (0RJ) and commercial diet supplemented with 10% RJ (10RJ). The experiment lasted 25 days. Daily weight gain, final body length, specific growth rate, and survival were recorded. On day 25, six fish per treatment were euthanised and their intestines analysed for antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) gene expression. There were no effects of diet or SD and diet interaction on growth. High stocking density decreased daily weight gain by 25.31%, body length by 2.70%, and survival by 16.85%. Stocking density (SD) and diet interaction influenced intestinal SOD2 and CAT expression and antioxidant capacity. The HSD/0RJ group had lower antioxidant gene expression and antioxidant capacity than the HSD/10RJ and NSD/0RJ groups. Supplementation with RJ did not mitigate the harmful effects of stocking stress. These results indicate that HSD promotes transcriptional suppression of gene encoding enzymes that form the first line of antioxidant defence, resulting in reduced elimination of toxic substances and occurrence of intestinal oxidative stress.
{"title":"Response of zebrafish to royal jelly supplementation and differences in stocking density","authors":"B. S. Pires, D. Moreski, F. R. Domanski, M. R. Sippert, A. Khatlab, R. Ribeiro, L. D. Castilha, E. Gasparino","doi":"10.4314/SAJAS.V51I5.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJAS.V51I5.6","url":null,"abstract":"Dietary supplementation with royal jelly (RJ) may improve growth, antioxidant gene expression, and intestinal antioxidant capacity, and possibly mitigate effects of stress induced by high stocking density (HSD) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Effects of HSD and RJ supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant gene expression, and intestinal antioxidant capacity in zebrafish were investigated. A total of 240 four-month-old zebrafish were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design, with four treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of normal stocking density (NSD) (1 fish/L) and high stocking density (HSD) (3 fish/L) and an unsupplemented commercial diet (0RJ) and commercial diet supplemented with 10% RJ (10RJ). The experiment lasted 25 days. Daily weight gain, final body length, specific growth rate, and survival were recorded. On day 25, six fish per treatment were euthanised and their intestines analysed for antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) gene expression. There were no effects of diet or SD and diet interaction on growth. High stocking density decreased daily weight gain by 25.31%, body length by 2.70%, and survival by 16.85%. Stocking density (SD) and diet interaction influenced intestinal SOD2 and CAT expression and antioxidant capacity. The HSD/0RJ group had lower antioxidant gene expression and antioxidant capacity than the HSD/10RJ and NSD/0RJ groups. Supplementation with RJ did not mitigate the harmful effects of stocking stress. These results indicate that HSD promotes transcriptional suppression of gene encoding enzymes that form the first line of antioxidant defence, resulting in reduced elimination of toxic substances and occurrence of intestinal oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85244040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cattle infected by Hypoderma, a parasite that causes great economic losses in the world, especially in the Ardahan region. A total of 31 095 cattle skins were randomly selected between 15 November 2020 and 15 March 2021 and examined. The prevalence of warbles was 47.3%. The proportions of cattle with warbles on the skin on their backs were 76.6% in one-year-old and younger animals, 60.9% in two- and three-year-old animals, and 16.5% in cattle that were four years old or more. It was determined that 53.6% of the cattle with warbles on the back skin were indigenous breeds, 47.6% were Simmental and Montofon crosses, and 36.2% were domestic breeds. The average number of larvae was 8.2. Interviews with the owners of the infected animals revealed that hide loss was on average 10% in live weight, with a 5% to 8% in the milk production of dairy cows. In the animals under investigation the total economic loss from warbles caused by damage to the hide was calculated as US$114 188. Thus, it is important to carry out preventive practices regularly to limit the spread of the parasite and prevent economic loss in Ardahan.
{"title":"Prevalence and economic significance of Hypoderma bovis in Ardahan","authors":"C. Ayvazoğlu, S. Kızıltepe, P. Demir","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cattle infected by Hypoderma, a parasite that causes great economic losses in the world, especially in the Ardahan region. A total of 31 095 cattle skins were randomly selected between 15 November 2020 and 15 March 2021 and examined. The prevalence of warbles was 47.3%. The proportions of cattle with warbles on the skin on their backs were 76.6% in one-year-old and younger animals, 60.9% in two- and three-year-old animals, and 16.5% in cattle that were four years old or more. It was determined that 53.6% of the cattle with warbles on the back skin were indigenous breeds, 47.6% were Simmental and Montofon crosses, and 36.2% were domestic breeds. The average number of larvae was 8.2. Interviews with the owners of the infected animals revealed that hide loss was on average 10% in live weight, with a 5% to 8% in the milk production of dairy cows. In the animals under investigation the total economic loss from warbles caused by damage to the hide was calculated as US$114 188. Thus, it is important to carry out preventive practices regularly to limit the spread of the parasite and prevent economic loss in Ardahan.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88102464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of traditional tenderization treatments on Transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles (inside skirts) of Holstein carcasses. The muscles were collected from carcasses of 12 healthy 18- to 22-month-old Holstein steers that had been subjected to similar care and nutrition programmes. A replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to compare the effects of the treatments of blade tenderization, enzymatic tenderization, marination and control. Blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization had statistically similar colour values to the control, whereas marination had negative effects on the colour of raw and cooked samples. Blade tenderization had the lowest mean Warner-Bratzler shear force value (37.88 N), whereas enzymatic tenderization had the second lowest value (42.87 N). In sensory evaluation, significant differences were observed when the samples cooked to an internal temperature of 82 °C. A simple ranking test indicated that the most preferred sample was obtained with the blade tenderization. Also, blade tenderization and then enzymatic tenderization had the highest scores for tenderness in sensory evaluation. Although Holstein cattle are known for superior milk production and may not be a suitable breed for high-quality meat production, the results indicated that blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization could be used to improve the tenderness of TrA steaks from Holstein carcasses and use them better.
{"title":"Effects of traditional tenderization treatments on Transversus abdominis muscles obtained from Holstein carcasses","authors":"H. Benli, L.A. Tokgoz","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i6.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of traditional tenderization treatments on Transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles (inside skirts) of Holstein carcasses. The muscles were collected from carcasses of 12 healthy 18- to 22-month-old Holstein steers that had been subjected to similar care and nutrition programmes. A replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to compare the effects of the treatments of blade tenderization, enzymatic tenderization, marination and control. Blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization had statistically similar colour values to the control, whereas marination had negative effects on the colour of raw and cooked samples. Blade tenderization had the lowest mean Warner-Bratzler shear force value (37.88 N), whereas enzymatic tenderization had the second lowest value (42.87 N). In sensory evaluation, significant differences were observed when the samples cooked to an internal temperature of 82 °C. A simple ranking test indicated that the most preferred sample was obtained with the blade tenderization. Also, blade tenderization and then enzymatic tenderization had the highest scores for tenderness in sensory evaluation. Although Holstein cattle are known for superior milk production and may not be a suitable breed for high-quality meat production, the results indicated that blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization could be used to improve the tenderness of TrA steaks from Holstein carcasses and use them better.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79449479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zwane, K. S. Nxumalo, M. L. Makgahlela, E. van Marle-Koster, N. Maiwashe
Adaptation of animals to different environments is typically associated with structural and functional genomic variations. High throughput SNP genotyping and next-generation sequencing (NGS) have made it possible to study positive selection footprints and adaptation traits. Nguni is a small frame-size breed, mostly horned, and well known for being adapted to diverse South African environmental conditions. This study used previously identified selective sweeps to perform functional analysis of genes related to phenotypic characteristics in Nguni. Two hundred and sixty-four candidate selective sweeps were used for gene-set enrichment analysis in molecular functional categories (KEGG pathways) using the database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (DAVID). In total, 107 genes were identified across all the chromosomes with 74 genes associated with eight phenotype queries, including fat content, milk production, walking ability, heat tolerance, meat production, reproduction, and bone and muscle development. Gene CRHR2 was associated with meat quality (juiciness and flavour). The IRAK3 gene was associated with decreased body size, feed intake and fatness in cattle, and CARD15 with disease resistance. Gene annotation using phenotype queries identified four genes (SPI, YWHAZ, RGS4, and RGS5) that were associated with myometrial relaxation in cattle. Genes such as NOD2 and IL21R were associated with inflammatory bowel diseases in cattle, whereas CPLS gene was associated with fat content. These genes are important to the phenotypic and adaptive characteristics present in South African Nguni cattle and hold potential for selection for traits of economic importance.
{"title":"Gene-set enrichment analysis of selective sweeps reveals phenotypic traits in Nguni cattle","authors":"A. Zwane, K. S. Nxumalo, M. L. Makgahlela, E. van Marle-Koster, N. Maiwashe","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i6.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.9","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptation of animals to different environments is typically associated with structural and functional genomic variations. High throughput SNP genotyping and next-generation sequencing (NGS) have made it possible to study positive selection footprints and adaptation traits. Nguni is a small frame-size breed, mostly horned, and well known for being adapted to diverse South African environmental conditions. This study used previously identified selective sweeps to perform functional analysis of genes related to phenotypic characteristics in Nguni. Two hundred and sixty-four candidate selective sweeps were used for gene-set enrichment analysis in molecular functional categories (KEGG pathways) using the database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (DAVID). In total, 107 genes were identified across all the chromosomes with 74 genes associated with eight phenotype queries, including fat content, milk production, walking ability, heat tolerance, meat production, reproduction, and bone and muscle development. Gene CRHR2 was associated with meat quality (juiciness and flavour). The IRAK3 gene was associated with decreased body size, feed intake and fatness in cattle, and CARD15 with disease resistance. Gene annotation using phenotype queries identified four genes (SPI, YWHAZ, RGS4, and RGS5) that were associated with myometrial relaxation in cattle. Genes such as NOD2 and IL21R were associated with inflammatory bowel diseases in cattle, whereas CPLS gene was associated with fat content. These genes are important to the phenotypic and adaptive characteristics present in South African Nguni cattle and hold potential for selection for traits of economic importance.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83871634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Sun, Y. Zhen, T. Li, N. D. Aschalew, T. Wang, X. Chen, W. Zhao, X. Zhang, G. Qin
Yeast cultures (YCs) are defined as promising feed additives that maintain the health of birds and improve growth performance by modulating gut microbiota. YCs contain effective metabolites such as glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose. This study investigated the effects of YCs and their effective metabolites on carcass traits and cecal microflora in broilers. A total of 280 one-day-old mixed-sex Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to seven groups. The basal diet (control DZ) was supplemented with various proportions of glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose (Groups A, B, and C), 24-hour grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures (Group D) (YC), and a commercial yeast culture product (SZ) at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% (Groups E and F). Bodyweight of broilers was correlated positively with proportions of Proteobacteria in Group C and Lactobacillus and Roseburia in Group B (P <0.05). Broilers fed diets supplemented with YC or its active metabolites had the highest proportions of bacteria involved in nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. These results suggested that the dietary addition of YC could alter the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in broilers.
酵母培养物(YCs)被定义为有前途的饲料添加剂，通过调节肠道微生物群来维持鸟类的健康并提高生长性能。YCs含有有效的代谢物，如甘氨酸、果糖、肌醇、半乳糖和蔗糖。本试验旨在研究YCs及其有效代谢产物对肉鸡胴体性状和盲肠菌群的影响。选取1日龄爱拔益加混合性肉鸡280只，随机分为7组。在基础饲粮(对照DZ)中分别添加不同比例的甘氨酸、果糖、肌醇、半乳糖和蔗糖(A、B、C组)、24小时酿酒酵母培养物(D组)(YC组)和0.1%、1%浓度的商品酵母培养物(SZ组)(E、F组)。肉仔鸡体重与C组Proteobacteria比例、B组Lactobacillus and Roseburia比例呈显著正相关(P <0.05)。饲粮中添加YC或其活性代谢物的肉鸡参与核苷酸代谢、氨基酸和碳水化合物代谢的细菌比例最高。由此可见，饲粮中添加YC可改变肉鸡有益菌的增殖。
{"title":"Yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its active metabolites affect the cecal microbiome of broilers","authors":"Z. Sun, Y. Zhen, T. Li, N. D. Aschalew, T. Wang, X. Chen, W. Zhao, X. Zhang, G. Qin","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i6.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.1","url":null,"abstract":"Yeast cultures (YCs) are defined as promising feed additives that maintain the health of birds and improve growth performance by modulating gut microbiota. YCs contain effective metabolites such as glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose. This study investigated the effects of YCs and their effective metabolites on carcass traits and cecal microflora in broilers. A total of 280 one-day-old mixed-sex Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to seven groups. The basal diet (control DZ) was supplemented with various proportions of glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose (Groups A, B, and C), 24-hour grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures (Group D) (YC), and a commercial yeast culture product (SZ) at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% (Groups E and F). Bodyweight of broilers was correlated positively with proportions of Proteobacteria in Group C and Lactobacillus and Roseburia in Group B (P <0.05). Broilers fed diets supplemented with YC or its active metabolites had the highest proportions of bacteria involved in nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. These results suggested that the dietary addition of YC could alter the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in broilers.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79049275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pinho, R. Pessoa, Â. Batista, A. Véras, D. B. Cardoso, K. C. Santos, D. M. de Lima Júnior, F. D. de Carvalho
This study evaluated the effects of various nitrogen (N) sources augmenting spineless cactus-based diets on intake, digestibility, rumen kinetics and N balance in sheep. Eight rumen-fistulated sheep with an average initial bodyweight of 62 ± 6.83 kg were allotted to one of two 4 x 4 Latin squares. The diets consisted of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), Tifton hay, corn grain, vegetable oil and a mineral mixture augmented with either soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), whole cottonseed (WCS) or urea (U) to provide additional nitrogen. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes were similar (P >0.05) for sheep fed the diets with SBM, CSM, and WCS. The digestibility coefficients of DM and CP were similar (P >0.05) for SM, CM, and U diets. The rate of DM disappearance from the rumen did not differ (P >0.05) between treatments. However, the rumen ammonia, pH and N balance was higher (P <0.05) for sheep fed the WCS and U diets. The N absorbed and N retained did not differ (P >0.05) between the diets. Soybean meal and CSM are similar in their effects and can be used for sheep in diets based on spineless cactus. Whole cottonseed and U are interesting sources of N but should be used with caution owing to their effects on digestibility and nutrient intake in sheep.
{"title":"Spineless cactus-based diets associated with various nitrogen sources in sheep diets","authors":"A. Pinho, R. Pessoa, Â. Batista, A. Véras, D. B. Cardoso, K. C. Santos, D. M. de Lima Júnior, F. D. de Carvalho","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i6.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.8","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effects of various nitrogen (N) sources augmenting spineless cactus-based diets on intake, digestibility, rumen kinetics and N balance in sheep. Eight rumen-fistulated sheep with an average initial bodyweight of 62 ± 6.83 kg were allotted to one of two 4 x 4 Latin squares. The diets consisted of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), Tifton hay, corn grain, vegetable oil and a mineral mixture augmented with either soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), whole cottonseed (WCS) or urea (U) to provide additional nitrogen. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes were similar (P >0.05) for sheep fed the diets with SBM, CSM, and WCS. The digestibility coefficients of DM and CP were similar (P >0.05) for SM, CM, and U diets. The rate of DM disappearance from the rumen did not differ (P >0.05) between treatments. However, the rumen ammonia, pH and N balance was higher (P <0.05) for sheep fed the WCS and U diets. The N absorbed and N retained did not differ (P >0.05) between the diets. Soybean meal and CSM are similar in their effects and can be used for sheep in diets based on spineless cactus. Whole cottonseed and U are interesting sources of N but should be used with caution owing to their effects on digestibility and nutrient intake in sheep.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90703657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focused on the effects of adding various levels of bee pollen to diets for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). The response variables that were examined included their performance, carcass characteristics, meat colour, immune system, and some serum constituents. A total of 160 one-day-old quail chicks were used. These chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments, each consisting of 40 chicks. These groups were further divided into four replicates of ten birds. The treatments consisted of diets to which 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 g/kg bee pollen were added. The feeding period lasted 42 days. The performance and serum biochemistry of the growing quails were not affected by the addition of bee pollen to the diet. The addition of 5 g/kg bee pollen increased the follicle weight and the L* value of the breast, and decreased the a* value of the thigh. It also improved the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) content. Thus, the addition of 5 g/kg bee pollen to the diet of growing quails was effective in improving follicle development, meat quality and immune system.
{"title":"Effects of supplemental bee pollen on performance, meat quality, serum constituents and immunity system in growing quails","authors":"B. Sevim","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i6.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the effects of adding various levels of bee pollen to diets for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). The response variables that were examined included their performance, carcass characteristics, meat colour, immune system, and some serum constituents. A total of 160 one-day-old quail chicks were used. These chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments, each consisting of 40 chicks. These groups were further divided into four replicates of ten birds. The treatments consisted of diets to which 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 g/kg bee pollen were added. The feeding period lasted 42 days. The performance and serum biochemistry of the growing quails were not affected by the addition of bee pollen to the diet. The addition of 5 g/kg bee pollen increased the follicle weight and the L* value of the breast, and decreased the a* value of the thigh. It also improved the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) content. Thus, the addition of 5 g/kg bee pollen to the diet of growing quails was effective in improving follicle development, meat quality and immune system.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84002881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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