In this experiment, 320 laying hens of Hy-Line W-36 strain were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (eight treatments and eight birds in each pen). The treatments were 0 and 400 mg/kg iron salt, 0 and 450 mg/kg iodide, and 0 and 0.1 mg/kg vitamin B12. There were five replicates of each treatment combination and the birds were from 26 to 39 weeks old. The interaction of iron salt and iodide, the use of 450 mg/kg iodide and 0 levels of iron salt increased the iodide content of yolks. In the treatments with 400 mg/kg of iron salt combined with iodide and with 400 mg/kg of iron salt with 0 levels of iodine salt this caused a sharp decrease in the iodide content of the yolk. In the interaction of treatments containing iron salt and vitamin B12, the lowest amount of cobalt and the highest level of Iodide were observed at the 0 levels of both supplements, whereas the combined use of iron salt and vitamin B12 increased the level of cobalt and decreased the yolk iodine content. In the three-way effects between these salts, yolk iron and cobalt content increased, and the highest amount of Iodine was observed in the third treatment (without vitamin B12 and iron). Overall the use of iron salt, iodine, and vitamin B12 could improve the performance of hens and the composition of egg yolk.
{"title":"Effects of dietary trace element supplementation on performance of laying hens and mineral content of egg yolk","authors":"M. N. Aghdashi, A. Nobakht, Y. Mehmannavaz","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i5.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i5.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this experiment, 320 laying hens of Hy-Line W-36 strain were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (eight treatments and eight birds in each pen). The treatments were 0 and 400 mg/kg iron salt, 0 and 450 mg/kg iodide, and 0 and 0.1 mg/kg vitamin B12. There were five replicates of each treatment combination and the birds were from 26 to 39 weeks old. The interaction of iron salt and iodide, the use of 450 mg/kg iodide and 0 levels of iron salt increased the iodide content of yolks. In the treatments with 400 mg/kg of iron salt combined with iodide and with 400 mg/kg of iron salt with 0 levels of iodine salt this caused a sharp decrease in the iodide content of the yolk. In the interaction of treatments containing iron salt and vitamin B12, the lowest amount of cobalt and the highest level of Iodide were observed at the 0 levels of both supplements, whereas the combined use of iron salt and vitamin B12 increased the level of cobalt and decreased the yolk iodine content. In the three-way effects between these salts, yolk iron and cobalt content increased, and the highest amount of Iodine was observed in the third treatment (without vitamin B12 and iron). Overall the use of iron salt, iodine, and vitamin B12 could improve the performance of hens and the composition of egg yolk.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82524837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated the effects of various types of feeding on fattening period and performance of Linda geese. Feeding patterns consisted of concentrate feed-based intensive and pasture feed-based semi-intensive. A total of 150 goslings aged three days were divided into two groups, each consisting of three replications. All groups were given rations containing 23% crude protein and 3100 kcal/kg ME in weeks 0–6, and rations containing 20% crude protein 3100 kcal/kg ME between weeks 7 and 17. After the seventh week, the feed for the semi-intensive group was diluted with 20% barley and from the tenth week, this group started to graze on pasture. Live weight gain of the two groups was similar, although geese kept indoors consumed more concentrate. Feed protein digestion of geese was similar in the two feeding types. Digestion-related visceral weight in the pasture-supplemented group increased, whereas carcass weight decreased. Growth curves were used to estimate the age of Linda geese to the end of the fattening period. The average slaughter age was the fourth and fifth months, as indicated by Von Bertalanffy, Logistic, and Gompertz growth models, which used the data from the third week. Concentrate feeding enabled Linda geese to reach earlier higher slaughter weight, although it was not considered economical. Although averages of bodyweight gain over the trial appeared slightly better in the concentrate-based intensive group, the results revealed that concentrate feed supplement and pasture may be the best and most economical form of feeding for Linda geese.
{"title":"Effects of feeding systems on yield and performance of Linda geese (Anserinae sp.) in hot climatic conditions","authors":"Z. Kaya, S. Yurtseven","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i5.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i5.9","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effects of various types of feeding on fattening period and performance of Linda geese. Feeding patterns consisted of concentrate feed-based intensive and pasture feed-based semi-intensive. A total of 150 goslings aged three days were divided into two groups, each consisting of three replications. All groups were given rations containing 23% crude protein and 3100 kcal/kg ME in weeks 0–6, and rations containing 20% crude protein 3100 kcal/kg ME between weeks 7 and 17. After the seventh week, the feed for the semi-intensive group was diluted with 20% barley and from the tenth week, this group started to graze on pasture. Live weight gain of the two groups was similar, although geese kept indoors consumed more concentrate. Feed protein digestion of geese was similar in the two feeding types. Digestion-related visceral weight in the pasture-supplemented group increased, whereas carcass weight decreased. Growth curves were used to estimate the age of Linda geese to the end of the fattening period. The average slaughter age was the fourth and fifth months, as indicated by Von Bertalanffy, Logistic, and Gompertz growth models, which used the data from the third week. Concentrate feeding enabled Linda geese to reach earlier higher slaughter weight, although it was not considered economical. Although averages of bodyweight gain over the trial appeared slightly better in the concentrate-based intensive group, the results revealed that concentrate feed supplement and pasture may be the best and most economical form of feeding for Linda geese.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73418588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. L. Moura, M. E. Oliveira, W. F. Carvalho, M. M. Rodrigues, M. S. Santos, R. Edvan, A. L. Abdalla, M. Z. Moreira, E. M. Silva
The objective of this research was to determine the pasture structure, nutritional value, animal behaviour, intake, and performance of Santa Inês sheep grazing pastures with various mixtures of grass (Andropogon gayanus) and forage legume (Stylosanthes sp. and Calopogonium mucunoides). A randomized block design was adopted with the treatments arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with the factors consisting of cropping systems and grazing cycles. Grass in the mixed species pastures had a greater leaf/stem ratio than in the monoculture. Total forage mass was greater in the mixed pastures, which had the highest concentrations of crude protein and total digestible nutrients, the lowest fibre concentration, and the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility. Legumes were grazed with the highest frequency, and biting rate was highest in Andropogon gayanus with Stylosanthes sp. The highest intake (kg/day) was found in the mixed swards and the highest animal weight gain (143 g/day) in the mixed pastures. The pastures of Andropogon gayanus mixed with Stylosanthes sp. and C. mucunoides showed improved forage nutritive value and intake compared with the grass monoculture.
{"title":"Evaluation of grass and legume tropical mixtures and performance of grazed sheep","authors":"R. L. Moura, M. E. Oliveira, W. F. Carvalho, M. M. Rodrigues, M. S. Santos, R. Edvan, A. L. Abdalla, M. Z. Moreira, E. M. Silva","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to determine the pasture structure, nutritional value, animal behaviour, intake, and performance of Santa Inês sheep grazing pastures with various mixtures of grass (Andropogon gayanus) and forage legume (Stylosanthes sp. and Calopogonium mucunoides). A randomized block design was adopted with the treatments arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with the factors consisting of cropping systems and grazing cycles. Grass in the mixed species pastures had a greater leaf/stem ratio than in the monoculture. Total forage mass was greater in the mixed pastures, which had the highest concentrations of crude protein and total digestible nutrients, the lowest fibre concentration, and the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility. Legumes were grazed with the highest frequency, and biting rate was highest in Andropogon gayanus with Stylosanthes sp. The highest intake (kg/day) was found in the mixed swards and the highest animal weight gain (143 g/day) in the mixed pastures. The pastures of Andropogon gayanus mixed with Stylosanthes sp. and C. mucunoides showed improved forage nutritive value and intake compared with the grass monoculture.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80820458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In South Africa, supplemental feeding is provided to improve the condition of breeding livestock before the animals are sold by the stud breeders to commercial farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different ram rearing systems on growth, fat accumulation and semen quality of Döhne Merino (DM), Merino (M) and South African Mutton Merino (SAMM) rams intended for breeding. The ram lambs were stratified according to weight and randomly allocated to one of three treatments, namely an extensive feeding treatment (ET), an extensive-intensive feeding treatment (EIT), and an intensive feeding treatment (IT). Rams in ET grazed for 200 days. Rams in EIT grazed for 73 days, followed by a concentrate diet for an additional 60 days. Rams in IT were fed the concentrate diet for 70 days. Scrotal neck fat was significantly less in IT rams compared with ET and EIT rams. Döhne Merino and M rams in EIT deposited significantly more scrotal fat than DM and M rams in ET. No adverse testicular pathology or differences in semen quality were observed. Regression analyses of pooled data showed extreme functional values for subcutaneous fat and total scrotal fat weight, which, when exceeded, may result in decreased semen volume, percentage normal spermatozoa and mass motility of spermatozoa. Sheep breeders should be cautious when feeding ram lambs in extensive-intensive systems for extended periods since this may affect semen quality adversely.
{"title":"Effects of different feeding systems on growth, fat accumulation and semen quality of Merino-type sheep","authors":"A. D. Preez, E. Webb, W. V. Niekerk","doi":"10.4314/SAJAS.V51I5.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJAS.V51I5.3","url":null,"abstract":"In South Africa, supplemental feeding is provided to improve the condition of breeding livestock before the animals are sold by the stud breeders to commercial farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different ram rearing systems on growth, fat accumulation and semen quality of Döhne Merino (DM), Merino (M) and South African Mutton Merino (SAMM) rams intended for breeding. The ram lambs were stratified according to weight and randomly allocated to one of three treatments, namely an extensive feeding treatment (ET), an extensive-intensive feeding treatment (EIT), and an intensive feeding treatment (IT). Rams in ET grazed for 200 days. Rams in EIT grazed for 73 days, followed by a concentrate diet for an additional 60 days. Rams in IT were fed the concentrate diet for 70 days. Scrotal neck fat was significantly less in IT rams compared with ET and EIT rams. Döhne Merino and M rams in EIT deposited significantly more scrotal fat than DM and M rams in ET. No adverse testicular pathology or differences in semen quality were observed. Regression analyses of pooled data showed extreme functional values for subcutaneous fat and total scrotal fat weight, which, when exceeded, may result in decreased semen volume, percentage normal spermatozoa and mass motility of spermatozoa. Sheep breeders should be cautious when feeding ram lambs in extensive-intensive systems for extended periods since this may affect semen quality adversely.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"508 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77350650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Quintero, K. Torres-Cordido, Y.R. Moreira, S. Rocha, T. L. Reis, J. E. D. de Moraes, L. Calixto
There is a dearth of scientific information about the physicochemical characteristics of eggs from ratite birds including emus. Thus, an experiment was carried out with 19 laying emu ((Dromaius novaehollandiae) hens, maintained in cages, and divided into two groups according to age, to record morphometric and physicochemical characteristics of the eggs. The width, length, average weight, form index, Haugh unit, yolk index, percentage of egg components, yolk pigmentation, pH of yolk and albumen, and eggshell weight and thickness were recorded. This morphometric characterization was influenced by the age of the hen. Neither the yolk nor albumen pH was influenced by the age of the bird. The eggs from emus that were raised in captivity presented physical and morphometric characteristics that varied with age, although they remained within the ranges of observations that were previously observed for ratite species, but were different from those of domestic chickens. The high fragility and easy rupture of the vitelline membrane in the emu eggs may limit the use of this product in industrial applications. Further studies of emu eggs are needed to improve their suitability for consumption and for the food industry.
{"title":"Physicochemical and morphometric characterization of eggs from emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae)","authors":"J. Quintero, K. Torres-Cordido, Y.R. Moreira, S. Rocha, T. L. Reis, J. E. D. de Moraes, L. Calixto","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"There is a dearth of scientific information about the physicochemical characteristics of eggs from ratite birds including emus. Thus, an experiment was carried out with 19 laying emu ((Dromaius novaehollandiae) hens, maintained in cages, and divided into two groups according to age, to record morphometric and physicochemical characteristics of the eggs. The width, length, average weight, form index, Haugh unit, yolk index, percentage of egg components, yolk pigmentation, pH of yolk and albumen, and eggshell weight and thickness were recorded. This morphometric characterization was influenced by the age of the hen. Neither the yolk nor albumen pH was influenced by the age of the bird. The eggs from emus that were raised in captivity presented physical and morphometric characteristics that varied with age, although they remained within the ranges of observations that were previously observed for ratite species, but were different from those of domestic chickens. The high fragility and easy rupture of the vitelline membrane in the emu eggs may limit the use of this product in industrial applications. Further studies of emu eggs are needed to improve their suitability for consumption and for the food industry.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85319118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sahar, M. A. Mirza, S. A. Bhatti, Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
This study determined the effect of protease supplementation in fishmeal-based diets on growth performance and meat quality of commercial broiler birds. Four hundred and thirty-two (432) day-old broiler chicks were divided into 36 experimental units of 12 chicks each. Nine experimental diets were formulated using three levels (0%, 25%, and 50%) of the fishmeal as protein source, on protein equivalent basis, with or without alkaline protease (CIBENZA® DP100), and with overestimation of nutritional value based on the enhanced digestibility coefficient (EDC) concept because of the use of alkaline protease. Feed consumption and bodyweight were measured weekly. On the last day of the trial, two birds from each pen were picked and processed for carcass and meat quality parameters. Data were analysed by analysis of variance in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of completely randomized design. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved in the birds with 25% fishmeal as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) and enzyme supplementation. Similarly, higher protein digestibility, dressing percentage and thigh meat yield were observed in birds fed diets with 25% fishmeal with added enzyme. In the blood biochemical profile, uric acid levels were lower, and cholesterol and triglyceride were higher in the group fed diets with 25% fishmeal with EDC and enzyme. The addition of protease enzyme to the diet with 25% fishmeal improved growth performance, crude protein digestibility and carcass characteristics.
{"title":"Effect of exogenous protease on growth performance and meat quality in broilers reared on fishmeal-based diets","authors":"N. Sahar, M. A. Mirza, S. A. Bhatti, Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i5.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i5.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study determined the effect of protease supplementation in fishmeal-based diets on growth performance and meat quality of commercial broiler birds. Four hundred and thirty-two (432) day-old broiler chicks were divided into 36 experimental units of 12 chicks each. Nine experimental diets were formulated using three levels (0%, 25%, and 50%) of the fishmeal as protein source, on protein equivalent basis, with or without alkaline protease (CIBENZA® DP100), and with overestimation of nutritional value based on the enhanced digestibility coefficient (EDC) concept because of the use of alkaline protease. Feed consumption and bodyweight were measured weekly. On the last day of the trial, two birds from each pen were picked and processed for carcass and meat quality parameters. Data were analysed by analysis of variance in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of completely randomized design. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved in the birds with 25% fishmeal as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) and enzyme supplementation. Similarly, higher protein digestibility, dressing percentage and thigh meat yield were observed in birds fed diets with 25% fishmeal with added enzyme. In the blood biochemical profile, uric acid levels were lower, and cholesterol and triglyceride were higher in the group fed diets with 25% fishmeal with EDC and enzyme. The addition of protease enzyme to the diet with 25% fishmeal improved growth performance, crude protein digestibility and carcass characteristics.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74076718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to compare Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls in Turkey based on fattening performance, carcass properties, and production costs. In the trial, 105 AA and 105 HF 10- to 12-month-old bulls with a mean initial bodyweight (IBW) of 302 kg were used. The bulls were distributed into 14 paddocks in groups of 15 based on their IBW at an open-shed facility in İzmir. The bulls were fed different rations for the grower and finisher periods for 90 days each, but otherwise were kept under similar conditions. At the end of the finishing period, the animals were slaughtered and carcass characteristics, organ weights, quality of meat, and meat production costs were evaluated. In terms of fattening performance, the AA bulls were superior to the HF bulls. The ultimate pH of the Longissimus dorsi in the AA bulls was lower than in the HF bulls and the sensory characteristics of the AA bulls were higher. Production costs were higher for the AA bulls, but so too were income over feed costs (IOFC), making the AA bulls more profitable. Thus, it might be concluded that beef breed bulls that mature quickly, such as AA, are more advantageous for meat production in Turkey than HF bulls, which are a by-product of the dairy industry.
{"title":"Fattening performance, carcass traits, and profitability of Aberdeen Angus and Holstein Friesian bulls in Turkey","authors":"H. B. Ünlü, H. İpçak","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v51i5.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i5.7","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to compare Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls in Turkey based on fattening performance, carcass properties, and production costs. In the trial, 105 AA and 105 HF 10- to 12-month-old bulls with a mean initial bodyweight (IBW) of 302 kg were used. The bulls were distributed into 14 paddocks in groups of 15 based on their IBW at an open-shed facility in İzmir. The bulls were fed different rations for the grower and finisher periods for 90 days each, but otherwise were kept under similar conditions. At the end of the finishing period, the animals were slaughtered and carcass characteristics, organ weights, quality of meat, and meat production costs were evaluated. In terms of fattening performance, the AA bulls were superior to the HF bulls. The ultimate pH of the Longissimus dorsi in the AA bulls was lower than in the HF bulls and the sensory characteristics of the AA bulls were higher. Production costs were higher for the AA bulls, but so too were income over feed costs (IOFC), making the AA bulls more profitable. Thus, it might be concluded that beef breed bulls that mature quickly, such as AA, are more advantageous for meat production in Turkey than HF bulls, which are a by-product of the dairy industry.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81742950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in Boer goat does and their relationship with body measurement traits, namely bodyweight, body length, heart girth, rump height, rump width, ear length, cannon circumference, and head width. Seventy-six Boer goat does between the ages of 2 and 4 years were used as experimental animals. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing techniques were used to detect SNPs. Chi-square test was used to measure the genetic equilibrium and a general linear model was used for the marker-trait association analysis. The PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing results discovered one SNP (G505C) in the exon 5 of the candidate gene with two genotypes observed (AA and AB). The association analysis indicated that bodyweight was associated with the genotypes (P <0.01), but not with any of the morphometric traits. A chi-square analysis indicated that the genotypic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The polymorphism discovered in this study is a putative marker that might assist farmers in improving their does’ bodyweight through marker-assisted selection.
{"title":"Polymorphism of growth hormone gene and its association with body measurement traits in Boer goat does","authors":"L. T. Rashijane, V. Mbazima, Thobela Louis Tyasi","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in Boer goat does and their relationship with body measurement traits, namely bodyweight, body length, heart girth, rump height, rump width, ear length, cannon circumference, and head width. Seventy-six Boer goat does between the ages of 2 and 4 years were used as experimental animals. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing techniques were used to detect SNPs. Chi-square test was used to measure the genetic equilibrium and a general linear model was used for the marker-trait association analysis. The PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing results discovered one SNP (G505C) in the exon 5 of the candidate gene with two genotypes observed (AA and AB). The association analysis indicated that bodyweight was associated with the genotypes (P <0.01), but not with any of the morphometric traits. A chi-square analysis indicated that the genotypic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The polymorphism discovered in this study is a putative marker that might assist farmers in improving their does’ bodyweight through marker-assisted selection.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76183926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article evaluated the effects of supplemental probiotic Bacillus subtilis (Bs) ATCC 6051a (1.6x109cfu/mL) in diets for weaned piglets on their performance and on the occurrence of diarrhoea. Sixty piglets, 30 ±3 days old with initial bodyweight of 8.41±0.92 kg, were allotted randomly to six pens of ten piglets. There were two replicates of each treatment, namely a control diet (C), a diet supplemented with 1% Bs (E1), and a diet supplemented with 3% Bs (E2). Feed was provided ad libitum as flour in two meals per day. Feed materials were examined for total numbers of fungi, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TNG), Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The addition of Bs did not influence (P >0.05) bodyweight (BW) or average daily weight gain (ADWG). However, across the experimental period ADWG was greater in E2 and E1 than in C (>1.12 and 1.08 times compared with C). Feed intake (ADFI) by pigs fed C was greater than pigs fed E1 and E2. Feed efficiency was higher in E1 and E2 than the C diet. Addition of 1% Bs decreased (P<0.05) diarrhoea occurrence around 8% compared with C, and 4% compared with 3% Bs. A total of 23.4% of the piglets produced soft faeces. Diarrhoea scores of 2 (mild diarrhoea) and 3 (severe diarrhoea) were observed in 43.75% and 32.81% of the pigs. No differences (P >0.05) were detected between the treatments. The results suggested that E1 could positively affect growth performance and mitigate the occurrence of diarrhoea.
{"title":"Effects of Bacillus spp. as a supplemental probiotic in diets for weaned piglets","authors":"M. Dumitru, M. Hăbeanu, I. Sorescu, C. Tabuc","doi":"10.4314/SAJAS.V51I5.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJAS.V51I5.4","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluated the effects of supplemental probiotic Bacillus subtilis (Bs) ATCC 6051a (1.6x109cfu/mL) in diets for weaned piglets on their performance and on the occurrence of diarrhoea. Sixty piglets, 30 ±3 days old with initial bodyweight of 8.41±0.92 kg, were allotted randomly to six pens of ten piglets. There were two replicates of each treatment, namely a control diet (C), a diet supplemented with 1% Bs (E1), and a diet supplemented with 3% Bs (E2). Feed was provided ad libitum as flour in two meals per day. Feed materials were examined for total numbers of fungi, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TNG), Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The addition of Bs did not influence (P >0.05) bodyweight (BW) or average daily weight gain (ADWG). However, across the experimental period ADWG was greater in E2 and E1 than in C (>1.12 and 1.08 times compared with C). Feed intake (ADFI) by pigs fed C was greater than pigs fed E1 and E2. Feed efficiency was higher in E1 and E2 than the C diet. Addition of 1% Bs decreased (P<0.05) diarrhoea occurrence around 8% compared with C, and 4% compared with 3% Bs. A total of 23.4% of the piglets produced soft faeces. Diarrhoea scores of 2 (mild diarrhoea) and 3 (severe diarrhoea) were observed in 43.75% and 32.81% of the pigs. No differences (P >0.05) were detected between the treatments. The results suggested that E1 could positively affect growth performance and mitigate the occurrence of diarrhoea.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72978078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Saied, A. Attia, M. El-kholy, A. E. El Nagar, F. Reda
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of supplementation of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) as a growth promoter in broiler diets. A total of 300 unsexed one-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups (60 chicks/group). Each group was divided into five replicates with 12 chicks per replicate. Group 1 was fed on the basal diet with no additives (control). Group 2 was fed the basal diet supplemented with oxytetracycline (OTC) at the level of 50 ppm. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm NSO, respectively. Birds fed on 1500 ppm NSO diet showed the heaviest body weight at 14, 28 and 42 days of age. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved at all ages with the inclusions of OTC and NSO generally superior to the control group. The relative weight of spleen was increased significantly by the addition of NSO at various levels. However, relative weights of thymus and bursa were not altered by the treatments. Total bacterial count, total yeast and moulds count, E. coli and salmonella spp. counts were reduced significantly, whereas the total lactic acid bacteria count was increased in OTC and NSO groups compared with control. Nigella sativa oil could be used in broiler chicken feeds as a natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters to improve gut health and consequently growth performance.
{"title":"Feeding Nigella sativa oil to broilers affects their performance, serum constituents and cecum microbiota","authors":"A. Saied, A. Attia, M. El-kholy, A. E. El Nagar, F. Reda","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the effect of supplementation of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) as a growth promoter in broiler diets. A total of 300 unsexed one-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups (60 chicks/group). Each group was divided into five replicates with 12 chicks per replicate. Group 1 was fed on the basal diet with no additives (control). Group 2 was fed the basal diet supplemented with oxytetracycline (OTC) at the level of 50 ppm. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm NSO, respectively. Birds fed on 1500 ppm NSO diet showed the heaviest body weight at 14, 28 and 42 days of age. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved at all ages with the inclusions of OTC and NSO generally superior to the control group. The relative weight of spleen was increased significantly by the addition of NSO at various levels. However, relative weights of thymus and bursa were not altered by the treatments. Total bacterial count, total yeast and moulds count, E. coli and salmonella spp. counts were reduced significantly, whereas the total lactic acid bacteria count was increased in OTC and NSO groups compared with control. Nigella sativa oil could be used in broiler chicken feeds as a natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters to improve gut health and consequently growth performance.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84225215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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