Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.044
Ibrahim Moshood , Małgorzata Maślanka , Anna Kapczyńska , Agnieszka Kiełkowska
Lachenalia viridiflora is a critically endangered geophyte. This study aimed to develop a protocol for protoplast isolation and culture to enhance biotechnological tools for the improvement of this species. Protoplasts were isolated from micropropagated bulbils with leaves. Isolation yielded 1.2 × 105 to 1.7 × 105 protoplasts per gram of tissue, with 60–70 % viability. Protoplast-derived cells underwent divisions that resulted in microcallus formation and later shoot regeneration, demonstrating the potential of an elaborated protocol for successful protoplast-to-plant regeneration.
{"title":"Isolation and culturing of protoplasts in endangered Lachenalia viridiflora","authors":"Ibrahim Moshood , Małgorzata Maślanka , Anna Kapczyńska , Agnieszka Kiełkowska","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lachenalia viridiflora</em> is a critically endangered geophyte. This study aimed to develop a protocol for protoplast isolation and culture to enhance biotechnological tools for the improvement of this species. Protoplasts were isolated from micropropagated bulbils with leaves. Isolation yielded 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 1.7 × 10<sup>5</sup> protoplasts per gram of tissue, with 60–70 % viability. Protoplast-derived cells underwent divisions that resulted in microcallus formation and later shoot regeneration, demonstrating the potential of an elaborated protocol for successful protoplast-to-plant regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study, it was objected to determine the rapid in vitro propagation of the endemic Hypericum heterophyllum, and the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) applications on the production of bioactive compounds in tissue culture. Total phenolic (TP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses were carried out in both in vivo plants and in vitro samples. Initially, seeds were objected to pre-treatment with 1.5 mg/L GA3 for 48 h, then surface-sterilized with 15 % NaOCl and germinated at Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium containing Gamborg's B5 vitamins without plant growth regulators. After germination, axillary buds were used as explant for callus and shoot regeneration. Full-strength LS medium with B5 vitamins, 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/L indole butyric acid (IBA) gave the highest ratio (73.3 %) of green and fragile callus formation. On the other hand, the highest shoot regeneration (86.7 %) was obtained from LS/B5vit with 1 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP). Elongated shoots were rooted in a medium containing 1.5 mg/L IBA after 8 weeks and in vitro plantlets were obtained for elicitation. Then, calli and in vitro plantlets were exposed to 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L ABA or SA elicitors in LS/B5 medium for 15 days, separately. Total phenolic content was higher in the in vivo plant leaves (77.6 mg GAE/g) than flower, stem and herb. In in vitro grown plantlets, the highest total phenolic content (37.04 mg GAE/g) was obtained from the control without ABA and SA application. On the other hand, 0.01 mg/L ABA application resulted in the highest total phenolic content (29.5 mg GAE/g) in callus cultures. The highest DPPH activity was achieved in vivo leaf (415.8 mg TEs/g extract), with 0.01 mg/L SA application in vitro plantlets (84.4 mg TEs/g extract) and with the use of 0.05 mg/L ABA in callus (136.3 mg TEs/g extract). In addition, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin were determined with HPLC analysis. The main compound was chlorogenic acid (5.8 mg/g DW) in vivo leaves, followed by hyperoside (3.2 mg/g DW) in the same plant part, and lastly, quercetin (0.58 mg/g DW) had the highest amount in herba. The value of hyperoside was 0.28 mg/g DW at 0.01 mg/L ABA in in vitro plantlets; meanwhile 0.01 mg/L SA application produced 0.49 mg/g DW in calli. With regard to quercetin, it had the highest value at 0.1 mg/L SA (0.29 mg/g DW) in calli, comperatively, 11.2-fold more than the control (0.026 mg/g DW) group. The catechin content varied within a very wide range, from 0.025 to 0.23 mg/catechin g DW in callus. Elicitation with 0.01 mg/L ABA significantly enhanced the production of quercetin, catechin and hyperoside in both in vitro plantlets and calli.
{"title":"Production of elicitor-induced phytochemicals in callus and shoot cultures of Hypericum heterophyllum","authors":"Şeyma Önlü , Cennet Yaman , Ekin Kurtul , Harun Önlü , Özlem Bahadir-Acikara , Oliver Tusevski , Sonja Gadzovska Simic , Sebahattin Özcan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, it was objected to determine the rapid <em>in vitro</em> propagation of the endemic <em>Hypericum heterophyllum</em>, and the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid <strong>(</strong>SA) applications on the production of bioactive compounds in tissue culture. Total phenolic (TP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses were carried out in both <em>in vivo</em> plants and <em>in vitro</em> samples. Initially, seeds were objected to pre-treatment with 1.5 mg/L GA<sub>3</sub> for 48 h, then surface-sterilized with 15 % NaOCl and germinated at Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium containing Gamborg's B5 vitamins without plant growth regulators. After germination, axillary buds were used as explant for callus and shoot regeneration. Full-strength LS medium with B5 vitamins, 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/L indole butyric acid (IBA) gave the highest ratio (73.3 %) of green and fragile callus formation. On the other hand, the highest shoot regeneration (86.7 %) was obtained from LS/B5vit with 1 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP). Elongated shoots were rooted in a medium containing 1.5 mg/L IBA after 8 weeks and <em>in vitro</em> plantlets were obtained for elicitation. Then, calli and <em>in vitro</em> plantlets were exposed to 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L ABA or SA elicitors in LS/B5 medium for 15 days, separately. Total phenolic content was higher in the <em>in vivo</em> plant leaves (77.6 mg GAE/g) than flower, stem and herb. In <em>in vitro</em> grown plantlets, the highest total phenolic content (37.04 mg GAE/g) was obtained from the control without ABA and SA application. On the other hand, 0.01 mg/L ABA application resulted in the highest total phenolic content (29.5 mg GAE/g) in callus cultures. The highest DPPH activity was achieved <em>in vivo</em> leaf (415.8 mg TEs/g extract), with 0.01 mg/L SA application <em>in vitro</em> plantlets (84.4 mg TEs/g extract) and with the use of 0.05 mg/L ABA in callus (136.3 mg TEs/g extract). In addition, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin were determined with HPLC analysis. The main compound was chlorogenic acid (5.8 mg/g DW) <em>in vivo</em> leaves, followed by hyperoside (3.2 mg/g DW) in the same plant part, and lastly, quercetin (0.58 mg/g DW) had the highest amount in herba. The value of hyperoside was 0.28 mg/g DW at 0.01 mg/L ABA in <em>in vitro</em> plantlets; meanwhile 0.01 mg/L SA application produced 0.49 mg/g DW in calli. With regard to quercetin, it had the highest value at 0.1 mg/L SA (0.29 mg/g DW) in calli, comperatively, 11.2-fold more than the control (0.026 mg/g DW) group. The catechin content varied within a very wide range, from 0.025 to 0.23 mg/catechin g DW in callus. Elicitation with 0.01 mg/L ABA significantly enhanced the production of quercetin, catechin and hyperoside in both <em>in vitro</em> plantlets and calli.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 295-304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the use of hairy roots culture obtained through inoculation with Rhizobium rhizogenes in medicinal plants. Specifically, it focuses on optimizing hairy root induction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Abu Jahl's melon (Citrullus colocynthis L.) explants using different strains of R. rhizogenes (15834, R1000, MSU440, and 1724). The study examines the effect of bacterial density and the type of explant on hairy root induction in tobacco and Abu Jahl's melon plants. Transgenic nature of the explants were confirmed using a specific primer for the rolB gene and PCR analysis. Results indicated that all four strains induced hairy roots in tobacco, while just MSU440 and 1724 strains effectively induced hairy roots in Abu Jahl's melon after using acetosyringone supplement. The type of explant significantly influenced hairy root induction, with leaf explants showing the highest transgenicity. Bacterial concentrations did not have a significant effect on hairy root induction across different plant species/strains. This research presents a protocol for inducing hairy roots in tobacco and bitter apple plants. Hairy roots are well known for their simplified cultivation requirements, fast growth rate, growth in hormone-free environments, and ease of genetic manipulation, making them a reliable source for producing plant materials and compounds with medicinal and commercial value. Overall, the successful induction of hairy roots in tobacco and Abu Jahl's melon plant highlights the potential for further exploitations and various utilizations of these hairy roots as a valuable biotechnological tool. The resulting data can also be applied to protect wild and endangered medicinal plants. Although the necessity of using acetosyringone; typically produced by dicots, to initiate hairy root in Abu Jahl's melon may be a limitation factor, it applies to using acetosyringone even in monocots. Now, with the combined use of super-virulent Agrobacterium strains and phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, Ri-mediated transformation has become a major method of choice for transformation even in monocots.
{"title":"Induction of hairy roots a promising and useful biotechnological tool in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis L.) plants using Rhizobium rhizogenes","authors":"Farzaneh Ramezani, Reza Amiri-Fahliani, Asad MasoumiAsl","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article discusses the use of hairy roots culture obtained through inoculation with <em>Rhizobium rhizogenes</em> in medicinal plants. Specifically, it focuses on optimizing hairy root induction in tobacco (<em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> L.) and Abu Jahl's melon (<em>Citrullus colocynthis</em> L.) explants using different strains of <em>R. rhizogenes</em> (15834, R1000, MSU440, and 1724). The study examines the effect of bacterial density and the type of explant on hairy root induction in tobacco and Abu Jahl's melon plants. Transgenic nature of the explants were confirmed using a specific primer for the <em>rol</em>B gene and PCR analysis. Results indicated that all four strains induced hairy roots in tobacco, while just MSU440 and 1724 strains effectively induced hairy roots in Abu Jahl's melon after using acetosyringone supplement. The type of explant significantly influenced hairy root induction, with leaf explants showing the highest transgenicity. Bacterial concentrations did not have a significant effect on hairy root induction across different plant species/strains. This research presents a protocol for inducing hairy roots in tobacco and bitter apple plants. Hairy roots are well known for their simplified cultivation requirements, fast growth rate, growth in hormone-free environments, and ease of genetic manipulation, making them a reliable source for producing plant materials and compounds with medicinal and commercial value. Overall, the successful induction of hairy roots in tobacco and Abu Jahl's melon plant highlights the potential for further exploitations and various utilizations of these hairy roots as a valuable biotechnological tool. The resulting data can also be applied to protect wild and endangered medicinal plants. Although the necessity of using acetosyringone; typically produced by dicots, to initiate hairy root in Abu Jahl's melon may be a limitation factor, it applies to using acetosyringone even in monocots. Now, with the combined use of super-virulent <em>Agrobacterium</em> strains and phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, Ri-mediated transformation has become a major method of choice for transformation even in monocots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 421-428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.018
Ishwarya Lakshmi VG , Basavaraj PS , Muralidhara B , Hima Bindu P , Ajitha V , Manoj CA , Jay K , Anantha MS , Gireesh C
The enhancement of genetic traits in any crop variety significantly relies on the existing diversity within the population, enabling the creation of resilient plants to ensure a consistent food supply. As Oryza glaberrima species still persist as an unexplored source of genetic and allelic variants of potential value, the current study was conducted in order to assess the morpho-molecular diversity among 31 accessions of O. glaberrima and a mega-check variety. The findings revealed a considerable genetic base in the rice germplasm, characterized by 44 polymorphic SSRs producing 136 alleles. The allele frequency varied from 0.4375 to 0.9688, with Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values between 0.0587 and 0.6136 and an average gene diversity of 0.3318. Markers RM22171, RM25310, SSR12-4.8, SSR-8.6, SSR9-15.7 and SSR9-9.5 excelled due to their higher allele number, gene diversity and PIC, attributing their utility in identifying diverse genotypes. Marker-trait association (MTA) studies revealed RM190, SSR-8.6, and RM6748 with potential applicability in marker-assisted breeding programs due to their association with spikelets per panicle. Moreover, the grouping of the accessions based on molecular phylogeny is concurrent with the population structure and principal coordinate analysis pattern in the present study. However, on examining the clusters formed through agro-morphological and molecular data, only a few common accessions were observed to be grouped, emphasizing the necessity of integrating both approaches for a comprehensive understanding of genetic variability. Altogether, EC861804 and EC861818 stand out as the diverse accessions that could be utilized as potential genetic resources in rice improvement programs with the utilization of the gene-linked markers unearthed from the current study.
{"title":"Elucidating the genetic diversity and population structure of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) germplasm using microsatellite markers","authors":"Ishwarya Lakshmi VG , Basavaraj PS , Muralidhara B , Hima Bindu P , Ajitha V , Manoj CA , Jay K , Anantha MS , Gireesh C","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The enhancement of genetic traits in any crop variety significantly relies on the existing diversity within the population, enabling the creation of resilient plants to ensure a consistent food supply. As <em>Oryza glaberrima</em> species still persist as an unexplored source of genetic and allelic variants of potential value, the current study was conducted in order to assess the morpho-molecular diversity among 31 accessions of <em>O. glaberrima</em> and a mega-check variety. The findings revealed a considerable genetic base in the rice germplasm, characterized by 44 polymorphic SSRs producing 136 alleles. The allele frequency varied from 0.4375 to 0.9688, with Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values between 0.0587 and 0.6136 and an average gene diversity of 0.3318. Markers RM22171, RM25310, SSR12-4.8, SSR-8.6, SSR9-15.7 and SSR9-9.5 excelled due to their higher allele number, gene diversity and PIC, attributing their utility in identifying diverse genotypes. Marker-trait association (MTA) studies revealed RM190, SSR-8.6, and RM6748 with potential applicability in marker-assisted breeding programs due to their association with spikelets per panicle. Moreover, the grouping of the accessions based on molecular phylogeny is concurrent with the population structure and principal coordinate analysis pattern in the present study. However, on examining the clusters formed through agro-morphological and molecular data, only a few common accessions were observed to be grouped, emphasizing the necessity of integrating both approaches for a comprehensive understanding of genetic variability. Altogether, EC861804 and EC861818 stand out as the diverse accessions that could be utilized as potential genetic resources in rice improvement programs with the utilization of the gene-linked markers unearthed from the current study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 411-420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.043
Mula Pratapa Reddy , Ved Prakash Rai , C.V. Chandra Mohan Reddy , Reetesh Kumar , Rajneesh Paliwal , B. Sinha
Knowledge of genetic diversity in germplasm resources is a prerequisite for crop improvement and successful breeding programs. Foxtail millet (Setaria species), a staple food in certain regions, stands out for its rich content of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, and essential minerals, contributing to a well-balanced diet. The genetic diversity and population structure of a foxtail millet collection consisting of 107 accessions were measured using 31 class I hypervariable SSR markers (>24 bp). 106 polymorphic alleles were detected, ranging from 2 to 8 alleles per locus, across the entire collection with an average of 3.42 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content (PIC), gene diversity (GD) and major allelic frequency (MAF) were 0.49, 0.56 and 0.53, respectively. Unweighted neighbor-joining based cluster analysis classified all the genotypes into four distinct major clusters I, II, III and IV, with 25, 40, 21 and 21 genotypes, respectively. Pair-wise estimates of dissimilarity values ranged from 0.094 to 0.931, with a mean of 0.719. The population structure analysis categorized the entries into four sub-populations, namely SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4, which have 44, 26, 22, and 15 accessions, respectively. The standardized population distance (Fst) within the populations ranged from SP1 (0.604) to SP4 (0.207) with an average Fst of 0.384. The present study identified eight genotypes based on their genetic distance and favorable phenotypic traits for potential use in future breeding programs. These genotypes include four accessions of Setaria italica (ISe 1387, ISe 1234, ISe 1286, ISe 375), one accession of Setaria viridis (GS 40), one accession of Setaria faberi (SIA 2745), and two landraces (SC 13685 and SC 13653). The genetic insights presented in this study are valuable for the utilization of foxtail millet germplasm in future breeding endeavours.
{"title":"Genetic diversity and population structure analyses using hypervariable microsatellite markers in foxtail millets (Setaria species): Future smart nutri-cereal crop","authors":"Mula Pratapa Reddy , Ved Prakash Rai , C.V. Chandra Mohan Reddy , Reetesh Kumar , Rajneesh Paliwal , B. Sinha","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge of genetic diversity in germplasm resources is a prerequisite for crop improvement and successful breeding programs. Foxtail millet (<em>Setaria</em> species), a staple food in certain regions, stands out for its rich content of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, and essential minerals, contributing to a well-balanced diet. The genetic diversity and population structure of a foxtail millet collection consisting of 107 accessions were measured using 31 class I hypervariable SSR markers (>24 bp). 106 polymorphic alleles were detected, ranging from 2 to 8 alleles per locus, across the entire collection with an average of 3.42 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content (PIC), gene diversity (GD) and major allelic frequency (MAF) were 0.49, 0.56 and 0.53, respectively. Unweighted neighbor-joining based cluster analysis classified all the genotypes into four distinct major clusters I, II, III and IV, with 25, 40, 21 and 21 genotypes, respectively. Pair-wise estimates of dissimilarity values ranged from 0.094 to 0.931, with a mean of 0.719. The population structure analysis categorized the entries into four sub-populations, namely SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4, which have 44, 26, 22, and 15 accessions, respectively. The standardized population distance (<em>Fst</em>) within the populations ranged from SP1 (0.604) to SP4 (0.207) with an average <em>Fst</em> of 0.384. The present study identified eight genotypes based on their genetic distance and favorable phenotypic traits for potential use in future breeding programs. These genotypes include four accessions of <em>Setaria italica</em> (ISe 1387, ISe 1234, ISe 1286, ISe 375), one accession of <em>Setaria viridis</em> (GS 40), one accession of <em>Setaria faberi</em> (SIA 2745), and two landraces (SC 13685 and SC 13653). The genetic insights presented in this study are valuable for the utilization of foxtail millet germplasm in future breeding endeavours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 329-337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A comprehensive evaluation of the morphological variation of naturally occurring Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the North-Western Himalayan region of Indian Himalayas was carried out during 2021–2023. In the present investigation, 60 walnut genotypes from 12 distinct sites were analyzed for quantitative and qualitative (UPOV-TG/125/6) traits of tree, leaf, and nut to determine the diversity and select promising walnut genotypes. The results showed considerable morphological variation among the genotypes, where tree height (Th), circumference at breast height (Cbh), crown length (Cl), branching height (Bh), nut weight (Nwt), nut length (Nl), nut thickness (Nt), and total nut yield (Tny) varied significantly from 8.50 to 23.00 m, 90.00 to 370.00 cm, 4.00 to 12.00 m, 3.00 to 16.00 m, 6.60 to 37.30 g, 25.51 to 36.19 mm, 23.64 to 39.60 mm, and 32.00 to 85.00 kg, respectively. Among tree traits, Th exhibits a significant positive correlation with Cbh, Bh, Cl, number of branches (Nb), crown width, and Tny, and among nut traits, Nwt has a positively significant correlation with Nl, nut width (Nw), and Nt. The results of the principal component analysis indicated that characteristics such as Th, Bh, Nw, Nl, and Nwt contributed to a significant proportion of the observed phenotypic variation and reduced the examined traits to four main principal components alone, which accounted for 71.22 per cent of the overall variance. The genotypes were grouped into four distinct groups by subjecting them to cluster analysis. The genotypes DML-I, DML-II, GSN-I, DKD-I, CHK-III, and CHN-V were identified as superior/promising on the basis of mean data, multivariate analysis (PCA) and selection index involving valuable traits with regard to wood and nut traits. Further investigation of these genotypes using the new genomic breeding approaches is highly desirable considering their beneficial role in walnut breeding.
{"title":"Exploration of morphological diversity to select naturally occurring promising walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from the North-Western Himalayan region","authors":"Umesh Sharma , Hari Paul Sankhyan , Vishal Singh Rana , Rajesh Sharma , Anita Kumari , Rajneesh Kumar , Parul Sharma , Balkrishna Tiwari , Shikha Thakur , Neeraj Sankhyan , Sunny Sharma , Shilpa Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive evaluation of the morphological variation of naturally occurring Persian walnut (<em>Juglans regia</em> L.) in the North-Western Himalayan region of Indian Himalayas was carried out during 2021–2023. In the present investigation, 60 walnut genotypes from 12 distinct sites were analyzed for quantitative and qualitative (UPOV-TG/125/6) traits of tree, leaf, and nut to determine the diversity and select promising walnut genotypes. The results showed considerable morphological variation among the genotypes, where tree height (Th), circumference at breast height (Cbh), crown length (Cl), branching height (Bh), nut weight (Nwt), nut length (Nl), nut thickness (Nt), and total nut yield (Tny) varied significantly from 8.50 to 23.00 m, 90.00 to 370.00 cm, 4.00 to 12.00 m, 3.00 to 16.00 m, 6.60 to 37.30 g, 25.51 to 36.19 mm, 23.64 to 39.60 mm, and 32.00 to 85.00 kg, respectively. Among tree traits, Th exhibits a significant positive correlation with Cbh, Bh, Cl, number of branches (Nb), crown width, and Tny, and among nut traits, Nwt has a positively significant correlation with Nl, nut width (Nw), and Nt. The results of the principal component analysis indicated that characteristics such as Th, Bh, Nw, Nl, and Nwt contributed to a significant proportion of the observed phenotypic variation and reduced the examined traits to four main principal components alone, which accounted for 71.22 per cent of the overall variance. The genotypes were grouped into four distinct groups by subjecting them to cluster analysis. The genotypes DML-I, DML-II, GSN-I, DKD-I, CHK-III, and CHN-V were identified as superior/promising on the basis of mean data, multivariate analysis (PCA) and selection index involving valuable traits with regard to wood and nut traits. Further investigation of these genotypes using the new genomic breeding approaches is highly desirable considering their beneficial role in walnut breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 264-278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.009
Xue Yuan , Tao Yuan
Regulation of tree peony flowering time is a popular topic in tree peony research and is linked to a significant industry in China, in order to explore the mechanism of autumn flowering, we studied the effects of phytohormone and non-structural carbohydrate during autumn flowering of two cultivars of tree peony: the re-flowering cultivar ‘Chunqiu Hong’ and the once-flowering cultivar ‘Fugui Mantang’ within a single growing season. This investigation involved monitoring leaf emergence, as well as morphological and biochemical changes in flower buds, under three different treatment conditions: defoliation alone, defoliation combined with GA3, and defoliation combined with Paclobutrazol (PP333). The results indicated that flower bud differentiation occurred more rapidly in ‘Chunqiu Hong’ compared to ‘Fugui Mantang’. Notably, during the autumn season, some flower buds of ‘Chunqiu Hong’ exhibited natural bursting, whereas the flower buds of ‘Fugui Mantang’ showed minimal natural bursting. The combination of defoliation and GA3 treatment stimulated bud development and the growth of new shoots, which was associated with elevated levels of GA3 and soluble carbohydrates, alongside a reduction in abscisic acid (ABA) concentration. Furthermore, ‘Chunqiu Hong’ consistently demonstrated higher rates of flower bud bursting and more pronounced morphological changes in response to identical treatments when compared to ‘Fugui Mantang’. Consequently, we conclude that defoliation and the application of gibberellic acid significantly enhance the development of flower buds in the autumn re-flowering tree peony cultivar, attributed to increased levels of GA3 and soluble carbohydrates, as well as a concurrent decrease in ABA concentration. However, it is important to note that the inhibitory effect of PP333 on GA3 biosynthesis was only temporary.
{"title":"Effect of GA and PP333 on autumn reflowering of two Chinese tree peony (Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews) cultivars","authors":"Xue Yuan , Tao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regulation of tree peony flowering time is a popular topic in tree peony research and is linked to a significant industry in China, in order to explore the mechanism of autumn flowering, we studied the effects of phytohormone and non-structural carbohydrate during autumn flowering of two cultivars of tree peony: the re-flowering cultivar ‘Chunqiu Hong’ and the once-flowering cultivar ‘Fugui Mantang’ within a single growing season. This investigation involved monitoring leaf emergence, as well as morphological and biochemical changes in flower buds, under three different treatment conditions: defoliation alone, defoliation combined with GA<sub>3</sub>, and defoliation combined with Paclobutrazol (PP<sub>333</sub>). The results indicated that flower bud differentiation occurred more rapidly in ‘Chunqiu Hong’ compared to ‘Fugui Mantang’. Notably, during the autumn season, some flower buds of ‘Chunqiu Hong’ exhibited natural bursting, whereas the flower buds of ‘Fugui Mantang’ showed minimal natural bursting. The combination of defoliation and GA<sub>3</sub> treatment stimulated bud development and the growth of new shoots, which was associated with elevated levels of GA<sub>3</sub> and soluble carbohydrates, alongside a reduction in abscisic acid (ABA) concentration. Furthermore, ‘Chunqiu Hong’ consistently demonstrated higher rates of flower bud bursting and more pronounced morphological changes in response to identical treatments when compared to ‘Fugui Mantang’. Consequently, we conclude that defoliation and the application of gibberellic acid significantly enhance the development of flower buds in the autumn re-flowering tree peony cultivar, attributed to increased levels of GA<sub>3</sub> and soluble carbohydrates, as well as a concurrent decrease in ABA concentration. However, it is important to note that the inhibitory effect of PP<sub>333</sub> on GA<sub>3</sub> biosynthesis was only temporary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 312-319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.028
Anna-Mari Kok , Debra Meyer , Namrita Lall
Introduction
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Many plant extracts with antimycobacterial activity have been identified in recent years. The current study investigated seventeen (17) ethanolic plant extracts for their antimycobacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties.
Methods
The ethanolic extracts were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and their cytotoxicity on both the human leukemic monocyte lymphoma (U937) and human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). Furthermore, their antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the radical scavenging potential against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Additionally, selected samples were tested for their hepatoprotective activity through acetaminophen induced toxicity of HepG2 cells. A cytokine analysis of the selected extracts was investigated in U937 cells.
Results
Heteromorpha arborescens, Sutherlandia frutescens, Eucalyptus deglupta, and Plectranthus neochilus showed the most effective antimycobacterial activity, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 µg/ml. Heteromorpha arborescens showed cytotoxicity on both cell lines with a fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 40 ± 4.30 µg/ml and 72.40 ± 1.50 µg/ml in U937 and HepG2 cells, respectively. Eucalyptus deglupta and Melianthus major had the most effective antioxidant capacity with IC50 values of 1.33 ± 0.50 µg/ml and 1.32 ± 0.70 µg/ml, respectively. Searsia lancea (¼ IC50) showed significant hepatoprotection protection (56.28 ± 5.95). Increased concentrations of interleukin- 12 (IL-12) in U937 cells were observed when the cells were exposed to varied concentrations of both Eucalyptus deglupta and Sutherlandia frutescens.
Conclusion
Eucalyptus deglupta, Searsia lancea and Sutherlandia frutescens showed good antimycobacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activity. These plants may be considered for their potential to be used as adjuvants for tuberculosis treatment in preclinical and clinical studies.
{"title":"Adjuvant properties of selected medicinal plants for tuberculosis treatment","authors":"Anna-Mari Kok , Debra Meyer , Namrita Lall","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Tuberculosis is a disease caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>M.tb</em>)<em>.</em> Many plant extracts with antimycobacterial activity have been identified in recent years. The current study investigated seventeen (17) ethanolic plant extracts for their antimycobacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The ethanolic extracts were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> H37Rv, and their cytotoxicity on both the human leukemic monocyte lymphoma (U937) and human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). Furthermore, their antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the radical scavenging potential against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Additionally, selected samples were tested for their hepatoprotective activity through acetaminophen induced toxicity of HepG2 cells. A cytokine analysis of the selected extracts was investigated in U937 cells.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Heteromorpha arborescens, Sutherlandia frutescens, Eucalyptus deglupta</em>, and <em>Plectranthus neochilus</em> showed the most effective antimycobacterial activity, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 µg/ml. <em>Heteromorpha arborescens</em> showed cytotoxicity on both cell lines with a fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) of 40 ± 4.30 µg/ml and 72.40 ± 1.50 µg/ml in U937 and HepG2 cells, respectively. <em>Eucalyptus deglupta</em> and <em>Melianthus major</em> had the most effective antioxidant capacity with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 1.33 ± 0.50 µg/ml and 1.32 ± 0.70 µg/ml, respectively. <em>Searsia lancea</em> (¼ IC<sub>50</sub>) showed significant hepatoprotection protection (56.28 <strong>±</strong> 5.95). Increased concentrations of interleukin- 12 (IL-12) in U937 cells were observed when the cells were exposed to varied concentrations of both <em>Eucalyptus deglupta</em> and <em>Sutherlandia frutescens</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>Eucalyptus deglupta, Searsia lancea</em> and <em>Sutherlandia frutescens</em> showed good antimycobacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activity. These plants may be considered for their potential to be used as adjuvants for tuberculosis treatment in preclinical and clinical studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 555-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.034
Sidharth Sharma , Shagun Sharma , Pankaj Kumar
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) hold significant economic and nutritional value, yet their recalcitrant nature poses challenges for in vitro culture establishment. Given the limitations of conventional propagation methods, this study aimed to optimize a protocol for direct plant regeneration using the embryonic axis as an explant source. We systematically optimized explant pre-treatment, nutrient medium composition, and plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations. The highest morphogenetic response of 76.63 ± 1.93 % was achieved within 4.88 ± 0.44 days for explants pre-treated at 4 °C for 10 days and cultured on Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L GA₃. Comparative analysis of three nutrient media namely Murashige and Skoog (MS), DKW, and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) revealed that MS medium induced the fastest in vitro response (5.21 ± 0.29 days). In contrast, WPM required the longest induction time (10.33 ± 0.19 days). Whole plant formation was most efficient on MS medium (59.96 ± 3.33 %) and least efficient on WPM (3.10 ± 0.22 %). For shoot formation, DKW medium was superior (55.50 ± 4.85 %), while WPM was the least effective (10.55 ± 0.11 %). Root formation was most successful on MS medium (75.50 ± 4.85 %), contrasting with the lowest rate observed on WPM (8.97 ± 1.19 %). Additionally, the influence of various PGR combinations on MS medium was evaluated using the embryonic axis as an explant source. The highest regeneration rate (74.40 ± 2.20 %) was observed with BAP (0.1 mg/L), GA₃ (2.0 mg/L), and IBA (0.1 mg/L), whereas the lowest rate (2.20 ± 1.10 %) was found with BAP (1.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.1 mg/L). These results underscore the significant impact of nutrient and PGR combinations on morphogenic responses. Following successful in vitro shoot and root induction, the regenerated plants were acclimatized to external environmental conditions, demonstrating the potential of the embryonic axis as an exceptional explant source for walnut micropropagation. This optimized protocol enhances in vitro culture establishment and addresses the limitations of traditional propagation methods facilitating the production of acclimatized walnut plants.
{"title":"In vitro establishment of walnut (Juglans regia L.) from the embryonic axis with customized nutrient media and synergy of growth regulators","authors":"Sidharth Sharma , Shagun Sharma , Pankaj Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Walnuts (<em>Juglans regia</em> L.) hold significant economic and nutritional value, yet their recalcitrant nature poses challenges for <em>in vitro</em> culture establishment. Given the limitations of conventional propagation methods, this study aimed to optimize a protocol for direct plant regeneration using the embryonic axis as an explant source. We systematically optimized explant pre-treatment, nutrient medium composition, and plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations. The highest morphogenetic response of 76.63 ± 1.93 % was achieved within 4.88 ± 0.44 days for explants pre-treated at 4 °C for 10 days and cultured on Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L GA₃. Comparative analysis of three nutrient media namely Murashige and Skoog (MS), DKW, and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) revealed that MS medium induced the fastest <em>in vitro</em> response (5.21 ± 0.29 days). In contrast, WPM required the longest induction time (10.33 ± 0.19 days). Whole plant formation was most efficient on MS medium (59.96 ± 3.33 %) and least efficient on WPM (3.10 ± 0.22 %). For shoot formation, DKW medium was superior (55.50 ± 4.85 %), while WPM was the least effective (10.55 ± 0.11 %). Root formation was most successful on MS medium (75.50 ± 4.85 %), contrasting with the lowest rate observed on WPM (8.97 ± 1.19 %). Additionally, the influence of various PGR combinations on MS medium was evaluated using the embryonic axis as an explant source. The highest regeneration rate (74.40 ± 2.20 %) was observed with BAP (0.1 mg/L), GA₃ (2.0 mg/L), and IBA (0.1 mg/L), whereas the lowest rate (2.20 ± 1.10 %) was found with BAP (1.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.1 mg/L). These results underscore the significant impact of nutrient and PGR combinations on morphogenic responses. Following successful <em>in vitro</em> shoot and root induction, the regenerated plants were acclimatized to external environmental conditions, demonstrating the potential of the embryonic axis as an exceptional explant source for walnut micropropagation. This optimized protocol enhances <em>in vitro</em> culture establishment and addresses the limitations of traditional propagation methods facilitating the production of acclimatized walnut plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 598-603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.020
Urooj Ansar Mughal , Mujahid Farid , Wajiha Sarfraz , Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud , Abdul Malik , Zaki ul Zaman Asam , Mohsin Abbas , Muhammad Zubair , Sabiha Fatima , Noreen Khalid
Increasing Wastewater (WW) contamination, especially with heavy metals like nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), poses serious environmental challenges. Phytoremediation offers a sustainable and cost-effective method to address these issues. This study aimed to enhance the phytoremediation capacity of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by using moringa leaf extract (LE) and zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs) to improve heavy metal removal from tannery wastewater. A constructed wetland system was developed, exposing M. chamomilla to varying WW concentrations (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 100 %). LE and ZVINPs were applied individually and in combination to assess their impact on the plant's phytoextraction capacity. Key agronomic traits, chlorophyll content, and oxidative stress markers were measured to evaluate the effects.
The results showed a decline in agronomic traits and chlorophyll content with increasing WW concentration. However, these were significantly improved under LE and ZVINP treatments, either alone or in combination. ZVINPs demonstrated greater enhancement in growth, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress reduction compared to LE. The combined application at 100 % WW led to the highest accumulation of Pb, Ni, and Cd in the plant's leaves, roots, and shoots. For instance, Pb in leaves (33.566±0.513 to 41.7±0.91 mg/kg), roots (82.2 ± 1.31 to 93.733 ± 1.418 mg/kg), and shoots (52 ± 1 to 66.2667 ± 1.419 mg/kg); Ni in leaves (3.223 ± 0.0907 to 4.407 ± 0.090 mg/kg), roots (8.273 ± 0.064 to 9.413 ± 0.102 mg/kg), and shoots (6.22 ± 0.0907 to 7.927 ± 0.105 mg/kg); and Cd in leaves (5.007 ± 0.101 to 6.39 ± 0.062 mg/kg), roots (9.207 ± 0.257 to 12.4 ± 0.1 mg/kg), and shoots (8.14 ± 0.122 to 9.967 ± 0.153 mg/kg). The study concluded that combining ZVINPs and LE significantly enhanced the phytoremediation efficiency of M. chamomilla. This approach also improved the plant's morpho-physiological traits, offering a promising strategy for reducing metal pollutants in wastewater.
{"title":"Enhancing phytoremediation in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) using moringa extract and zero-valent iron nanoparticles","authors":"Urooj Ansar Mughal , Mujahid Farid , Wajiha Sarfraz , Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud , Abdul Malik , Zaki ul Zaman Asam , Mohsin Abbas , Muhammad Zubair , Sabiha Fatima , Noreen Khalid","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.11.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing Wastewater (WW) contamination, especially with heavy metals like nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), poses serious environmental challenges. Phytoremediation offers a sustainable and cost-effective method to address these issues. This study aimed to enhance the phytoremediation capacity of Chamomile (<em>Matricaria chamomilla</em> L.) by using moringa leaf extract (LE) and zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs) to improve heavy metal removal from tannery wastewater. A constructed wetland system was developed, exposing <em>M. chamomilla</em> to varying WW concentrations (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 100 %). LE and ZVINPs were applied individually and in combination to assess their impact on the plant's phytoextraction capacity. Key agronomic traits, chlorophyll content, and oxidative stress markers were measured to evaluate the effects.</div><div>The results showed a decline in agronomic traits and chlorophyll content with increasing WW concentration. However, these were significantly improved under LE and ZVINP treatments, either alone or in combination. ZVINPs demonstrated greater enhancement in growth, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress reduction compared to LE. The combined application at 100 % WW led to the highest accumulation of Pb, Ni, and Cd in the plant's leaves, roots, and shoots. For instance, Pb in leaves (33.566±0.513 to 41.7±0.91 mg/kg), roots (82.2 ± 1.31 to 93.733 ± 1.418 mg/kg), and shoots (52 ± 1 to 66.2667 ± 1.419 mg/kg); Ni in leaves (3.223 ± 0.0907 to 4.407 ± 0.090 mg/kg), roots (8.273 ± 0.064 to 9.413 ± 0.102 mg/kg), and shoots (6.22 ± 0.0907 to 7.927 ± 0.105 mg/kg); and Cd in leaves (5.007 ± 0.101 to 6.39 ± 0.062 mg/kg), roots (9.207 ± 0.257 to 12.4 ± 0.1 mg/kg), and shoots (8.14 ± 0.122 to 9.967 ± 0.153 mg/kg). The study concluded that combining ZVINPs and LE significantly enhanced the phytoremediation efficiency of <em>M. chamomilla</em>. This approach also improved the plant's morpho-physiological traits, offering a promising strategy for reducing metal pollutants in wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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