steel research international最新文献_第2页

Densities, Surface Tensions, and Viscosities of Molten High‐Silicon Electrical Steels with Different Silicon Contents 不同含硅量的熔融高硅电工钢的密度、表面张力和粘度

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400237

Lukas Neubert, Matheus Roberto Bellé, Taisei Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi Nishi, Hidemasa Yamano, Frank Ahrenhold, Olena Volkova

Density, surface tension, and viscosity of various liquid electrical steels are measured at different temperatures, varying in their silicon content between 3 and 6 mass%. Density and surface tension are determined using the maximum bubble pressure method, while viscosity is investigated comparatively using a vibrating finger viscometer and an oscillating crucible viscometer. The results are compared with models known from the literature. Based on this, the density of the steel [ρ] = kg m−3 and the surface tension [σ] = N m−1 can be described as a function of temperature [θ] = °C and silicon content [Si] = mass% using the equations: , . There is a lack of experimental data in the literature for high‐temperature thermophysical properties for electrical steels. This underlines once again the novelty and significance of this study, as the determined thermophysical properties are essential for a wide range of applications. For instance, they are crucial in the production of metallic powders for additive manufacturing by atomization to adjust the properties of the powders precisely. The findings are also important for steelmaking itself, as the corrosion behavior of refractory material can be better determined.

在不同温度下测量了各种液态电工钢的密度、表面张力和粘度，其硅含量在 3 至 6 质量%之间。密度和表面张力是用最大气泡压力法测定的，而粘度则是用振动手指粘度计和振动坩埚粘度计进行比较研究的。研究结果与文献中已知的模型进行了比较。在此基础上，钢的密度 [ρ] = kg m-3 和表面张力 [σ] = N m-1 可以用公式描述为温度 [θ] = °C 和硅含量 [Si] = 质量%的函数：, .文献中缺乏电工钢高温热物理性能的实验数据。这再次强调了本研究的新颖性和重要性，因为所测定的热物理性质对于广泛的应用至关重要。例如，在通过雾化生产用于增材制造的金属粉末时，它们对于精确调整粉末特性至关重要。研究结果对炼钢本身也很重要，因为可以更好地确定耐火材料的腐蚀行为。

{"title":"Densities, Surface Tensions, and Viscosities of Molten High‐Silicon Electrical Steels with Different Silicon Contents","authors":"Lukas Neubert, Matheus Roberto Bellé, Taisei Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi Nishi, Hidemasa Yamano, Frank Ahrenhold, Olena Volkova","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400237","url":null,"abstract":"Density, surface tension, and viscosity of various liquid electrical steels are measured at different temperatures, varying in their silicon content between 3 and 6 mass%. Density and surface tension are determined using the maximum bubble pressure method, while viscosity is investigated comparatively using a vibrating finger viscometer and an oscillating crucible viscometer. The results are compared with models known from the literature. Based on this, the density of the steel [ρ] = kg m−3 and the surface tension [σ] = N m−1 can be described as a function of temperature [θ] = °C and silicon content [Si] = mass% using the equations: , . There is a lack of experimental data in the literature for high‐temperature thermophysical properties for electrical steels. This underlines once again the novelty and significance of this study, as the determined thermophysical properties are essential for a wide range of applications. For instance, they are crucial in the production of metallic powders for additive manufacturing by atomization to adjust the properties of the powders precisely. The findings are also important for steelmaking itself, as the corrosion behavior of refractory material can be better determined.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Physically Based Mean Field Model for Strain‐Induced Precipitation and Recrystallization in High‐Strength Low‐Alloy Steels 高强度低合金钢应变诱发沉淀和再结晶的物理平均场模型

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400493

Maria‐Ioanna T. Tzini, Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos

A physically based mean field model developed to predict the microstructural evolution during the thermomechanical control process of X70 high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) steels is presented. The physically based mean field model incorporates a new integrated precipitation and recrystallization model developed to describe the interaction between strain‐induced precipitation of niobium and titanium carbonitrides and static recrystallization of austenite. The integrated model considers an effective Zener pinning force for the multimodal particle size distribution (PSD) of precipitates, an effective grain‐boundary mobility for the solute drag effect of niobium, and an inhomogeneous stored energy for austenite recrystallization. Given a processing route, the model predicts the variation of austenite grain size, recrystallized and precipitated fractions, and evolution of PSDs of precipitates. Model predictions reveal an excellent agreement with experimental grain size measurements and a final average ferrite grain size of 3.81 μm is achieved. The proposed model considers the heterogeneous nature of recrystallization and precipitation and can contribute to the process design of the HSLA and microalloyed steels.

本文介绍了一种基于平均场的物理模型，用于预测 X70 高强度低合金钢 (HSLA) 热机械控制过程中的微观结构演变。该基于物理的平均场模型包含一个新的析出和再结晶综合模型，用于描述应变诱导的铌和钛碳氮化物析出与奥氏体静态再结晶之间的相互作用。该综合模型考虑了析出物的多模态粒度分布 (PSD) 的有效齐纳引力、铌的溶质拖曳效应的有效晶界移动性以及奥氏体再结晶的非均质储能。在给定加工路线的情况下，模型预测了奥氏体晶粒大小、再结晶和析出部分的变化，以及析出物 PSD 的演变。模型预测结果与实验晶粒尺寸测量结果非常吻合，最终铁素体平均晶粒尺寸为 3.81 μm。所提出的模型考虑了再结晶和析出的异质性，有助于 HSLA 和微合金钢的工艺设计。

{"title":"A Physically Based Mean Field Model for Strain‐Induced Precipitation and Recrystallization in High‐Strength Low‐Alloy Steels","authors":"Maria‐Ioanna T. Tzini, Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400493","url":null,"abstract":"A physically based mean field model developed to predict the microstructural evolution during the thermomechanical control process of X70 high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) steels is presented. The physically based mean field model incorporates a new integrated precipitation and recrystallization model developed to describe the interaction between strain‐induced precipitation of niobium and titanium carbonitrides and static recrystallization of austenite. The integrated model considers an effective Zener pinning force for the multimodal particle size distribution (PSD) of precipitates, an effective grain‐boundary mobility for the solute drag effect of niobium, and an inhomogeneous stored energy for austenite recrystallization. Given a processing route, the model predicts the variation of austenite grain size, recrystallized and precipitated fractions, and evolution of PSDs of precipitates. Model predictions reveal an excellent agreement with experimental grain size measurements and a final average ferrite grain size of 3.81 μm is achieved. The proposed model considers the heterogeneous nature of recrystallization and precipitation and can contribute to the process design of the HSLA and microalloyed steels.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal Decomposition of Hematite Ore Fines in Air 赤铁矿粉在空气中的热分解

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400200

Raja A. Anand, Manish M. Pande, Deepoo Kumar, Nurni N. Viswanathan

Thermal decomposition of hematite plays an important role during pelletization and the iron fine‐based smelting processes such as HIsarna and flash shaft smelter. The temperature at which pure hematite decomposition occurs depends on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gaseous atmosphere. In the air, that is, at = 0.21, the hematite decomposes at 1386 °C. In the present work, for an ore of a given composition, the effect of gangue on the thermal decomposition of hematite is experimentally determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A decomposition temperature of 1320 °C is found in the platinum crucible after analyzing the TGA curve. Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out using FactSage8.1 to investigate the effect of gangue on the stability of hematite. Thermodynamics calculations confirm that the hematite present in the ore decomposes at a lower temperature with the increase in the gangue content. Additionally, if gangue content can affect the temperature at which dissociation of hematite occurs, it is expected that the crucible material can also affect the dissociation. Interestingly most of the reported TGA experiments are performed either in alumina crucibles or it was not reported in the literature. Therefore, the effect of crucible materials, namely alumina and platinum, is also investigated.

赤铁矿的热分解在球团矿和铁精矿冶炼过程（如 HIsarna 和闪速竖炉冶炼）中发挥着重要作用。纯赤铁矿分解的温度取决于气体环境中的氧分压。在空气中，即 0.21 时，赤铁矿的分解温度为 1386 °C。在本研究中，对于给定成分的矿石，使用热重分析法（TGA）通过实验确定了煤矸石对赤铁矿热分解的影响。分析 TGA 曲线后发现，铂坩埚中的分解温度为 1320 °C。使用 FactSage8.1 进行了热力学计算，以研究煤矸石对赤铁矿稳定性的影响。热力学计算证实，随着煤矸石含量的增加，矿石中赤铁矿的分解温度会降低。此外，如果煤矸石含量会影响赤铁矿解离的温度，那么坩埚材料预计也会影响解离。有趣的是，大多数报道的 TGA 实验都是在氧化铝坩埚中进行的，或者文献中没有报道。因此，我们也对坩埚材料（即氧化铝和铂）的影响进行了研究。

{"title":"Thermal Decomposition of Hematite Ore Fines in Air","authors":"Raja A. Anand, Manish M. Pande, Deepoo Kumar, Nurni N. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400200","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal decomposition of hematite plays an important role during pelletization and the iron fine‐based smelting processes such as HIsarna and flash shaft smelter. The temperature at which pure hematite decomposition occurs depends on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gaseous atmosphere. In the air, that is, at = 0.21, the hematite decomposes at 1386 °C. In the present work, for an ore of a given composition, the effect of gangue on the thermal decomposition of hematite is experimentally determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A decomposition temperature of 1320 °C is found in the platinum crucible after analyzing the TGA curve. Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out using FactSage8.1 to investigate the effect of gangue on the stability of hematite. Thermodynamics calculations confirm that the hematite present in the ore decomposes at a lower temperature with the increase in the gangue content. Additionally, if gangue content can affect the temperature at which dissociation of hematite occurs, it is expected that the crucible material can also affect the dissociation. Interestingly most of the reported TGA experiments are performed either in alumina crucibles or it was not reported in the literature. Therefore, the effect of crucible materials, namely alumina and platinum, is also investigated.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultra‐Thin 3.5%Si Steel with Both Magnetic Properties and Mechanical Properties Produced by Different Process Routes of Large‐Scale Production 通过不同工艺路线大规模生产兼具磁性能和机械性能的 3.5%Si 超薄钢材

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400431

Yuan Lin, Xiao‐Ge Pei, Hui Wei, Hong‐Xia Wang, Hui‐Hu Lu, Jian‐Xiang Zhao, Xiang Chen, Xiang‐Yu Gu, Shi‐Jia Wang, Li‐Qiang Xue, Wen‐Kang Zhang, Yi‐De Wang

The microstructural and textural evolution, as well as the recrystallization kinetics under different cold‐rolling methods and their influencing mechanism on the properties of the thin‐gauge 3.5%Si nonoriented silicon steel, are investigated by electron backscattering diffraction, X‐ray diffractometer, tensile, and magnetic properties test. The results indicate that compared with the primary cold‐rolling process, the reduction rate of secondary cold‐rolling process is lower (58.3%), and many shear bands are formed in the coarse cold‐rolled sheet, which leads to the formation of strong Goss and cube texture after recrystallization annealing. Owing to the high annealing temperature, the average grain size of finished annealed sheet is little different under different cold‐rolling processes, so the mechanical properties and high‐frequency iron loss are basically the same. The iron loss of the secondary cold‐rolled products decreases with an increase in frequency, and the improvement in the iron loss of the high field (1.5 T) becomes larger than that of the low field (1.0 T). Given the high anisotropy index of the Goss texture, the iron loss anisotropy of the secondary cold‐rolled sheet is higher. Considering the magnetic and mechanical properties, the optimum process is the secondary cold rolling with the intermediate annealing temperature of 900 °C.

通过电子反向散射衍射、X 射线衍射仪、拉伸和磁性能测试，研究了不同冷轧方法下薄规格 3.5%Si 无取向硅钢的显微组织和质构演变、再结晶动力学及其对性能的影响机理。结果表明，与一次冷轧工艺相比，二次冷轧工艺的还原率较低（58.3%），粗冷轧薄板中形成了许多剪切带，这导致再结晶退火后形成了强烈的 Goss 和立方体纹理。由于退火温度较高，不同冷轧工艺下退火成品板的平均晶粒尺寸差别不大，因此机械性能和高频铁损基本相同。二次冷轧产品的铁损随频率的增加而降低，高磁场（1.5 T）对铁损的改善大于低磁场（1.0 T）。鉴于 Goss 纹理的各向异性指数较高，二次冷轧薄板的铁损各向异性较高。考虑到磁性和机械性能，最佳工艺是中间退火温度为 900 °C 的二次冷轧。

{"title":"Ultra‐Thin 3.5%Si Steel with Both Magnetic Properties and Mechanical Properties Produced by Different Process Routes of Large‐Scale Production","authors":"Yuan Lin, Xiao‐Ge Pei, Hui Wei, Hong‐Xia Wang, Hui‐Hu Lu, Jian‐Xiang Zhao, Xiang Chen, Xiang‐Yu Gu, Shi‐Jia Wang, Li‐Qiang Xue, Wen‐Kang Zhang, Yi‐De Wang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400431","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructural and textural evolution, as well as the recrystallization kinetics under different cold‐rolling methods and their influencing mechanism on the properties of the thin‐gauge 3.5%Si nonoriented silicon steel, are investigated by electron backscattering diffraction, X‐ray diffractometer, tensile, and magnetic properties test. The results indicate that compared with the primary cold‐rolling process, the reduction rate of secondary cold‐rolling process is lower (58.3%), and many shear bands are formed in the coarse cold‐rolled sheet, which leads to the formation of strong Goss and cube texture after recrystallization annealing. Owing to the high annealing temperature, the average grain size of finished annealed sheet is little different under different cold‐rolling processes, so the mechanical properties and high‐frequency iron loss are basically the same. The iron loss of the secondary cold‐rolled products decreases with an increase in frequency, and the improvement in the iron loss of the high field (1.5 T) becomes larger than that of the low field (1.0 T). Given the high anisotropy index of the Goss texture, the iron loss anisotropy of the secondary cold‐rolled sheet is higher. Considering the magnetic and mechanical properties, the optimum process is the secondary cold rolling with the intermediate annealing temperature of 900 °C.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing Efficiency in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: A Multi‐Objective Optimization Approach Using the Non‐Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II 提高电弧炉炼钢效率：使用非支配排序遗传算法 II 的多目标优化方法

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400370

Xiaoyu Yi, Qiang Yue, Zhihe Dou, Qingcai Bu

To realize the overall optimization of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking system, a multi‐objective optimization model including smelting cost, energy consumption per ton of steel, and carbon emission per ton of steel is established. The model is optimized by multi‐objective genetic algorithm to improve the charging structure. At the same time, the data in the optimal solution set are used to analyze the influence of the change of scrap ratio on smelting cost, carbon emission per ton of steel, and smelting cycle. According to the actual working conditions and the demand of steel plant, the optimized results are selected. Compared with the actual production data, the proportion of scrap steel increases to 50.9%, the ratio of molten iron decreases to 38.8%, the smelting cost per ton of steel decreases by 12 Yuan, the energy consumption per ton of steel decreases by 4%, the carbon emission per ton of steel significantly decreases by 13%, and the smelting cycle is shortened by 2 min, but at the cost of increasing the power consumption per ton of steel. The optimized results and the analysis of the change of scrap ratio provide reference for the optimization of EAF steelmaking system.

为实现电弧炉炼钢系统的整体优化，建立了包括冶炼成本、吨钢能耗和吨钢碳排放在内的多目标优化模型。通过多目标遗传算法对模型进行优化，以改善装料结构。同时，利用最优解集中的数据分析废钢比变化对冶炼成本、吨钢碳排放和冶炼周期的影响。根据钢铁厂的实际工况和需求，选出优化结果。与实际生产数据相比，废钢比例增加到 50.9%，铁水比例降低到 38.8%，吨钢冶炼成本降低 12 元，吨钢能耗降低 4%，吨钢碳排放大幅降低 13%，冶炼周期缩短 2 min，但代价是吨钢电耗增加。优化结果和废钢比变化分析为电弧炉炼钢系统优化提供了参考。

{"title":"Enhancing Efficiency in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: A Multi‐Objective Optimization Approach Using the Non‐Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II","authors":"Xiaoyu Yi, Qiang Yue, Zhihe Dou, Qingcai Bu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400370","url":null,"abstract":"To realize the overall optimization of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking system, a multi‐objective optimization model including smelting cost, energy consumption per ton of steel, and carbon emission per ton of steel is established. The model is optimized by multi‐objective genetic algorithm to improve the charging structure. At the same time, the data in the optimal solution set are used to analyze the influence of the change of scrap ratio on smelting cost, carbon emission per ton of steel, and smelting cycle. According to the actual working conditions and the demand of steel plant, the optimized results are selected. Compared with the actual production data, the proportion of scrap steel increases to 50.9%, the ratio of molten iron decreases to 38.8%, the smelting cost per ton of steel decreases by 12 Yuan, the energy consumption per ton of steel decreases by 4%, the carbon emission per ton of steel significantly decreases by 13%, and the smelting cycle is shortened by 2 min, but at the cost of increasing the power consumption per ton of steel. The optimized results and the analysis of the change of scrap ratio provide reference for the optimization of EAF steelmaking system.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Overview on Additive Manufacturing of Duplex Stainless Steels: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Resistance, Postheat Treatment, and Future Perspectives 双相不锈钢增材制造概述：微观结构、机械性能、耐腐蚀性、后热处理及未来展望

IF 1.9 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400463

Sanjeevi Prakash Karunanithi, Rajesh Kannan Arasappan, Siva Shanmugam Nallathambi

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a cutting-edge technique for constructing intricate components with unique microstructural features and strength comparable to wrought alloys. Due to their exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, duplex stainless steels (DSS) are used in a wide range of critical applications. Over the past several years, a substantial body of research has been conducted on the AM of DSS. In-depth knowledge is required to understand the complete benefits of the AM process. This review overviews the AM-processed DSS parts based on process-specific microstructural changes, mechanical behavior, electrochemical performance, and postheat treatment processes based on the classifications of directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion AM techniques along with future perspectives. Major challenges in AM of DSS are optimizing the austenite–ferrite fractions and controlling the formations of deleterious phases. This review will be extensively useful to researchers and industries working in the AM of DSS.

快速成型制造（AM）是一种尖端技术，用于制造具有独特微观结构特征和媲美锻造合金强度的复杂部件。由于双相不锈钢（DSS）具有优异的耐腐蚀性和机械性能，因此被广泛应用于各种关键领域。在过去几年中，对双相不锈钢的 AM 进行了大量研究。要了解 AM 工艺的全部优点，就必须深入了解 AM 工艺。本综述根据定向能沉积和粉末床熔融 AM 技术的分类，概述了基于特定工艺的微观结构变化、机械性能、电化学性能和后热处理工艺的 DSS 零件 AM 加工以及未来展望。定向能沉积和粉末床熔融 AM 技术的主要挑战是优化奥氏体-铁素体分数和控制有害相的形成。这篇综述将对从事 DSS AM 的研究人员和行业大有裨益。

{"title":"An Overview on Additive Manufacturing of Duplex Stainless Steels: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Resistance, Postheat Treatment, and Future Perspectives","authors":"Sanjeevi Prakash Karunanithi, Rajesh Kannan Arasappan, Siva Shanmugam Nallathambi","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400463","DOIUrl":"10.1002/srin.202400463","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Additive manufacturing (AM) is a cutting-edge technique for constructing intricate components with unique microstructural features and strength comparable to wrought alloys. Due to their exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, duplex stainless steels (DSS) are used in a wide range of critical applications. Over the past several years, a substantial body of research has been conducted on the AM of DSS. In-depth knowledge is required to understand the complete benefits of the AM process. This review overviews the AM-processed DSS parts based on process-specific microstructural changes, mechanical behavior, electrochemical performance, and postheat treatment processes based on the classifications of directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion AM techniques along with future perspectives. Major challenges in AM of DSS are optimizing the austenite–ferrite fractions and controlling the formations of deleterious phases. This review will be extensively useful to researchers and industries working in the AM of DSS.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"95 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of P2O5 on the Break Temperature and Phase Composition of Slag from the Double Slag Converter Steelmaking Process P2O5 对双渣转炉炼钢过程中炉渣断裂温度和相组成的影响研究

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400507

Gao Yang, Xiangning Meng, Rui Yang, Ruiqi Zeng, Wei Li

Herein, the influence of P2O5 on the break temperature and phase composition of slag from the double slag converter steelmaking process is investigated comprehensively. The composition and micromorphology of crystallized phase are analyzed by X‐Ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer. The results reveal that the break temperature of slag increases owing to an increase of P2O5 content. When the P2O5 content is 2%, the break temperature is 1198 °C, and it increases to 1209 °C for the slag with 4% P2O5. With the increase of P2O5 content from 2% to 8%, the activation energy for viscous flow shows an upward trend. The crystallized phase at the same temperature with different P2O5 contents remains nearly unchanged, but the diffraction peak intensity is different. When the P2O5 content remains constant, a decrease in temperature results in significant changes in the micromorphology of crystallized phases. The present results improve the knowledge about the P‐rich slag, and are also significant in optimizing the double slag converter steelmaking process.

本文全面研究了 P2O5 对双渣转炉炼钢过程中炉渣断裂温度和相组成的影响。利用 X 射线衍射仪和配备能量色散光谱仪的扫描电子显微镜分析了结晶相的组成和微观形态。结果表明，熔渣的断裂温度随 P2O5 含量的增加而升高。当 P2O5 含量为 2% 时，熔渣的断裂温度为 1198 ℃，当 P2O5 含量为 4% 时，熔渣的断裂温度升至 1209 ℃。随着 P2O5 含量从 2% 增加到 8%，粘流活化能呈上升趋势。在相同温度下，不同 P2O5 含量下的结晶相几乎保持不变，但衍射峰强度不同。当 P2O5 含量不变时，温度降低会导致结晶相的微观形态发生显著变化。本研究结果增进了人们对富 P 渣的了解，对优化双渣转炉炼钢工艺也具有重要意义。

{"title":"Investigation of P2O5 on the Break Temperature and Phase Composition of Slag from the Double Slag Converter Steelmaking Process","authors":"Gao Yang, Xiangning Meng, Rui Yang, Ruiqi Zeng, Wei Li","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400507","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, the influence of P2O5 on the break temperature and phase composition of slag from the double slag converter steelmaking process is investigated comprehensively. The composition and micromorphology of crystallized phase are analyzed by X‐Ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer. The results reveal that the break temperature of slag increases owing to an increase of P2O5 content. When the P2O5 content is 2%, the break temperature is 1198 °C, and it increases to 1209 °C for the slag with 4% P2O5. With the increase of P2O5 content from 2% to 8%, the activation energy for viscous flow shows an upward trend. The crystallized phase at the same temperature with different P2O5 contents remains nearly unchanged, but the diffraction peak intensity is different. When the P2O5 content remains constant, a decrease in temperature results in significant changes in the micromorphology of crystallized phases. The present results improve the knowledge about the P‐rich slag, and are also significant in optimizing the double slag converter steelmaking process.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-Temperature Oxidation of Fe–Si Alloys in Atmospheres Containing 2.0% SO2 + 5.0% O2 含 2.0% SO2 + 5.0% O2 的大气中铁硅合金的高温氧化作用

IF 1.9 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400547

Guangming Cao, Wentao Song, Hengxiang Yu, Yongcheng Bi, Zhenyu Liu

The microstructure and composition of the scales formed are examined after being exposed to atmosphere containing 2.0% SO₂ + 5.0% O₂ for 60 min in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C. The composition of the scale post-oxidation primarily varies with temperature rather than silicon content. FeS exhibits a melting temperature of 950 °C, whereas FeSi₂O₄ melts at 1150 °C. Two mechanisms for FeS formation are proposed. Eutectoid transformation of molten FeS occurs during subsequent cooling, resulting in lamellar FeS + Fe–S–O compounds. Above 1150 °C, the melt of Fe₂SiO₄ further increases the Fe diffusion rate. This dual-liquefaction mechanism involving FeS and Fe₂SiO₄ accounts for the anomalous oxidative mass gain observed in Fe–Si alloys exposed to a sulfur-containing atmosphere.

在 900-1200 °C 的温度范围内，将鳞片置于含 2.0% SO2 + 5.0% O2 的大气中 60 分钟后，对鳞片的微观结构和成分进行了检测。氧化后鳞片的成分主要随温度而变化，而不是随硅含量而变化。FeS 的熔化温度为 950 ℃，而 FeSi2O4 的熔化温度为 1150 ℃。提出了两种 FeS 形成机制。熔融 FeS 在随后的冷却过程中发生共晶转变，形成片状 FeS + Fe-S-O 化合物。在 1150 °C以上，Fe2SiO4熔体进一步提高了铁的扩散速率。这种涉及 FeS 和 Fe2SiO4 的双重液化机制解释了在暴露于含硫大气中的铁硅合金中观察到的异常氧化增量。

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of Biochar and Coke Blends for Slag Foaming Applications in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking 评估生物炭和焦炭混合物在电弧炉炼钢中的炉渣发泡应用

IF 2.2 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400518

Christopher DiGiovanni, Delin Li, Ka Wing Ng, Xianai Huang

The electric arc furnace (EAF) is a promising approach to decarbonize the iron and steel industry. In EAF steelmaking, injecting carbon into the molten slag remains crucial for creating a foamy slag, which enhances the energy efficiency of the process and protects the furnace. Biochar (BC) has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional fossil carbon for slag foaming. However, fully replacing fossil carbon with BC poses technical challenges. In this study, the partial replacement of fossil carbon with BC is considered, in the form of a petroleum coke (petcoke) and BC blend. Interestingly, a blend of petcoke and BC matches or possibly outperforms either carbon type individually, due to a synergistic effect. Using an induction furnace to simulate EAF conditions, a synthetic slag is melted, and injection carbon is added into the slag layer. The slag foaming effectiveness of petcoke, BC, and three blend cases are studied. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the BC is more reactive with slag compared to petcoke, which leads to an initial high intensity of CO generation. However, the CO generation was not continuous or consistent. All experimental results are combined to propose a mechanistic description of the slag foaming behavior of BC blends.

电弧炉（EAF）是实现钢铁工业脱碳的一种前景广阔的方法。在电弧炉炼钢过程中，向熔渣中注入碳对于形成泡沫状熔渣仍然至关重要，因为泡沫状熔渣可以提高工艺的能效并保护熔炉。生物炭（BC）已成为传统化石碳在熔渣发泡方面的潜在替代品。然而，用 BC 完全替代化石碳在技术上存在挑战。在本研究中，考虑了用 BC 部分替代化石碳，即石油焦（petcoke）和 BC 混合物的形式。有趣的是，由于协同效应，石油焦和萃取碳的混合物与单独使用其中一种碳的效果相当，甚至可能优于单独使用其中一种碳的效果。使用感应炉模拟 EAF 条件，熔化合成炉渣，并在炉渣层中加入喷射碳。研究了石油焦、BC 和三种混合物的炉渣发泡效果。热重分析表明，与石油焦相比，BC 与炉渣的反应性更强，从而导致最初高强度的 CO 生成。然而，CO 的生成并不连续或一致。综合所有实验结果，提出了 BC 混合物渣发泡行为的机理描述。

{"title":"Evaluation of Biochar and Coke Blends for Slag Foaming Applications in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking","authors":"Christopher DiGiovanni, Delin Li, Ka Wing Ng, Xianai Huang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400518","url":null,"abstract":"The electric arc furnace (EAF) is a promising approach to decarbonize the iron and steel industry. In EAF steelmaking, injecting carbon into the molten slag remains crucial for creating a foamy slag, which enhances the energy efficiency of the process and protects the furnace. Biochar (BC) has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional fossil carbon for slag foaming. However, fully replacing fossil carbon with BC poses technical challenges. In this study, the partial replacement of fossil carbon with BC is considered, in the form of a petroleum coke (petcoke) and BC blend. Interestingly, a blend of petcoke and BC matches or possibly outperforms either carbon type individually, due to a synergistic effect. Using an induction furnace to simulate EAF conditions, a synthetic slag is melted, and injection carbon is added into the slag layer. The slag foaming effectiveness of petcoke, BC, and three blend cases are studied. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the BC is more reactive with slag compared to petcoke, which leads to an initial high intensity of CO generation. However, the CO generation was not continuous or consistent. All experimental results are combined to propose a mechanistic description of the slag foaming behavior of BC blends.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Static Thermochemical Model of MIDREX: Genetic Algorithm Validation and Green Ironmaking with Hydrogen and Coke Oven Gas Injection MIDREX 静态热化学模型：遗传算法验证和注入氢气和焦炉煤气的绿色炼铁技术

IF 1.9 3区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

steel research international

Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202400082

Sunil Yadav, C. Srishilan, Ajay Kumar Shukla

This work presents the development and validation of a static thermochemical model for predicting process parameters in the MIDREX shaft furnace, a method used for producing direct reduced iron from lump ore and pellets. Industrial plant data is used to validate the model. Furthermore, the model is utilized to analyze the process based on different parameters. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to estimate the critical parameters of the process (like reaction factors and extent of reactions) and validate the model with industrial data. Further investigations are conducted to assess the possibility of replacing the reformer gas (bustle gas) with hydrogen and coke oven gas (COG) to make the process greener and almost free from carbon emissions, using a systematic approach of overall heat balance, using already developed coupled thermodynamics and kinetics-based model, and further using those data to estimate the reaction factors and extent of reactions using GA to be used in the static model. The results demonstrate the feasibility of replacing hydrogen and COG without much adverse effect on the process outcomes; however, this results in better metallization and reduced carbon footprint of the process effectively.

这项工作介绍了用于预测 MIDREX竖炉工艺参数的静态热化学模型的开发和验证，MIDREX竖炉是一种利用块矿和球团矿生产直接还原铁的方法。工业设备数据用于验证模型。此外，该模型还可用于根据不同参数分析工艺。遗传算法（GA）用于估算工艺的关键参数（如反应因子和反应程度），并利用工业数据对模型进行验证。利用已开发的基于热力学和动力学的耦合模型，采用整体热平衡的系统方法，并进一步利用这些数据，使用 GA 估算反应因子和反应程度，将其用于静态模型中。结果表明，替代氢气和 COG 是可行的，不会对工艺结果产生太大的不利影响；不过，这将有效改善金属化效果并减少工艺的碳足迹。

{"title":"Static Thermochemical Model of MIDREX: Genetic Algorithm Validation and Green Ironmaking with Hydrogen and Coke Oven Gas Injection","authors":"Sunil Yadav, C. Srishilan, Ajay Kumar Shukla","doi":"10.1002/srin.202400082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/srin.202400082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents the development and validation of a static thermochemical model for predicting process parameters in the MIDREX shaft furnace, a method used for producing direct reduced iron from lump ore and pellets. Industrial plant data is used to validate the model. Furthermore, the model is utilized to analyze the process based on different parameters. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to estimate the critical parameters of the process (like reaction factors and extent of reactions) and validate the model with industrial data. Further investigations are conducted to assess the possibility of replacing the reformer gas (bustle gas) with hydrogen and coke oven gas (COG) to make the process greener and almost free from carbon emissions, using a systematic approach of overall heat balance, using already developed coupled thermodynamics and kinetics-based model, and further using those data to estimate the reaction factors and extent of reactions using GA to be used in the static model. The results demonstrate the feasibility of replacing hydrogen and COG without much adverse effect on the process outcomes; however, this results in better metallization and reduced carbon footprint of the process effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"95 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0