Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Breast Tumor Blood Flow, Disease Progression, and Treatment Response: The Role of Exercise.","authors":"Olívia M Ruberti, Guilherme D Telles, Sophie F M Derchain, Rafaela B Araújo, Dhyana Lima, Henrique Bortolozo, Luís Otávio Zanatta Sarian, Eva Zopf, Rodrigo Menezes Jales, Miguel S Conceição","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02392-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02392-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. A key driver of tumor progression and resistance to therapy is abnormal vascularization, which leads to heterogeneous blood flow, hypoxia, impaired drug delivery, and increased malignancy. Emerging clinical evidence suggests that breast tumor Doppler ultrasound parameters can predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, highlighting the potential of tumor blood flow as a prognostic biomarker. In this context, strategies to modulate tumor perfusion-particularly through non-pharmacological approaches-are of growing interest. Exercise has shown promise in promoting vascular remodeling, improving oxygenation, and enhancing treatment efficacy. This narrative review discusses current evidence on the role of tumor blood flow in disease progression and therapeutic response, with special emphasis on the modulatory effects of exercise training. We also explore how tumor blood flow is assessed, briefly outlining key methodologies such as Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced imaging, and perfusion-related biomarkers, and their relevance for interpreting exercise-induced vascular adaptations, its association with tumor aggressiveness, and the interplay between exercise and oncological therapies. Understanding how exercise influences tumor hemodynamics may pave the way for innovative adjuvant strategies in breast cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Fitness with Exercise and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment Alone or Combined After Diet-Induced Weight Loss: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity.","authors":"Simon Birk Kjær Jensen,Matteo Fiorenza,Christian Rimer Juhl,Rasmus Michael Sandsdal,Emma Jensen,Søren Sonnenborg Seier,Charlotte Janus,Julie Rehné Jørgensen,Martin Bæk Blond,Jens Juul Holst,Bente Merete Stallknecht,Sten Madsbad,Thomas Bandholm,Signe Sørensen Torekov","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02386-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02386-0","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDObesity is associated with impaired physical fitness, including physical functional performance and cardiorespiratory fitness, which affect health-related quality of life and mortality.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to investigate the efficacy of a moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise program and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment alone or in combination during weight maintenance for physical fitness.METHODSThis is secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial involving 193 adults with obesity (age 18-65 years, body mass index 32-43 kg/m2) without diabetes mellitus who completed an 8-week low-calorie diet and were subsequently randomized (1:1:1:1 ratio) to: exercise plus placebo; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide 3 mg once-daily plus usual activity; exercise plus liraglutide combined; or placebo plus usual activity. The exercise program was a combination of group sessions (interval-based indoor cycling followed by circuit training) and individual sessions of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, designed to meet the World Health Organization recommendations on physical activity for health. Exercise adherence was measured with sports watches and heart rate monitors. Key secondary endpoints related to physical fitness were changes from randomization to the end of treatment (weeks 0-52) in: (1) physical functional performance (time to ascend and descend an 11-step stairway twice); (2) cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption normalized to fat-free mass); and (3) muscle strength (isometric knee extensor peak torque).RESULTSParticipants randomized to exercise performed a median 2.65 session/week (116 min/week at 79% of maximum heart rate) with no significant difference between those who received placebo or liraglutide. Compared with liraglutide alone, the combined treatment decreased time to complete a stair climb test by 1.2 s [95% confidence interval 0.6-1.9] (corresponding to 8.6%) and improved peak oxygen consumption by 3.0 mL/min/kg fat-free mass [95% confidence interval 0.5-5.5]. Exercise alone led to similar benefits, whereas liraglutide alone did not improve physical fitness. Compared with placebo (- 7.8%), relative muscle strength (strength normalized to body weight) was higher with exercise (- 0.4%), liraglutide (+ 1.0%), and the combined treatment (+ 3.3%) because of lower weight and preserved absolute strength.CONCLUSIONSStructured exercise combined with glucagon-like peptide-1-based obesity pharmacotherapy led to clinically meaningful improvements in physical functional performance and cardiorespiratory fitness, in contrast to pharmacotherapy alone.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONEudraCT number, 2015-005585-32; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04122716.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Management and Performance in Offshore Sailing Regattas: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Serena Ceccanti,Simone Bruno,Andrea Bazzani,Federico Bianchi,Ugo Faraguna","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02389-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02389-x","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSleep is crucial for motor skill learning and cognitive function, affecting performance in various domains, including sports. In offshore sailing, athletes face significant sleep restriction, requiring effective sleep management for safety and performance.OBJECTIVEThis study examines the effects of sleep deprivation on performance in offshore sailing regattas and identifies optimal sleep strategies based on competition characteristics.METHODSA systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, identified 213 articles. After deduplication and screening, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies were categorised by race length (long/short) and crew size (solo/double/crew).RESULTSThe reviewed literature focused on sleep restriction or deprivation's effects on cognition, reaction speed, fatigue, anxiety, energy expenditure and circadian rhythms. Five studies provided sleep management recommendations, while eight used objective measures such as electroencephalography or actigraphy. Two main results emerge: (1) partial sleep deprivation impairs cognition and reaction speed, increasing technical errors and (2) sleep management strategies vary by crew size and race duration: for short regattas, \"banking sleep\" beforehand is beneficial, while for long races, 4.5-5.5 h of daily sleep, in 30-min to 1-h episodes, is optimal.CONCLUSIONSSleep management is crucial for performance and safety in offshore sailing. Our findings highlight the need for tailored strategies based on race length and crew size, as no universal approach exists. Insights gained from the present study could inform sleep management practice in other continuous cycle activities, such as maritime work and healthcare. Future research should use objective sleep assessments such as wearables to refine sleep strategies for athletes in extreme conditions.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms, Injury Patterns and Biomechanical Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Football (Soccer): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Video-Analysis Studies.","authors":"Aaron Miralles-Iborra,Francisco J Vera-Garcia,Jose L L Elvira,Juan Del Coso,Matthew Buckthorpe,Manuel Manchón-Davó,Heidy Rondón-Espinosa,Javier De Los Ríos-Calonge,Víctor Moreno-Pérez","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02345-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02345-9","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDTo date, several studies have characterised the mechanisms, injury patterns and biomechanical factors leading to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in football (soccer). However, varying methodologies have resulted in differing findings and outcomes.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to provide a clearer understanding of the mechanisms, injury patterns and biomechanical factors that may pose a higher risk of ACL injury in football players, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that used video analysis as their primary research tool.METHODSFive databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to September 2024 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The population, exposure and outcome framework were used to formulate eligibility criteria. Cohort studies of male and female football players reporting mechanisms, injury patterns and/or biomechanical factors of ACL injury examined by video analysis were included. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and frequencies for the different patterns leading to ACL injury.RESULTSThirteen studies published between 2015 and 2024 were included with a total of 709 participants. Ten studies focused on male players, two on female players and one study included both. Regarding mechanisms, non-contact ACL injuries were more likely than direct contact (OR = 5.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28-14.53, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 88%) and indirect contact (OR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.88-5.86, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 74%). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries were more common during defending actions compared with attacking actions (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.23-5.08, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 88%) and without ball possession than with ball possession (OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.01-5.29, p = 0.05, I2 = 75%). Particularly, the frequency of ACL injuries while pressing/tackling was significantly higher than the rest of the actions (p &lt; 0.001). Regarding biomechanical factors, ACL injuries were more common when players were on single-leg support compared with double-leg support (OR = 9.66, 95% CI 6.97-13.39, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 0%). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries often involved complex multiplanar interactions, with a predominance of knee flexion (range from 26° ± 10° at initial contact to 39 ± 11° at the injury frame) along with a consistent knee valgus pattern at the injury frame (79% of the cases; χ2 = 33.32, p &lt; 0.001).CONCLUSIONSA comprehensive review of video-analysis studies on ACL injuries in football reveals that the most common injury pattern involves a defending action performed on single-leg support, without ball possession, and occurring through a non-contact mechanism. Still, the review reflects that the mechanism of ACL injury in football is complex and should be interpreted holistically rather than in isolation.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONThe protocol for this systematic review was registered a priori in the I","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable-Derived Heart Rate Variability Across the Menstrual Cycle, Hormonal Contraceptive Use, and Reproductive Life Stages in Females: A Living Systematic Review.","authors":"Eline de Jager,Brian Caulfield,Evgenia Angelidi,Brian MacNamee,Sinead Holden","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02388-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02388-y","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDHeart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic nervous system function and can now be continuously monitored in real-world settings using wearable technology. However, the influence of ovarian hormones on HRV remains unclear, underscoring the need to synthesize evidence across the female lifespan.OBJECTIVETo examine the association between ovarian hormone profiles and HRV measured by wearable/mobile devices.DESIGNLiving systematic review.DATA SOURCESA comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, SPORTDiscus, and Embase from inception to December 2025. The search followed the Participant (females of any age), Exposure (ovarian hormone profiles), and Outcomes (HRV measured by wearable devices) framework, using a combination of MeSH terms and keyword adaptations. Quality was assessed for cohort studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ELIGIBILITY CRITERIAAll studies were independently double screened by title, abstract, and full text. Studies were eligible if they examined differences in HRV measured by a wearable device, across the menstrual cycle in naturally menstruating females, in response to exogenous ovarian hormones, or across another ovarian hormone state such as menopause or pregnancy.RESULTSFrom 299 identified records, 16 studies were included. In naturally menstruating females, HRV was higher at the beginning of the cycle and lower toward the end, with differences in time-domain HRV ranging from 3 to 9%. Hormonal contraceptive users exhibited lower HRV, particularly in the late cycle. Additionally, HRV tended to decline after menopause with increasing age. The quality of evidence in this review was moderate (7/9). Variability in how menstrual cycle phases and menopausal status were classified across studies limited comparability and the ability to synthesize findings quantitatively.CONCLUSIONSWearable-derived HRV is associated with differences across the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive use, and reproductive life stages. This should be considered when presenting HRV metrics to female users. This may improve the interpretation of data for female athletes, patients, or women who track their HRV.OSF REGISTRATIONDOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S4RYW .","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Relationship Between Mental Health and Sports Injury in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Athena R W Chow,Mirela Zaneva,Layla Rashid,Catherine Wheatley,Constantin Coussios,Robert Hepach,Lucy Bowes","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02379-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02379-z","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSports injuries are linked to negative impacts on mental health and well-being, including depression, anxiety, stress and lower quality of life. Conversely, poor mental health and well-being have been found to increase the risk of sports injury, injury severity and time taken to recover. Although existing research indicates these associations in athletes broadly, the nature and directionality of these relationships among adolescents are not well characterised. A related limitation is that much of the existing evidence, in both children and adult athletes, is cross-sectional in design, limiting our understanding of causal directionality. Given the high rates of sports participation and the specific risk factors for injury in this demographic, as well as the growing concern about adolescents' mental health and well-being worldwide, this complex relationship warrants greater attention.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between sports injuries and mental health and well-being in adolescents aged 10-24 years, and potential mechanisms of this relationship.METHODSThis systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023374807). Literature searches were performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines by searching PsycINFO, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, Elicit and Google Scholar. Articles were included if they were quantitative, published in English between 1990 and 2023, focused on young athletes aged 10-24 years, measured mental health/well-being and were an all-complaints sports injury that ranged across all levels of sport.RESULTSOf 397 studies screened, 84 studies were included. The final sample included 221,095 adolescents and young people. A narrative synthesis indicated that sports injuries were associated with worse mental health and well-being in the majority of studies, and vice versa. Meta-analyses revealed that sports injury incidence was significantly associated with worse mental health/well-being (Zr = 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.17, 0.50), and concussion incidence was significantly associated with worse mental health/well-being (Zr = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.08, 0.30), with no evidence of publication bias. Conversely, worse mental health/well-being was associated with a significantly increased risk of sports injury incidence (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.13, 2.10). However, after accounting for potential publication bias, the pooled association between mental health/well-being and sports injury risk was no longer statistically significant, highlighting the need for caution in interpreting this relationship. Regarding mechanisms, a small number of studies revealed psychosocial factors (e.g. athletic identity, social support) that could influence this reciprocal relationship.CONCLUSIONSWe found evidence for a bidirectional relationship betwee","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sprint Running Coordination: A Dynamical Systems Perspective.","authors":"Dylan S Hicks,Stuart McMillan,Wolfgang Schöllhorn,Roland van den Tillaar","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02380-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02380-6","url":null,"abstract":"Sprinting is a complex skill required in many team and individual sports, with practitioners placing an emphasis on enhancing this aspect of performance to improve sporting success. The task of sprinting involves patterns of inter- and intra-limb coordination and control, which emerge as the athlete accelerates to their maximal velocity. Traditionally, practitioners have attempted to modify sprint coordination patterns from a reductionist or cognitive perspective, decomposing performance to individual component parts using knowledge of coaching literature, biomechanics and skill acquisition theory. However, this approach widely neglects the dynamic and complex interactions that shape sprinting more holistically. This perspective article presents sprint coordination within a dynamical systems theory framework, emphasising how sprint performance emerges from constantly varying internal and/or external boundary conditions that regulate patterns of coordination by controlling mechanical, metabolic and neurophysiological degrees of freedom within the limits of the system. Thereby, movement variability is viewed as an essential component of coordination rather than simply 'noise'. We also review classification schemes that identify stable sprint coordination patterns or strategies, with an emphasis on the acceleration and maximal velocity phases. We then examine practices towards \"optimal\" sprint technique, plus consider coordinative processes including self-organisation, phase transition and shifts in attractor states, alongside skill acquisition approaches used to establish functional sprint coordination patterns. Ultimately, we aim to present an alternative view for sprint practitioners to consider the complexities of sprint coordination and performance through a dynamical systems lens.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Occupational and Leisure Time Physical Activity on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Repeated-Measures Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Stephanie A Prince,Tyler Thomas,Aviroop Biswas","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02382-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02382-4","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDHigh leisure time physical activity (LTPA) is consistently linked to health benefits, whereas high occupational physical activity (OPA) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, a phenomenon known as the \"physical activity health paradox.\" This study examined how OPA and LTPA interact to influence health-related quality of life (HRQL), a measure of physical and mental well-being.METHODSA repeated-measures longitudinal study was conducted using data from 7382 Canadian workers (aged 18-75 years) in the National Population Health Survey (1994-2011). Multilevel growth curve models were used to assess associations between self-reported measures of LTPA (active, inactive), OPA (sit, walk/light loads, heavy loads), and OLTPA, a composite variable of their combined effects, with the Health Utility Index score (HRQL), adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates.RESULTSActive LTPA was associated with better HRQL, whereas OPA was not. Results suggested a curvilinear response between OLTPA and HRQL with age whereby middle-aged workers lifting heavy loads at work and active LTPA have lower HRQL than older workers in the same group. Findings were similar among males, but among older females (60 + years) who lifted heavy loads at work, being inactive rather than active in leisure resulted in higher HRQL.CONCLUSIONThe association between LTPA, OPA, and HRQL is complex, varying across age and sex. These findings highlight the need for physical activity recommendations that are sensitive to occupational demands when promoting health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145937807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goal Setting in Exercise and Physical Activity: An Expert Statement on Behalf of Exercise and Sports Science Australia.","authors":"Christian Swann, Jena Buchan, Elizabeth A Calleja, Scott G Goddard, Melanie M Clarke, Rebecca M Hawkins, Patricia C Jackman, Matthew J Schweickle, Stewart A Vella, Simon Rosenbaum","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02373-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02373-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Goal setting is one of the most commonly used strategies for increasing exercise and physical activity, and is a core aspect of the scope of practice for many exercise and health practitioners. Despite its widespread use, recent research has highlighted a need to reconsider traditional practice and re-evaluate the theoretical and empirical basis of goal setting in exercise and physical activity promotion. The issues identified in traditional approaches to goal setting in exercise and physical activity include oversimplification, misapplication of theory and over-reliance on the SMART acronym (e.g., Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound goals) rather than more rigorous evidence-based approaches. Therefore, this expert statement, on behalf of Exercise and Sports Science Australia, reviews theory and empirical evidence on goal setting, and provides practical recommendations for exercise and health practitioners when supporting clients to set goals. To move beyond the issues highlighted in traditional approaches to goal setting, it is necessary to go 'back to basics' and consider the foundations of goal setting. In turn, we outline: the goal-setting process; the structure of goals; moderating factors that determine whether/when certain types of goal should be set; and outcomes of goals, including risks and pitfalls. We provide corresponding practical recommendations to assist exercise and health practitioners in setting goals with clients. This expert statement seeks to help practitioners avoid the issues highlighted in traditional approaches to goal setting in exercise and physical activity, and set more suitable and evidence-based goals with clients instead.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145934977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations Between the Metabolic Costs of Level and Graded Running: A Secondary Analysis of the Literature","authors":"Loïc Espeit, Thibault Besson, Frederic Sabater-Pastor, Jeanne Tondut, Wouter Hoogkamer, Rodger Kram, Marcel Lemire, Grégoire P. Millet, Aldo Savoldelli, Fabrice Vercruyssen, Gianluca Vernillo, Guillaume Y. Millet","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02381-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02381-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}