Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Comment on \"Optimizing Post‑Activation Performance Enhancement in Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review with Meta‑analysis for Prescription Variables and Research Methods\".","authors":"Gustavo R Mota","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02318-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-025-02318-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"291-292"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"Predicting VO_2max Using Lung Function and Three-Dimensional (3D) Allometry Provides New Insights into the Allometric Cascade (M^0.75)\".","authors":"Lorenzo Lolli","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02316-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-025-02316-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"283-286"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 2: Clinical Guidelines for Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return to Play for Adolescents and Adults.","authors":"Nancy I Williams, Mary Jane De Souza, Madhusmita Misra, Aurelia Nattiv, Elizabeth Joy, Michelle Barrack, Emily A Ricker, Sasha Gorrell, Kristen J Koltun, Emma O'Donnell, Rebecca J Mallinson, Ana Carla C Salamunes, Kary Woodruff, Michael Fredericson, Franziska Plessow","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02332-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02332-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is the second of two publications comprising the 2025 update to the 2014 Consensus Statement on treatment and return to play guidelines on the Female Athlete Triad (Triad). This paper pairs with the 2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 1: State of the Science and Introduction of a New Adolescent Model (Sports Medicine, 2025), to focus on evidence-based revisions for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and clearance and return to play. Revised recommendations for managing eating disorders (ED)/disordered eating (DE) and non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of bone loss and abnormal menstrual cycles are included, as are the most recent clearance and return to play recommendations, inclusive of adolescent athletes. Recent research supports the adoption of revised criteria for defining and treating energy deficiency, moving away from the concept of an energy-availability threshold. Energy deficiency-induced menstrual disturbances can be reversed with a moderate increase in food intake and modest weight gain, but restoration of menses alone is not associated with high rates of ovulation or increased ovarian steroid levels until multiple consecutive normal length menstrual cycles are achieved. Revised guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of functional hypothalamic oligo/amenorrhea are included with guidance on the confounding effects of hyperandrogenemia. Gynecological age and psychological stress are factors impacting the individual susceptibility to the Triad. The bone health spectrum of the Triad now includes bone stress injuries. Routes of administration via epidermal patch versus oral for pharmacological treatment of low bone density are discussed. The diagnosis, treatment, and return to play approaches for adolescents with the Triad are unique compared with those employed for adults and require age-appropriate clinical guidelines. The strength of the evidence-based statements is graded using an accepted taxonomy in which randomized controlled trials and observational data are considered the highest level of evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 1: State of the Science and Introduction of a New Adolescent Model.","authors":"Mary Jane De Souza, Nancy I Williams, Madhusmita Misra, Aurelia Nattiv, Elizabeth Joy, Michelle Barrack, Emily A Ricker, Sasha Gorrell, Kristen J Koltun, Emma O'Donnell, Rebecca J Mallinson, Ana Carla C Salamunes, Kary Woodruff, Michael Fredericson, Franziska Plessow","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02333-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02333-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper is the first of two publications comprising a 2025 update to the 2014 Consensus Statement on treatment and return-to-play guidelines on the Female Athlete Triad (Triad), defined as three inter-related components including energy status, reproductive function, and bone health. The Triad is initiated by exposure to varying degrees of energy deficiency with or without disordered eating/eating disorders with primary pathological outcomes to the reproductive and skeletal systems. This first paper includes a detailed update on the scientific underpinnings of the Triad and introduces a new Triad model specific to the adolescent female athlete. Energy deficiency and \"metabolic compensation\" are added to the energy status continuum to describe adaptations that reflect energy conservation. Ovarian steroid hormone exposure and functional hypothalamic oligo-amenorrhea are added to the reproductive function continuum. Bone stress injury is added to the bone health continuum. Rates of change are depicted for the induction and recovery of clinical outcomes within the adult model. Evidence-based statements are presented throughout the paper and supported by a high number of level A and B grades.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Force and Power Testing During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation: A World-Wide Survey of Current Practices","authors":"Alessandro Compagnin, Francesco Della Villa, Giovanni La Rosa, Stephen Patterson, Paul Read, Lee Herrington, Stefano Di Paolo, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Gregory D. Myer, Mike Davison, Mick Hughes, Matthew Buckthorpe","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02374-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02374-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Exercise on Cytokine Profiles in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jihen Khalfoun,Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman,Devaraj Loganathan,Amri Hammami,Ayoub Saeidi,Juan Del Coso,Ismail Laher,Hassane Zouhal","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02376-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02376-2","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe role of exercise in modulating the immune system and cytokines has garnered increasing attention, particularly in the context of breast cancer survivorship. Breast cancer and its treatments often lead to immunosuppression, which can heighten the risk of infections and recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of exercise, including aerobic and resistance exercise, can positively influence cytokine profiles in breast cancer patients. However, the specific effects and underlying mechanisms remain underexplored.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to conduct a systematic review of the studies focused on the effects of exercise on cytokine profiles of breast cancer survivors.METHODSThe databases of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched until 31 December 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials were included if they compared breast cancer survivors participating in a structured exercise program with a non-exercise control group and measured cytokine variables both before and after the intervention. The quality of the included studies was rated with the PEDro scale.RESULTSEleven studies with 481 individuals undergoing exercise interventions were included in the analysis and compared to 240 individuals as controls. Participants in these studies ranged in age from early 40s to late 50s. These studies examined the effects of various exercise interventions, including resistance exercise (n = 2), aerobic exercise (n = 2), concurrent aerobic + resistance exercise (n = 5), tai chi (n = 1), and yoga (n = 1). The training period ranged from 8 to 52 weeks, with most studies lasting 12-15 weeks. The average frequency of training was three sessions per week with a mean session duration of 55 min. The quality of the studies showed a mean PEDro score of 6.5 ± 0.9 points (range 5-8 points). Both aerobic and resistance training alone or in combination impacted several immune indices, including decreases in serum concentrations of interleukin-15 (IL-15), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), TNF-α expression in NK and NKT cells (NKTNF-α, and NKTTNF-α), and lower IL-10/TNF-α ratio. Other less habitual exercise interventions such as tai chi and yoga also induced positive effects on immune indices.CONCLUSIONBreast cancer survivors enrolled in several forms of exercise training showed improved cytokine parameters compared with counterparts who did not perform exercise. The benefits of exercise training on cytokine profiles of breast cancer survivors were evident with both aerobic and resistance training, whether performed separately or in combination, and with other training regimens such as tai chi and yoga.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145777353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Risks of Misunderstanding the Term \"Risk Factor\": A Primer with Suggestions to Improve Sports Medicine.","authors":"Steven D Stovitz,Franco M Impellizzeri,Ian Shrier","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02378-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02378-0","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"risk factor\" is commonly used in research. Although many interpret the term to imply that the risk factor causes the outcome, others use the term to mean a marker for the outcome, which may or may not be a cause of the outcome. How the term risk factor is interpreted can importantly influence the way that study findings are applied in real world settings. For example, if a risk factor is wrongly interpreted to be a cause of an outcome when it is merely associated with the outcome because of noncausal reasons, then wasteful interventions may be developed, recommended, and implemented. The primary aims of this article are (1) to describe how varying definitions of the term risk factor can cause misunderstandings and potentially negatively impact the field of sports medicine, and (2) to propose new, more specific, terminology. We first review some basic concepts on how variables can be associated due to either causal or noncausal reasons and then discuss possible explanations for why the term risk factor continues to be misunderstood. We illustrate how using the term risk factor without further specification creates misunderstandings that can lead to the development and implementation of ineffective interventions. Finally, with the hope of improving communication and avoiding ambiguity in sports medicine, we suggest using \"causal risk factor\" if the evidence supports causality, \"noncausal risk factor\" if the evidence does not support causality, and \"risk marker\" for those not wishing to commit to a causal or noncausal claim.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"248 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing Suitable Bra Characteristics for Tactical Athletes: A Mixed-Method Multi-Study Approach","authors":"Emily Paines, Gemma Milligan, Mike Tipton, Andrew Roberts, Alex J. Rawcliffe, Jenny Burbage","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02375-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02375-3","url":null,"abstract":"Background A professional sports bra fitting and issue service was introduced for women entering British Army basic training (BT) in 2020 to address breast health and bra-related issues. However, the suitability of commercial off-the-shelf sports bras for female tactical athletes, designed primarily for short-duration use, remains unclear. Objective We aimed to develop evidence-based recommendations to inform British Army sports bra policy and establish a framework applicable to other female tactical athlete populations. Methods A mixed-method multi-study approach was employed (May 2021– September 2023). First, a cross-sectional study was conducted with BT recruits to assess the bra fitting and issue service using questionnaires ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 244) and semi-structured interviews ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 7). A concurrent task analysis with subject matter experts ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 8) identified BT activities that were both physically demanding and challenging for the breast. Second, a controlled laboratory study with recruit-matched civilians ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 25) examined the performance of various sports bra characteristics during short-duration simulations of military-specific tasks. Finally, a 14-week longitudinal field study of BT recruits ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 93) monitored sports bra performance during sustained wear, enabling comparisons between laboratory-based simulations and real-world use. Results Despite implementing a bra fitting and issue service, 61% of recruits still reported at least one breast or bra-related issue. None of the four sports bra designs tested fully met the varied demands of BT tasks. Ten key bra design characteristics (e.g. strap configuration, ease of use, support level) were identified across five different BT tasks (physical training, field exercise, military tasks, foot drill and classroom sessions), combining insights from short-duration laboratory simulations and long-duration field use. Conclusions These evidence-based recommendations can enhance breast health, comfort and performance in female military recruits. Findings have broader implications for female tactical athletes in physically demanding occupations, supporting the development of optimised female-specific equipment.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer and Treatment-Related Conditions and Their Implications for Exercise in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Catarina Garcia,Diogo Pinto,Ana Campolargo,Sofia Viamonte,Horácio Costa,Ana Joaquim,Fernando Ribeiro,Alberto J Alves","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02364-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02364-6","url":null,"abstract":"Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a diagnosis with substantial lifelong implications. Most patients diagnosed with HNC undergo treatments-typically surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy-that negatively affect function and quality of life. As cancer survival rates improve, there is a growing focus on mitigating the related morbidity and addressing rehabilitation needs, including exercise. Exercise is a safe and effective intervention across the cancer continuum, with demonstrated benefits for physical and psychosocial outcomes in cancer populations. However, patients with HNC often present disease- and treatment-specific conditions-such as feeding-tube use, laryngectomy or tracheostomy, musculoskeletal impairments, xerostomia, and donor-site morbidity following free-flap reconstruction-that may require additional clinical precautions. This narrative review synthesizes evidence and clinical insights on these key domains specific to locally advanced HNC, identified through a structured literature search and informed by multidisciplinary expertise. Evidence reinforces the presence of recurring clinical challenges in HNC, underscoring the need for individualized and carefully adapted exercise programs. By outlining disease-specific considerations and functional sequelae, this review provides guidance for safe and evidence-informed exercise prescription, emphasizing that head and neck cancers are complex diagnoses requiring expertise not only in oncological treatment but also in supportive care.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Specific Strength Changes Between High- and Low-Load Isotonic Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"William B Hammert,Ryo Kataoka,Yujiro Yamada,Robert W Sallberg,Anna Kang,Samuel L Buckner,Jeremy P Loenneke","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02370-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02370-8","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIn comparisons between high- and low-load isotonic resistance training, it has become common to include non-specific strength tests (e.g., isometric and isokinetic strength tests), presumably in attempt to minimize the influence of training specificity and better understand the efficacy of low-load training for developing maximal strength. Many have suggested that high- and low-load isotonic resistance training are similarly effective for increasing non-specific strength, provided exercise is performed to task failure. However, little work has been completed to examine the accuracy of such statements.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to quantitatively identify whether high-load isotonic resistance training results in differential changes in non-specific strength compared to low-load isotonic training.METHODSA systematic search of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase from inception to 14 June, 2025. To be included in the present review, a study needed to: (a) be performed in healthy adult humans ≥ 18 years of age; (b) include isotonic high- and low-load isotonic resistance training protocols that were prescribed to task failure; (c) have measured non-specific strength at both pre- and post-intervention via an isometric or isokinetic maximum strength task; (d) matched the number of strength tests between the high- and low-load training groups; (e) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; and (f) published in the English language. A random-effect meta-analysis using robust estimation variation was then implemented on the changes (i.e., pre- to post-intervention) in non-specific strength between high- and low-load isotonic resistance training.RESULTSThe literature search yielded 7885 unique articles, of which ten studies were selected for inclusion in the present analysis. Using effect size values calculated from the change score standard deviations resulted in 44 ES from ten studies (245 total participants; high load, n = 114; low load, n = 131). The overall effect size (Cohen's d) was 0.322 with a standard error of 0.17, a 95% confidence interval of - 0.08 to 0.72 (p = 0.104), and 95% prediction intervals that ranged from - 0.45 to 1.1. A supplemental analysis using pre-standard deviations resulted in similar conclusions.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current analysis were inconclusive as to whether high- and low-load isotonic training induced differential changes in non-specific strength. The overall effect size appeared to be biased towards favoring high-load isotonic training; however, the confidence intervals were wide and crossed zero.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}