<p><strong>Background: </strong>Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, and suppressed levels are associated with chronic and age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics are limited. It is essential to explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, and disease affect mitochondrial and capillary adaptations to different exercise stimuli.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- or moderate intensity continuous endurance training (ET), high-intensity interval or continuous training (HIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) on changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and capillarization. Secondarily, the effects on maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max), muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, with no data restrictions, up to 2 February 2022. Exercise training intervention studies of ET, HIT, and SIT were included if they had baseline and follow-up measures of at least one marker of mitochondrial content or capillarization. In total, data from 5973 participants in 353 and 131 research articles were included for the mitochondrial and capillary quantitative synthesis of this review, respectively. Additionally, measures of VO<sub>2</sub>max, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were extracted from these studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjusting for relevant covariates, such as training frequency, number of intervention weeks, and initial fitness level, percentage increases in mitochondrial content in response to exercise training increased to a similar extent with ET (23 ± 5%), HIT (27 ± 5%), and SIT (27 ± 7%) (P > 0.138), and were not influenced by age, sex, menopause, disease, or the amount of muscle mass engaged. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in mitochondrial content. Per total hour of exercise, SIT was ~ 2.3 times more efficient in increasing mitochondrial content than HIT and ~ 3.9 times more efficient than ET, while HIT was ~ 1.7 times more efficient than ET. Capillaries per fiber increased similarly with ET (15 ± 3%), HIT (13 ± 4%) and SIT (10 ± 11%) (P = 0.556) after adjustments for number of intervention weeks and initial fitness level. Capillaries per mm<sup>2</sup> only increased after ET (13 ± 3%) and HIT (7 ± 4%), with increases being larger after ET compared with HIT and SIT (P < 0.05). This difference coincided with increases in fiber cross-sectional area after ET (6.5 ± 3.5%), HIT (8.9 ± 4.9%), and SIT (11.9 ± 15.1%). Gains in capillarization occurred primarily in the early stages of training (< 4 weeks) and were only observed in untrained to moderately trained participants. The propor
背景：骨骼肌线粒体和毛细血管对有氧健身至关重要，而线粒体和毛细血管水平低下与慢性病和老年相关疾病有关。目前，以证据为基础、旨在增强这些特征的运动训练建议非常有限。探讨健身水平、年龄、性别和疾病等因素如何影响线粒体和毛细血管对不同运动刺激的适应性至关重要：本研究的主要目的是比较低强度或中等强度持续耐力训练（ET）、高强度间歇或持续训练（HIT）和短跑间歇训练（SIT）对骨骼肌线粒体含量和毛细血管化变化的影响。此外，还研究了对最大耗氧量（VO2max）、肌肉纤维横截面积和纤维类型比例的影响：截至 2022 年 2 月 2 日，我们在 PubMed、Web of Science 和 SPORTDiscus 数据库中进行了系统的文献检索，没有数据限制。如果有关 ET、HIT 和 SIT 的运动训练干预研究对至少一种线粒体含量或毛细血管化标记物进行了基线和随访测量，则纳入这些研究。本综述的线粒体和毛细血管定量综合研究分别纳入了 353 篇和 131 篇研究文章中 5973 名参与者的数据。此外，还从这些研究中提取了VO2max、肌肉纤维横截面积和纤维类型比例等指标：结果：在对相关协变量（如训练频率、干预周数和初始体能水平）进行调整后，线粒体含量对运动训练的响应百分比的增加程度与 ET（23 ± 5%）、HIT（27 ± 5%）和 SIT（27 ± 7%）相似（P > 0.138），且不受年龄、性别、更年期、疾病或参与肌肉量的影响。训练频率越高（6 次 > 4 次 > 2 次/周），线粒体含量增加越多。在增加线粒体含量方面，SIT 比 HIT 的效率高约 2.3 倍，比 ET 的效率高约 3.9 倍，而 HIT 比 ET 的效率高约 1.7 倍。在对干预周数和初始体能水平进行调整后，ET（15 ± 3%）、HIT（13 ± 4%）和 SIT（10 ± 11%）（P = 0.556）的每纤维毛细血管增加率相似。每平方毫米毛细血管仅在 ET（13±3%）和 HIT（7±4%）后增加，与 HIT 和 SIT 相比，ET 的增幅更大（P 0.116），但 ET 和 SIT 的效果相反（P = 0.041）。ET、HIT 和 SIT 对 VO2max 的提高效果相似，但 HIT 与 ET 和 SIT 相比有更大的提高趋势（P = 0.082），而 SIT 每小时运动量的提高幅度最大。训练频率越高（6 次 > 4 次 > 2 次/周），VO2max 的提高幅度越大。与男性相比，女性的 VO2max 增长百分比更高（P = 0.008）。一般来说，初始体能水平越低，线粒体含量、毛细血管化和 VO2max 的百分比提高越大。在训练的早期阶段，SIT 对提高线粒体含量和 VO2max 特别有效，而 ET 和 HIT 则在更多的训练周数中表现出缓慢但稳定的提高：结论：线粒体含量、毛细血管化和 VO2max 对运动训练的变化幅度在很大程度上取决于初始体能水平，初始体能较低者的变化幅度更大。对运动训练的适应能力终生保持，与性别和疾病无关。虽然训练负荷（运动量×强度）可以预测线粒体含量和最大氧饱和度的变化，但这种关系在毛细血管适应性方面却不那么明确。
{"title":"Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression.","authors":"Knut Sindre Mølmen, Nicki Winfield Almquist, Øyvind Skattebo","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, and suppressed levels are associated with chronic and age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics are limited. It is essential to explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, and disease affect mitochondrial and capillary adaptations to different exercise stimuli.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- or moderate intensity continuous endurance training (ET), high-intensity interval or continuous training (HIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) on changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and capillarization. Secondarily, the effects on maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max), muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, with no data restrictions, up to 2 February 2022. Exercise training intervention studies of ET, HIT, and SIT were included if they had baseline and follow-up measures of at least one marker of mitochondrial content or capillarization. In total, data from 5973 participants in 353 and 131 research articles were included for the mitochondrial and capillary quantitative synthesis of this review, respectively. Additionally, measures of VO<sub>2</sub>max, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were extracted from these studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjusting for relevant covariates, such as training frequency, number of intervention weeks, and initial fitness level, percentage increases in mitochondrial content in response to exercise training increased to a similar extent with ET (23 ± 5%), HIT (27 ± 5%), and SIT (27 ± 7%) (P > 0.138), and were not influenced by age, sex, menopause, disease, or the amount of muscle mass engaged. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in mitochondrial content. Per total hour of exercise, SIT was ~ 2.3 times more efficient in increasing mitochondrial content than HIT and ~ 3.9 times more efficient than ET, while HIT was ~ 1.7 times more efficient than ET. Capillaries per fiber increased similarly with ET (15 ± 3%), HIT (13 ± 4%) and SIT (10 ± 11%) (P = 0.556) after adjustments for number of intervention weeks and initial fitness level. Capillaries per mm<sup>2</sup> only increased after ET (13 ± 3%) and HIT (7 ± 4%), with increases being larger after ET compared with HIT and SIT (P < 0.05). This difference coincided with increases in fiber cross-sectional area after ET (6.5 ± 3.5%), HIT (8.9 ± 4.9%), and SIT (11.9 ± 15.1%). Gains in capillarization occurred primarily in the early stages of training (< 4 weeks) and were only observed in untrained to moderately trained participants. The propor","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02110-4
Bas Van Hooren, Per Aagaard, Anthony J Blazevich
Resistance training (RT) triggers diverse morphological and physiological adaptations that are broadly considered beneficial for performance enhancement as well as injury risk reduction. Some athletes and coaches therefore engage in, or prescribe, substantial amounts of RT under the assumption that continued increments in maximal strength capacity and/or muscle mass will lead to improved sports performance. In contrast, others employ minimal or no RT under the assumption that RT may impair endurance or sprint performances. However, the morphological and physiological adaptations by which RT might impair physical performance, the likelihood of these being evoked, and the training program specifications that might promote such impairments, remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss how selected adaptations to RT may enhance or impair speed and endurance performances while also addressing the RT program variables under which these adaptations are likely to occur. Specifically, we argue that while some myofibrillar (muscle) hypertrophy can be beneficial for increasing maximum strength, substantial hypertrophy can lead to macro- and microscopic adaptations such as increases in body (or limb) mass and internal moment arms that might, under some conditions, impair both sprint and endurance performances. Further, we discuss how changes in muscle architecture, fiber typology, microscopic muscle structure, and intra- and intermuscular coordination with RT may maximize speed at the expense of endurance, or maximize strength at the expense of speed. The beneficial effect of RT for sprint and endurance sports can be further improved by considering the adaptive trade-offs and practical implications discussed in this review.
{"title":"Optimizing Resistance Training for Sprint and Endurance Athletes: Balancing Positive and Negative Adaptations.","authors":"Bas Van Hooren, Per Aagaard, Anthony J Blazevich","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02110-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02110-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance training (RT) triggers diverse morphological and physiological adaptations that are broadly considered beneficial for performance enhancement as well as injury risk reduction. Some athletes and coaches therefore engage in, or prescribe, substantial amounts of RT under the assumption that continued increments in maximal strength capacity and/or muscle mass will lead to improved sports performance. In contrast, others employ minimal or no RT under the assumption that RT may impair endurance or sprint performances. However, the morphological and physiological adaptations by which RT might impair physical performance, the likelihood of these being evoked, and the training program specifications that might promote such impairments, remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss how selected adaptations to RT may enhance or impair speed and endurance performances while also addressing the RT program variables under which these adaptations are likely to occur. Specifically, we argue that while some myofibrillar (muscle) hypertrophy can be beneficial for increasing maximum strength, substantial hypertrophy can lead to macro- and microscopic adaptations such as increases in body (or limb) mass and internal moment arms that might, under some conditions, impair both sprint and endurance performances. Further, we discuss how changes in muscle architecture, fiber typology, microscopic muscle structure, and intra- and intermuscular coordination with RT may maximize speed at the expense of endurance, or maximize strength at the expense of speed. The beneficial effect of RT for sprint and endurance sports can be further improved by considering the adaptive trade-offs and practical implications discussed in this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02122-0
Floris C Wardenaar, Yat Chan, Anna Marie Clear, Kinta Schott, Alex E Mohr, Carmen P Ortega-Sanchez, Ryan G N Seltzer, Jamie Pugh
Background: Athletes often report gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. Standardized validated tests validated in athletes are lacking.
Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale (GSRS), a disease-specific instrument of 15 items to quantify the severity of various GI symptoms.
Methods: For this purpose, a 3-week repeated measurements design was used. The mean difference (Wilcoxon signed rank test), associations (Spearman correlations), and systematic difference using Bland-Altman calculations for repeated measurements, as well as its internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) on testing day 1 and day 2 were analyzed, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. A total of n = 70 well-trained athletes (26.1 ± 5.4 years, of which 40% were female) were included.
Results: A high Cronbach's α for GSRS was found on testing day 1 (0.825), and day 2 (0.823), suggesting a good and comparable internal consistency of the questionnaire. When assessing the multilevel temporal stability for total GSRS scores (28.0, IQR 22.0-36.3 vs 26.5, IQR 18.0-35.0), there was a small but significant difference (Z = - 2.489, and p = 0.013), but a fair correlation between day scores (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), and a Bland-Altman reporting difference between questionnaires within 10% of the total GSRS score, without significant reporting bias (p = 0.38). In most cases, except for hunger, burping, and loose stools, the individual GSRS items were reported in line with total scores and similar for sex.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the GSRS is reliable when used with athletes, with good internal consistency for most symptoms independently of sex, except for hunger, burping, and loose stools.
{"title":"The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale has a Good Test-Retest Reliability in Well-Trained Athletes With and Without Previously Self-Identified Gastrointestinal Complaints.","authors":"Floris C Wardenaar, Yat Chan, Anna Marie Clear, Kinta Schott, Alex E Mohr, Carmen P Ortega-Sanchez, Ryan G N Seltzer, Jamie Pugh","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02122-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02122-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Athletes often report gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. Standardized validated tests validated in athletes are lacking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the current study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale (GSRS), a disease-specific instrument of 15 items to quantify the severity of various GI symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this purpose, a 3-week repeated measurements design was used. The mean difference (Wilcoxon signed rank test), associations (Spearman correlations), and systematic difference using Bland-Altman calculations for repeated measurements, as well as its internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) on testing day 1 and day 2 were analyzed, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. A total of n = 70 well-trained athletes (26.1 ± 5.4 years, of which 40% were female) were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A high Cronbach's α for GSRS was found on testing day 1 (0.825), and day 2 (0.823), suggesting a good and comparable internal consistency of the questionnaire. When assessing the multilevel temporal stability for total GSRS scores (28.0, IQR 22.0-36.3 vs 26.5, IQR 18.0-35.0), there was a small but significant difference (Z = - 2.489, and p = 0.013), but a fair correlation between day scores (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), and a Bland-Altman reporting difference between questionnaires within 10% of the total GSRS score, without significant reporting bias (p = 0.38). In most cases, except for hunger, burping, and loose stools, the individual GSRS items were reported in line with total scores and similar for sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, the GSRS is reliable when used with athletes, with good internal consistency for most symptoms independently of sex, except for hunger, burping, and loose stools.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02104-2
John J Reilly, Rachel Andrew, Chalchisa Abdeta, Liane B Azevedo, Nicolas Aguilar Farias, Sharon Barak, Farid Bardid, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Jonathan Y Cagas, Mohamed-Souhaiel Chelly, Lars B Christiansen, Visnja D Djordjic, Catherine E Draper, Asmaa El-Hamdouchi, Elie-Jacques Fares, Aleš Gába, Kylie D Hesketh, Mohammad Sorowar Hossain, Wendy Huang, Alejandra Jáuregui, Sanjay K Juvekar, Nicholas Kuzik, Richard Larouche, Eun-Young Lee, Sharon Levi, Yang Liu, Marie Löf, Tom Loney, Jose Francisco Lopez Gil, Evelin Mäestu, Taru Manyanga, Clarice Martins, Maria Mendoza-Muñoz, Shawnda A Morrison, Nyaradzai Munambah, Tawonga W Mwase-Vuma, Rowena Naidoo, Reginald Ocansey, Anthony D Okely, Aoko Oluwayomi, Susan Paudel, Bee Koon Poh, Evelyn H Ribeiro, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mohd Razif Shahril, Melody Smith, Amanda E Staiano, Martyn Standage, Narayan Subedi, Chiaki Tanaka, Hong K Tang, David Thivel, Mark S Tremblay, Edin Uzicanin, Dimitris Vlachopoulos, E Kipling Webster, Dyah Anantalia Widyastari, Pawel Zembura, Salome Aubert
Background: The actions required to achieve higher-quality and harmonised global surveillance of child and adolescent movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour including screen time, sleep) are unclear.
Objective: To identify how to improve surveillance of movement behaviours, from the perspective of experts.
Methods: This Delphi Study involved 62 experts from the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years and Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). Two survey rounds were used, with items categorised under: (1) funding, (2) capacity building, (3) methods, and (4) other issues (e.g., policymaker awareness of relevant WHO Guidelines and Strategies). Expert participants ranked 40 items on a five-point Likert scale from 'extremely' to 'not at all' important. Consensus was defined as > 70% rating of 'extremely' or 'very' important.
Results: We received 62 responses to round 1 of the survey and 59 to round 2. There was consensus for most items. The two highest rated round 2 items in each category were the following; for funding (1) it was greater funding for surveillance and public funding of surveillance; for capacity building (2) it was increased human capacity for surveillance (e.g. knowledge, skills) and regional or global partnerships to support national surveillance; for methods (3) it was standard protocols for surveillance measures and improved measurement method for screen time; and for other issues (4) it was greater awareness of physical activity guidelines and strategies from WHO and greater awareness of the importance of surveillance for NCD prevention. We generally found no significant differences in priorities between low-middle-income (n = 29) and high-income countries (n = 30) or between SUNRISE (n = 20), AHKGA (n = 26) or both (n = 13) initiatives. There was a lack of agreement on using private funding for surveillance or surveillance research.
Conclusions: This study provides a prioritised and international consensus list of actions required to improve surveillance of movement behaviours in children and adolescents globally.
{"title":"Improving National and International Surveillance of Movement Behaviours in Childhood and Adolescence: An International Modified Delphi Study.","authors":"John J Reilly, Rachel Andrew, Chalchisa Abdeta, Liane B Azevedo, Nicolas Aguilar Farias, Sharon Barak, Farid Bardid, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Jonathan Y Cagas, Mohamed-Souhaiel Chelly, Lars B Christiansen, Visnja D Djordjic, Catherine E Draper, Asmaa El-Hamdouchi, Elie-Jacques Fares, Aleš Gába, Kylie D Hesketh, Mohammad Sorowar Hossain, Wendy Huang, Alejandra Jáuregui, Sanjay K Juvekar, Nicholas Kuzik, Richard Larouche, Eun-Young Lee, Sharon Levi, Yang Liu, Marie Löf, Tom Loney, Jose Francisco Lopez Gil, Evelin Mäestu, Taru Manyanga, Clarice Martins, Maria Mendoza-Muñoz, Shawnda A Morrison, Nyaradzai Munambah, Tawonga W Mwase-Vuma, Rowena Naidoo, Reginald Ocansey, Anthony D Okely, Aoko Oluwayomi, Susan Paudel, Bee Koon Poh, Evelyn H Ribeiro, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mohd Razif Shahril, Melody Smith, Amanda E Staiano, Martyn Standage, Narayan Subedi, Chiaki Tanaka, Hong K Tang, David Thivel, Mark S Tremblay, Edin Uzicanin, Dimitris Vlachopoulos, E Kipling Webster, Dyah Anantalia Widyastari, Pawel Zembura, Salome Aubert","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02104-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02104-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The actions required to achieve higher-quality and harmonised global surveillance of child and adolescent movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour including screen time, sleep) are unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify how to improve surveillance of movement behaviours, from the perspective of experts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This Delphi Study involved 62 experts from the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years and Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). Two survey rounds were used, with items categorised under: (1) funding, (2) capacity building, (3) methods, and (4) other issues (e.g., policymaker awareness of relevant WHO Guidelines and Strategies). Expert participants ranked 40 items on a five-point Likert scale from 'extremely' to 'not at all' important. Consensus was defined as > 70% rating of 'extremely' or 'very' important.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We received 62 responses to round 1 of the survey and 59 to round 2. There was consensus for most items. The two highest rated round 2 items in each category were the following; for funding (1) it was greater funding for surveillance and public funding of surveillance; for capacity building (2) it was increased human capacity for surveillance (e.g. knowledge, skills) and regional or global partnerships to support national surveillance; for methods (3) it was standard protocols for surveillance measures and improved measurement method for screen time; and for other issues (4) it was greater awareness of physical activity guidelines and strategies from WHO and greater awareness of the importance of surveillance for NCD prevention. We generally found no significant differences in priorities between low-middle-income (n = 29) and high-income countries (n = 30) or between SUNRISE (n = 20), AHKGA (n = 26) or both (n = 13) initiatives. There was a lack of agreement on using private funding for surveillance or surveillance research.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a prioritised and international consensus list of actions required to improve surveillance of movement behaviours in children and adolescents globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02114-0
Edgardo Opazo-Díaz, Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García, Alejandro Galán-Mercant, Alberto Marín-Galindo, Juan Corral-Pérez, Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
Background: Exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Despite diverse exercise protocol variations, the impact of these variations in HIIT on T2DM anthropometrics, glycemic control, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unclear.
Objective: The aim was to examine the influence of HIIT protocol characteristics on anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF in T2DM patients and compare it to control (without exercise) and MICT.
Methods: This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281398) and follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search, employing "high-intensity interval training" and "diabetes mellitus" in PubMed and Web of Science databases, with a "randomized controlled trial" filter, spanned articles up to January 2023.
Results: Of 190 records, 29 trials were included, categorized by HIIT interval duration, training volume, and intervention period. Long-duration, high-volume, and long-term HIIT yields superior outcomes compared to control conditions for body mass, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), and CRF. The findings favored HIIT over MICT for body mass in long-duration, high-volume, and short-term intervals (mean difference [MD] - 3.45, - 3.13, and - 5.42, respectively, all p < 0.05) and for CRF in long and medium work intervals and high volume (MD 1.91, 2.55, and 2.43, respectively, all p < 0.05), as well as in medium and long-term intervention (MD 2.66 and 2.21, respectively, all p < 0.05). Regardless of specific HIIT characteristics, no differences were found in the HIIT versus MICT comparison for glycemic control.
Conclusions: Specific HIIT protocol characteristics influence changes in anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF compared to control groups. However, compared to MICT, only longer duration, higher volume, and short-term HIIT improved body mass, waist circumference, and CRF in individuals with T2DM.
{"title":"Characteristics of High-Intensity Interval Training Influence Anthropometrics, Glycemic Control, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Edgardo Opazo-Díaz, Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García, Alejandro Galán-Mercant, Alberto Marín-Galindo, Juan Corral-Pérez, Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02114-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02114-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Despite diverse exercise protocol variations, the impact of these variations in HIIT on T2DM anthropometrics, glycemic control, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to examine the influence of HIIT protocol characteristics on anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF in T2DM patients and compare it to control (without exercise) and MICT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281398) and follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search, employing \"high-intensity interval training\" and \"diabetes mellitus\" in PubMed and Web of Science databases, with a \"randomized controlled trial\" filter, spanned articles up to January 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 190 records, 29 trials were included, categorized by HIIT interval duration, training volume, and intervention period. Long-duration, high-volume, and long-term HIIT yields superior outcomes compared to control conditions for body mass, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), and CRF. The findings favored HIIT over MICT for body mass in long-duration, high-volume, and short-term intervals (mean difference [MD] - 3.45, - 3.13, and - 5.42, respectively, all p < 0.05) and for CRF in long and medium work intervals and high volume (MD 1.91, 2.55, and 2.43, respectively, all p < 0.05), as well as in medium and long-term intervention (MD 2.66 and 2.21, respectively, all p < 0.05). Regardless of specific HIIT characteristics, no differences were found in the HIIT versus MICT comparison for glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Specific HIIT protocol characteristics influence changes in anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF compared to control groups. However, compared to MICT, only longer duration, higher volume, and short-term HIIT improved body mass, waist circumference, and CRF in individuals with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Persistently elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is associated with a higher risk of long-term vascular complications.
Objective: We evaluated the effect of different exercise modalities and doses on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: A systematic search for randomized controlled trials involving exercise interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes was conducted across seven electronic databases, encompassing data from their inception up to October 2023. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the literature. Pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses using the random-effects model were conducted to analyze the effect of exercise on HbA1c levels.
Results: A total of 85 randomized controlled trials with 5535 participants were included. The network meta-analysis showed that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has the highest ranked (MD = - 0.78% [- 8.50 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 1.04, - 0.51), followed by combined aerobic and resistance exercise (CE) (MD = - 0.54% [- 5.90 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.69, - 0.40), yoga (MD = - 0.45% [- 4.92 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.77, - 0.13), and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) (MD = - 0.42% [- 4.58 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.54, - 0.30). In addition, a significant improvement in HbA1c levels can be observed when the total exercise dose reaches 840 metabolic equivalent of tasks-min/week.
Conclusions: There was low-quality evidence that HIIT, CE, yoga, and CAE may be effective treatment modalities for improving HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes, and there was no significant difference in efficacy. Moreover, a non-linear dose-response relationship was found for total exercise and HbA1c levels. Future research should further investigate the specific effects of different exercise doses on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and provide a more personalized exercise prescription.
{"title":"The Best Exercise Modality and Dose to Reduce Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review with Pairwise, Network, and Dose-Response Meta-Analyses.","authors":"Zhide Liang, Meng Zhang, Chuanzhi Wang, Fengwei Hao, Yingdanni Yu, Shudong Tian, Yang Yuan","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02057-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02057-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Persistently elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is associated with a higher risk of long-term vascular complications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We evaluated the effect of different exercise modalities and doses on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search for randomized controlled trials involving exercise interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes was conducted across seven electronic databases, encompassing data from their inception up to October 2023. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the literature. Pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses using the random-effects model were conducted to analyze the effect of exercise on HbA1c levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 85 randomized controlled trials with 5535 participants were included. The network meta-analysis showed that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has the highest ranked (MD = - 0.78% [- 8.50 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 1.04, - 0.51), followed by combined aerobic and resistance exercise (CE) (MD = - 0.54% [- 5.90 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.69, - 0.40), yoga (MD = - 0.45% [- 4.92 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.77, - 0.13), and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) (MD = - 0.42% [- 4.58 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.54, - 0.30). In addition, a significant improvement in HbA1c levels can be observed when the total exercise dose reaches 840 metabolic equivalent of tasks-min/week.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was low-quality evidence that HIIT, CE, yoga, and CAE may be effective treatment modalities for improving HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes, and there was no significant difference in efficacy. Moreover, a non-linear dose-response relationship was found for total exercise and HbA1c levels. Future research should further investigate the specific effects of different exercise doses on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and provide a more personalized exercise prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2557-2570"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141447134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4
Kevin Caen, David C Poole, Anni Vanhatalo, Andrew M Jones
From a physiological perspective, the delineation between steady-state and non-steady-state exercise, also referred to as the maximal metabolic steady state, holds paramount importance for evaluating athletic performance and designing and monitoring training programs. The critical power and the maximal lactate steady state are two widely used indices to estimate this threshold, yet previous studies consistently reported significant discrepancies between their associated power outputs. These findings have fueled the debate regarding the interchangeability of critical power and the maximal lactate steady state in practice. This paper reviews the methodological intricacies intrinsic to the determination of these thresholds, and elucidates how inappropriate determination methods and methodological inconsistencies between studies have contributed to the documented differences in the literature. Through a critical examination of relevant literature and by integration of our laboratory data, we demonstrate that differences between critical power and the maximal lactate steady state may be reconciled to only a few Watts when applying appropriate and strict determination criteria, so that both indices may be used to estimate the maximal metabolic steady-state threshold in practice. To this end, we have defined a set of good practice guidelines to assist scientists and coaches in obtaining the most valid critical power and maximal lactate steady state estimates.
{"title":"Critical Power and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Cycling: \"Watts\" the Difference?","authors":"Kevin Caen, David C Poole, Anni Vanhatalo, Andrew M Jones","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From a physiological perspective, the delineation between steady-state and non-steady-state exercise, also referred to as the maximal metabolic steady state, holds paramount importance for evaluating athletic performance and designing and monitoring training programs. The critical power and the maximal lactate steady state are two widely used indices to estimate this threshold, yet previous studies consistently reported significant discrepancies between their associated power outputs. These findings have fueled the debate regarding the interchangeability of critical power and the maximal lactate steady state in practice. This paper reviews the methodological intricacies intrinsic to the determination of these thresholds, and elucidates how inappropriate determination methods and methodological inconsistencies between studies have contributed to the documented differences in the literature. Through a critical examination of relevant literature and by integration of our laboratory data, we demonstrate that differences between critical power and the maximal lactate steady state may be reconciled to only a few Watts when applying appropriate and strict determination criteria, so that both indices may be used to estimate the maximal metabolic steady-state threshold in practice. To this end, we have defined a set of good practice guidelines to assist scientists and coaches in obtaining the most valid critical power and maximal lactate steady state estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2497-2513"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02059-4
Anja Lazić, Dušan Stanković, Nebojša Trajković, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
Background: Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic control, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a promising exercise modality with potential benefits for both aspects in this population.
Objectives: The primary aim was to investigate the effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM. The secondary aim was to examine the most effective HIIT protocol for cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM.
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources: Two major electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) were searched up to February 2024.
Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Randomized and non-randomized trials involving adult patients with T1DM, free of complications and other diseases examining the effects of HIIT (HIIT pre vs. post; HIIT vs. control group or HIIT vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters were included.
Results: A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following HIIT interventions (pre vs. post) in patients with T1DM (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16 to 1, p = 0.01). Furthermore, HIIT (pre vs. post) was associated with significant improvements in 24-h mean glucose control (SMD = - 0.44, 95% CI = - 0.81 to - 0.06, p = 0.02), but the results (pre vs. post) failed to identify significant improvements in fasting glucose (SMD = - 0.26, 95% CI = - 0.78 to 0.24, p = 0.3) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values (SMD = - 0.28, 95% CI = - 0.61 to 0.05, p = 0.1). However, in comparison with a control group, HIIT showed significantly favorable effects on HbA1C (SMD = - 0.74, 95% CI = - 1.35 to - 0.14, p = 0.02). Finally, the meta-regression analysis did not find any moderating effect of any HIIT characteristics (i.e., intervention duration, session duration, work time, rest time, number of bouts, and intensity) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters.
Conclusion: Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that T1DM patients who performed a HIIT intervention significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced their 24-h mean glucose levels, but not their HbA1C and fasting glucose. These findings support the application of HIIT interventions in T1DM patients. However, the guidelines for the most effective protocol remain unclear; hence, future studies are needed.
{"title":"Effects of HIIT Interventions on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Glycemic Parameters in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Anja Lazić, Dušan Stanković, Nebojša Trajković, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02059-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02059-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic control, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a promising exercise modality with potential benefits for both aspects in this population.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The primary aim was to investigate the effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM. The secondary aim was to examine the most effective HIIT protocol for cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Two major electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) were searched up to February 2024.</p><p><strong>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: </strong>Randomized and non-randomized trials involving adult patients with T1DM, free of complications and other diseases examining the effects of HIIT (HIIT pre vs. post; HIIT vs. control group or HIIT vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following HIIT interventions (pre vs. post) in patients with T1DM (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16 to 1, p = 0.01). Furthermore, HIIT (pre vs. post) was associated with significant improvements in 24-h mean glucose control (SMD = - 0.44, 95% CI = - 0.81 to - 0.06, p = 0.02), but the results (pre vs. post) failed to identify significant improvements in fasting glucose (SMD = - 0.26, 95% CI = - 0.78 to 0.24, p = 0.3) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values (SMD = - 0.28, 95% CI = - 0.61 to 0.05, p = 0.1). However, in comparison with a control group, HIIT showed significantly favorable effects on HbA1C (SMD = - 0.74, 95% CI = - 1.35 to - 0.14, p = 0.02). Finally, the meta-regression analysis did not find any moderating effect of any HIIT characteristics (i.e., intervention duration, session duration, work time, rest time, number of bouts, and intensity) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that T1DM patients who performed a HIIT intervention significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced their 24-h mean glucose levels, but not their HbA1C and fasting glucose. These findings support the application of HIIT interventions in T1DM patients. However, the guidelines for the most effective protocol remain unclear; hence, future studies are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2645-2661"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11466984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02062-9
Douglas P Terry, Rachel Grashow, Grant L Iverson, Paula Atkeson, Ran Rotem, Shawn R Eagle, Daniel H Daneshvar, Scott L Zuckerman, Ross D Zafonte, Marc G Weisskopf, Aaron Baggish
Objective: Prior studies examining small samples of symptomatic former professional football players suggest that earlier age of first exposure (AFE) to American football is associated with adverse later life health outcomes. This study examined a larger, more representative sample of former professional American football players to assess associations between AFE before age 12 (AFE < 12) and clinical outcomes compared with those who started at age 12 or older (AFE 12 +).
Methods: Former professional American football players who completed a questionnaire were dichotomized into AFE < 12 and AFE 12 + . AFE groups were compared on outcomes including symptoms of depression and anxiety, perceived cognitive difficulties, neurobehavioral dysregulation, and self-reported health conditions (e.g., headaches, sleep apnea, hypertension, chronic pain, memory loss, dementia/Alzheimer's disease, and others).
Results: Among 4189 former professional football players (aged 52 ± 14 years, 39% self-reported as Black), univariable associations with negligible effect sizes were seen with AFE < 12, depressive symptoms (p = 0.03; η2 = 0.001), and anxiety-related symptoms (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.001) only. Multivariable models adjusting for age, race, body mass index, playing position, number of professional seasons, and past concussion burden revealed no significant relationships between AFE < 12 and any outcome. Linear and non-linear models examining AFE as a continuous variable showed similar null results.
Conclusions: In a large cohort of former professional American-style football players, AFE was not independently associated with adverse later life outcomes. These findings are inconsistent with smaller studies of former professional football players. Studies examining AFE in professional football players may have limited utility and generalizability regarding policy implications for youth sports.
{"title":"Age of First Exposure Does Not Relate to Post-Career Health in Former Professional American-Style Football Players.","authors":"Douglas P Terry, Rachel Grashow, Grant L Iverson, Paula Atkeson, Ran Rotem, Shawn R Eagle, Daniel H Daneshvar, Scott L Zuckerman, Ross D Zafonte, Marc G Weisskopf, Aaron Baggish","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02062-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02062-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Prior studies examining small samples of symptomatic former professional football players suggest that earlier age of first exposure (AFE) to American football is associated with adverse later life health outcomes. This study examined a larger, more representative sample of former professional American football players to assess associations between AFE before age 12 (AFE < 12) and clinical outcomes compared with those who started at age 12 or older (AFE 12 +).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Former professional American football players who completed a questionnaire were dichotomized into AFE < 12 and AFE 12 + . AFE groups were compared on outcomes including symptoms of depression and anxiety, perceived cognitive difficulties, neurobehavioral dysregulation, and self-reported health conditions (e.g., headaches, sleep apnea, hypertension, chronic pain, memory loss, dementia/Alzheimer's disease, and others).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4189 former professional football players (aged 52 ± 14 years, 39% self-reported as Black), univariable associations with negligible effect sizes were seen with AFE < 12, depressive symptoms (p = 0.03; η<sup>2</sup> = 0.001), and anxiety-related symptoms (p = 0.02; η<sup>2</sup> = 0.001) only. Multivariable models adjusting for age, race, body mass index, playing position, number of professional seasons, and past concussion burden revealed no significant relationships between AFE < 12 and any outcome. Linear and non-linear models examining AFE as a continuous variable showed similar null results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a large cohort of former professional American-style football players, AFE was not independently associated with adverse later life outcomes. These findings are inconsistent with smaller studies of former professional football players. Studies examining AFE in professional football players may have limited utility and generalizability regarding policy implications for youth sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2675-2684"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141451464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8
Nikolaos D Asimakidis, Irvin N Mukandi, Marco Beato, Chris Bishop, Anthony N Turner
Background: Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken.
Objectives: The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests.
Methods: A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite".
Results: Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies).
Conclusions: The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
{"title":"Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research.","authors":"Nikolaos D Asimakidis, Irvin N Mukandi, Marco Beato, Chris Bishop, Anthony N Turner","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as \"professional\", \"international\" or \"elite\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2607-2644"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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