Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02388-y
Eline de Jager,Brian Caulfield,Evgenia Angelidi,Brian MacNamee,Sinead Holden
BACKGROUNDHeart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic nervous system function and can now be continuously monitored in real-world settings using wearable technology. However, the influence of ovarian hormones on HRV remains unclear, underscoring the need to synthesize evidence across the female lifespan.OBJECTIVETo examine the association between ovarian hormone profiles and HRV measured by wearable/mobile devices.DESIGNLiving systematic review.DATA SOURCESA comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, SPORTDiscus, and Embase from inception to December 2025. The search followed the Participant (females of any age), Exposure (ovarian hormone profiles), and Outcomes (HRV measured by wearable devices) framework, using a combination of MeSH terms and keyword adaptations. Quality was assessed for cohort studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ELIGIBILITY CRITERIAAll studies were independently double screened by title, abstract, and full text. Studies were eligible if they examined differences in HRV measured by a wearable device, across the menstrual cycle in naturally menstruating females, in response to exogenous ovarian hormones, or across another ovarian hormone state such as menopause or pregnancy.RESULTSFrom 299 identified records, 16 studies were included. In naturally menstruating females, HRV was higher at the beginning of the cycle and lower toward the end, with differences in time-domain HRV ranging from 3 to 9%. Hormonal contraceptive users exhibited lower HRV, particularly in the late cycle. Additionally, HRV tended to decline after menopause with increasing age. The quality of evidence in this review was moderate (7/9). Variability in how menstrual cycle phases and menopausal status were classified across studies limited comparability and the ability to synthesize findings quantitatively.CONCLUSIONSWearable-derived HRV is associated with differences across the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive use, and reproductive life stages. This should be considered when presenting HRV metrics to female users. This may improve the interpretation of data for female athletes, patients, or women who track their HRV.OSF REGISTRATIONDOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S4RYW .
心率变异性（HRV）反映了自主神经系统的功能，现在可以使用可穿戴技术在现实环境中连续监测。然而，卵巢激素对HRV的影响仍不清楚，强调需要综合整个女性生命周期的证据。目的探讨可穿戴/移动设备测量卵巢激素谱与HRV的关系。DESIGNLiving系统回顾。数据来源从成立到2025年12月，在PubMed、Web of Science、IEEE explore、SPORTDiscus和Embase中进行了全面的检索。搜索遵循参与者（任何年龄的女性），暴露（卵巢激素谱）和结果（可穿戴设备测量的HRV）框架，使用MeSH术语和关键字适应的组合。采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表评估队列研究的质量。入选标准：所有研究均通过标题、摘要和全文进行独立的双重筛选。如果研究通过可穿戴设备测量HRV的差异，在自然月经的女性的整个月经周期中，对外源性卵巢激素的反应，或在其他卵巢激素状态（如更年期或怀孕）中，研究都是合格的。结果299份鉴定记录中纳入16项研究。在自然月经的女性中，HRV在周期开始时较高，在周期结束时较低，时域HRV的差异在3%至9%之间。激素避孕药使用者表现出较低的HRV，特别是在月经后期。此外，随着年龄的增长，HRV在绝经后趋于下降。本综述的证据质量为中等（7/9）。不同研究中对月经周期阶段和绝经状态分类的差异限制了可比性和定量综合研究结果的能力。结论可穿戴性HRV与月经周期、口服避孕药使用和生殖生命阶段的差异有关。在向女性用户呈现HRV指标时，应该考虑到这一点。这可能会改善对女性运动员、患者或跟踪HRV的女性数据的解释。OSF REGISTRATIONDOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S4RYW。
{"title":"Wearable-Derived Heart Rate Variability Across the Menstrual Cycle, Hormonal Contraceptive Use, and Reproductive Life Stages in Females: A Living Systematic Review.","authors":"Eline de Jager,Brian Caulfield,Evgenia Angelidi,Brian MacNamee,Sinead Holden","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02388-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02388-y","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDHeart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic nervous system function and can now be continuously monitored in real-world settings using wearable technology. However, the influence of ovarian hormones on HRV remains unclear, underscoring the need to synthesize evidence across the female lifespan.OBJECTIVETo examine the association between ovarian hormone profiles and HRV measured by wearable/mobile devices.DESIGNLiving systematic review.DATA SOURCESA comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, SPORTDiscus, and Embase from inception to December 2025. The search followed the Participant (females of any age), Exposure (ovarian hormone profiles), and Outcomes (HRV measured by wearable devices) framework, using a combination of MeSH terms and keyword adaptations. Quality was assessed for cohort studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ELIGIBILITY CRITERIAAll studies were independently double screened by title, abstract, and full text. Studies were eligible if they examined differences in HRV measured by a wearable device, across the menstrual cycle in naturally menstruating females, in response to exogenous ovarian hormones, or across another ovarian hormone state such as menopause or pregnancy.RESULTSFrom 299 identified records, 16 studies were included. In naturally menstruating females, HRV was higher at the beginning of the cycle and lower toward the end, with differences in time-domain HRV ranging from 3 to 9%. Hormonal contraceptive users exhibited lower HRV, particularly in the late cycle. Additionally, HRV tended to decline after menopause with increasing age. The quality of evidence in this review was moderate (7/9). Variability in how menstrual cycle phases and menopausal status were classified across studies limited comparability and the ability to synthesize findings quantitatively.CONCLUSIONSWearable-derived HRV is associated with differences across the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive use, and reproductive life stages. This should be considered when presenting HRV metrics to female users. This may improve the interpretation of data for female athletes, patients, or women who track their HRV.OSF REGISTRATIONDOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S4RYW .","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02379-z
Athena R W Chow,Mirela Zaneva,Layla Rashid,Catherine Wheatley,Constantin Coussios,Robert Hepach,Lucy Bowes
BACKGROUNDSports injuries are linked to negative impacts on mental health and well-being, including depression, anxiety, stress and lower quality of life. Conversely, poor mental health and well-being have been found to increase the risk of sports injury, injury severity and time taken to recover. Although existing research indicates these associations in athletes broadly, the nature and directionality of these relationships among adolescents are not well characterised. A related limitation is that much of the existing evidence, in both children and adult athletes, is cross-sectional in design, limiting our understanding of causal directionality. Given the high rates of sports participation and the specific risk factors for injury in this demographic, as well as the growing concern about adolescents' mental health and well-being worldwide, this complex relationship warrants greater attention.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between sports injuries and mental health and well-being in adolescents aged 10-24 years, and potential mechanisms of this relationship.METHODSThis systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023374807). Literature searches were performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines by searching PsycINFO, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, Elicit and Google Scholar. Articles were included if they were quantitative, published in English between 1990 and 2023, focused on young athletes aged 10-24 years, measured mental health/well-being and were an all-complaints sports injury that ranged across all levels of sport.RESULTSOf 397 studies screened, 84 studies were included. The final sample included 221,095 adolescents and young people. A narrative synthesis indicated that sports injuries were associated with worse mental health and well-being in the majority of studies, and vice versa. Meta-analyses revealed that sports injury incidence was significantly associated with worse mental health/well-being (Zr = 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.17, 0.50), and concussion incidence was significantly associated with worse mental health/well-being (Zr = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.08, 0.30), with no evidence of publication bias. Conversely, worse mental health/well-being was associated with a significantly increased risk of sports injury incidence (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.13, 2.10). However, after accounting for potential publication bias, the pooled association between mental health/well-being and sports injury risk was no longer statistically significant, highlighting the need for caution in interpreting this relationship. Regarding mechanisms, a small number of studies revealed psychosocial factors (e.g. athletic identity, social support) that could influence this reciprocal relationship.CONCLUSIONSWe found evidence for a bidirectional relationship betwee
运动损伤与心理健康和福祉的负面影响有关，包括抑郁、焦虑、压力和生活质量下降。相反，不良的心理健康和幸福感会增加运动损伤的风险、损伤的严重程度和恢复所需的时间。尽管现有的研究表明这些关联在运动员中广泛存在，但这些关系在青少年中的性质和方向性并没有很好地表征。一个相关的限制是，许多现有的证据，无论是儿童还是成年运动员，都是横断面设计，限制了我们对因果方向的理解。鉴于这一人群的体育参与率高、受伤的具体风险因素多，以及全世界对青少年心理健康和福祉的日益关注，这一复杂关系值得更多关注。目的探讨10-24岁青少年运动损伤与心理健康和幸福感的双向关系及其可能的机制。方法本系统评价和荟萃分析在PROSPERO注册（ID: CRD42023374807）。根据PRISMA （Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and meta - analysis）指南进行文献检索，检索词包括PsycINFO、Web of Science、ERIC、CINAHL、MEDLINE、Embase、Cochrane Library、SPORTDiscus、PEDro、Elicit和谷歌Scholar。如果文章是量化的，在1990年至2023年期间以英文发表，重点关注10-24岁的年轻运动员，测量心理健康/福祉，并且是涵盖所有体育水平的所有投诉运动损伤。结果在筛选的397项研究中，纳入84项研究。最终的样本包括221,095名青少年和年轻人。一项叙述性综合研究表明，在大多数研究中，运动损伤与较差的心理健康和幸福感有关，反之亦然。荟萃分析显示，运动损伤发生率与较差的心理健康/幸福感显著相关（Zr = 0.34, 95%可信区间0.17,0.50），脑震荡发生率与较差的心理健康/幸福感显著相关（Zr = 0.19, 95%可信区间0.08,0.30），无发表偏倚证据。相反，较差的心理健康/幸福感与运动损伤发生率显著增加相关（优势比= 1.54,95%置信区间1.13,2.10）。然而，在考虑了潜在的发表偏倚后，心理健康/幸福感与运动损伤风险之间的综合关联不再具有统计学意义，这突出了在解释这种关系时需要谨慎。在机制方面，少数研究揭示了可能影响这种相互关系的社会心理因素（如运动员身份、社会支持）。结论青少年运动员运动损伤与心理健康之间存在双向关系。需要进一步的研究来阐明这种关系背后的机制。早期干预措施的重点是支持运动损伤后的心理健康，并解决先前存在的心理健康问题，以减少随后受伤的风险，这些干预措施应针对特别影响青少年运动员的心理社会机制。
{"title":"Bidirectional Relationship Between Mental Health and Sports Injury in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Athena R W Chow,Mirela Zaneva,Layla Rashid,Catherine Wheatley,Constantin Coussios,Robert Hepach,Lucy Bowes","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02379-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02379-z","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSports injuries are linked to negative impacts on mental health and well-being, including depression, anxiety, stress and lower quality of life. Conversely, poor mental health and well-being have been found to increase the risk of sports injury, injury severity and time taken to recover. Although existing research indicates these associations in athletes broadly, the nature and directionality of these relationships among adolescents are not well characterised. A related limitation is that much of the existing evidence, in both children and adult athletes, is cross-sectional in design, limiting our understanding of causal directionality. Given the high rates of sports participation and the specific risk factors for injury in this demographic, as well as the growing concern about adolescents' mental health and well-being worldwide, this complex relationship warrants greater attention.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between sports injuries and mental health and well-being in adolescents aged 10-24 years, and potential mechanisms of this relationship.METHODSThis systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023374807). Literature searches were performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines by searching PsycINFO, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, Elicit and Google Scholar. Articles were included if they were quantitative, published in English between 1990 and 2023, focused on young athletes aged 10-24 years, measured mental health/well-being and were an all-complaints sports injury that ranged across all levels of sport.RESULTSOf 397 studies screened, 84 studies were included. The final sample included 221,095 adolescents and young people. A narrative synthesis indicated that sports injuries were associated with worse mental health and well-being in the majority of studies, and vice versa. Meta-analyses revealed that sports injury incidence was significantly associated with worse mental health/well-being (Zr = 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.17, 0.50), and concussion incidence was significantly associated with worse mental health/well-being (Zr = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.08, 0.30), with no evidence of publication bias. Conversely, worse mental health/well-being was associated with a significantly increased risk of sports injury incidence (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.13, 2.10). However, after accounting for potential publication bias, the pooled association between mental health/well-being and sports injury risk was no longer statistically significant, highlighting the need for caution in interpreting this relationship. Regarding mechanisms, a small number of studies revealed psychosocial factors (e.g. athletic identity, social support) that could influence this reciprocal relationship.CONCLUSIONSWe found evidence for a bidirectional relationship betwee","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02380-6
Dylan S Hicks,Stuart McMillan,Wolfgang Schöllhorn,Roland van den Tillaar
Sprinting is a complex skill required in many team and individual sports, with practitioners placing an emphasis on enhancing this aspect of performance to improve sporting success. The task of sprinting involves patterns of inter- and intra-limb coordination and control, which emerge as the athlete accelerates to their maximal velocity. Traditionally, practitioners have attempted to modify sprint coordination patterns from a reductionist or cognitive perspective, decomposing performance to individual component parts using knowledge of coaching literature, biomechanics and skill acquisition theory. However, this approach widely neglects the dynamic and complex interactions that shape sprinting more holistically. This perspective article presents sprint coordination within a dynamical systems theory framework, emphasising how sprint performance emerges from constantly varying internal and/or external boundary conditions that regulate patterns of coordination by controlling mechanical, metabolic and neurophysiological degrees of freedom within the limits of the system. Thereby, movement variability is viewed as an essential component of coordination rather than simply 'noise'. We also review classification schemes that identify stable sprint coordination patterns or strategies, with an emphasis on the acceleration and maximal velocity phases. We then examine practices towards "optimal" sprint technique, plus consider coordinative processes including self-organisation, phase transition and shifts in attractor states, alongside skill acquisition approaches used to establish functional sprint coordination patterns. Ultimately, we aim to present an alternative view for sprint practitioners to consider the complexities of sprint coordination and performance through a dynamical systems lens.
{"title":"Sprint Running Coordination: A Dynamical Systems Perspective.","authors":"Dylan S Hicks,Stuart McMillan,Wolfgang Schöllhorn,Roland van den Tillaar","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02380-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02380-6","url":null,"abstract":"Sprinting is a complex skill required in many team and individual sports, with practitioners placing an emphasis on enhancing this aspect of performance to improve sporting success. The task of sprinting involves patterns of inter- and intra-limb coordination and control, which emerge as the athlete accelerates to their maximal velocity. Traditionally, practitioners have attempted to modify sprint coordination patterns from a reductionist or cognitive perspective, decomposing performance to individual component parts using knowledge of coaching literature, biomechanics and skill acquisition theory. However, this approach widely neglects the dynamic and complex interactions that shape sprinting more holistically. This perspective article presents sprint coordination within a dynamical systems theory framework, emphasising how sprint performance emerges from constantly varying internal and/or external boundary conditions that regulate patterns of coordination by controlling mechanical, metabolic and neurophysiological degrees of freedom within the limits of the system. Thereby, movement variability is viewed as an essential component of coordination rather than simply 'noise'. We also review classification schemes that identify stable sprint coordination patterns or strategies, with an emphasis on the acceleration and maximal velocity phases. We then examine practices towards \"optimal\" sprint technique, plus consider coordinative processes including self-organisation, phase transition and shifts in attractor states, alongside skill acquisition approaches used to establish functional sprint coordination patterns. Ultimately, we aim to present an alternative view for sprint practitioners to consider the complexities of sprint coordination and performance through a dynamical systems lens.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02382-4
Stephanie A Prince,Tyler Thomas,Aviroop Biswas
BACKGROUNDHigh leisure time physical activity (LTPA) is consistently linked to health benefits, whereas high occupational physical activity (OPA) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, a phenomenon known as the "physical activity health paradox." This study examined how OPA and LTPA interact to influence health-related quality of life (HRQL), a measure of physical and mental well-being.METHODSA repeated-measures longitudinal study was conducted using data from 7382 Canadian workers (aged 18-75 years) in the National Population Health Survey (1994-2011). Multilevel growth curve models were used to assess associations between self-reported measures of LTPA (active, inactive), OPA (sit, walk/light loads, heavy loads), and OLTPA, a composite variable of their combined effects, with the Health Utility Index score (HRQL), adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates.RESULTSActive LTPA was associated with better HRQL, whereas OPA was not. Results suggested a curvilinear response between OLTPA and HRQL with age whereby middle-aged workers lifting heavy loads at work and active LTPA have lower HRQL than older workers in the same group. Findings were similar among males, but among older females (60 + years) who lifted heavy loads at work, being inactive rather than active in leisure resulted in higher HRQL.CONCLUSIONThe association between LTPA, OPA, and HRQL is complex, varying across age and sex. These findings highlight the need for physical activity recommendations that are sensitive to occupational demands when promoting health and well-being.
高休闲时间体力活动（LTPA）一直与健康益处有关，而高职业体力活动（OPA）与不良健康结果有关，这种现象被称为“体力活动健康悖论”。本研究考察了OPA和LTPA如何相互作用影响健康相关生活质量（HRQL），这是一种衡量身心健康的指标。方法利用1994-2011年加拿大全国人口健康调查（National Population Health Survey）中7382名18-75岁劳动者的数据进行重复测量的纵向研究。采用多水平生长曲线模型来评估LTPA（运动、不运动）、OPA（坐、走/轻负荷、重负荷）和OLTPA（其综合效应的复合变量）与健康效用指数评分（HRQL）之间的关联，并对社会人口统计学和健康协变量进行了调整。结果active LTPA与较好的HRQL相关，而OPA与较好的HRQL无关。结果表明，OLTPA和HRQL随年龄呈曲线反应，在同一组中，中年工人在工作中搬运重物和活跃的LTPA的HRQL低于老年工人。研究结果在男性中也相似，但在工作中搬运重物的老年女性（60岁以上）中，不运动而不是在休闲时运动导致HRQL更高。结论LTPA、OPA和HRQL之间的关系是复杂的，随年龄和性别而变化。这些发现强调，在促进健康和福祉时，需要对职业需求敏感的体育活动建议。
{"title":"The Effects of Occupational and Leisure Time Physical Activity on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Repeated-Measures Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Stephanie A Prince,Tyler Thomas,Aviroop Biswas","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02382-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02382-4","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDHigh leisure time physical activity (LTPA) is consistently linked to health benefits, whereas high occupational physical activity (OPA) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, a phenomenon known as the \"physical activity health paradox.\" This study examined how OPA and LTPA interact to influence health-related quality of life (HRQL), a measure of physical and mental well-being.METHODSA repeated-measures longitudinal study was conducted using data from 7382 Canadian workers (aged 18-75 years) in the National Population Health Survey (1994-2011). Multilevel growth curve models were used to assess associations between self-reported measures of LTPA (active, inactive), OPA (sit, walk/light loads, heavy loads), and OLTPA, a composite variable of their combined effects, with the Health Utility Index score (HRQL), adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates.RESULTSActive LTPA was associated with better HRQL, whereas OPA was not. Results suggested a curvilinear response between OLTPA and HRQL with age whereby middle-aged workers lifting heavy loads at work and active LTPA have lower HRQL than older workers in the same group. Findings were similar among males, but among older females (60 + years) who lifted heavy loads at work, being inactive rather than active in leisure resulted in higher HRQL.CONCLUSIONThe association between LTPA, OPA, and HRQL is complex, varying across age and sex. These findings highlight the need for physical activity recommendations that are sensitive to occupational demands when promoting health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145937807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correlations Between the Metabolic Costs of Level and Graded Running: A Secondary Analysis of the Literature","authors":"Loïc Espeit, Thibault Besson, Frederic Sabater-Pastor, Jeanne Tondut, Wouter Hoogkamer, Rodger Kram, Marcel Lemire, Grégoire P. Millet, Aldo Savoldelli, Fabrice Vercruyssen, Gianluca Vernillo, Guillaume Y. Millet","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02381-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02381-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02318-y
Gustavo R Mota
{"title":"Comment on \"Optimizing Post‑Activation Performance Enhancement in Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review with Meta‑analysis for Prescription Variables and Research Methods\".","authors":"Gustavo R Mota","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02318-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-025-02318-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"291-292"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02316-0
Lorenzo Lolli
{"title":"Comment on \"Predicting VO<sub>2max</sub> Using Lung Function and Three-Dimensional (3D) Allometry Provides New Insights into the Allometric Cascade (M<sup>0.75</sup>)\".","authors":"Lorenzo Lolli","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02316-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-025-02316-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"283-286"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02374-4
Alessandro Compagnin, Francesco Della Villa, Giovanni La Rosa, Stephen Patterson, Paul Read, Lee Herrington, Stefano Di Paolo, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Gregory D. Myer, Mike Davison, Mick Hughes, Matthew Buckthorpe
{"title":"Force and Power Testing During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation: A World-Wide Survey of Current Practices","authors":"Alessandro Compagnin, Francesco Della Villa, Giovanni La Rosa, Stephen Patterson, Paul Read, Lee Herrington, Stefano Di Paolo, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Gregory D. Myer, Mike Davison, Mick Hughes, Matthew Buckthorpe","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02374-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02374-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02376-2
Jihen Khalfoun,Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman,Devaraj Loganathan,Amri Hammami,Ayoub Saeidi,Juan Del Coso,Ismail Laher,Hassane Zouhal
BACKGROUNDThe role of exercise in modulating the immune system and cytokines has garnered increasing attention, particularly in the context of breast cancer survivorship. Breast cancer and its treatments often lead to immunosuppression, which can heighten the risk of infections and recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of exercise, including aerobic and resistance exercise, can positively influence cytokine profiles in breast cancer patients. However, the specific effects and underlying mechanisms remain underexplored.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to conduct a systematic review of the studies focused on the effects of exercise on cytokine profiles of breast cancer survivors.METHODSThe databases of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched until 31 December 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials were included if they compared breast cancer survivors participating in a structured exercise program with a non-exercise control group and measured cytokine variables both before and after the intervention. The quality of the included studies was rated with the PEDro scale.RESULTSEleven studies with 481 individuals undergoing exercise interventions were included in the analysis and compared to 240 individuals as controls. Participants in these studies ranged in age from early 40s to late 50s. These studies examined the effects of various exercise interventions, including resistance exercise (n = 2), aerobic exercise (n = 2), concurrent aerobic + resistance exercise (n = 5), tai chi (n = 1), and yoga (n = 1). The training period ranged from 8 to 52 weeks, with most studies lasting 12-15 weeks. The average frequency of training was three sessions per week with a mean session duration of 55 min. The quality of the studies showed a mean PEDro score of 6.5 ± 0.9 points (range 5-8 points). Both aerobic and resistance training alone or in combination impacted several immune indices, including decreases in serum concentrations of interleukin-15 (IL-15), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), TNF-α expression in NK and NKT cells (NKTNF-α, and NKTTNF-α), and lower IL-10/TNF-α ratio. Other less habitual exercise interventions such as tai chi and yoga also induced positive effects on immune indices.CONCLUSIONBreast cancer survivors enrolled in several forms of exercise training showed improved cytokine parameters compared with counterparts who did not perform exercise. The benefits of exercise training on cytokine profiles of breast cancer survivors were evident with both aerobic and resistance training, whether performed separately or in combination, and with other training regimens such as tai chi and yoga.
{"title":"Effects of Exercise on Cytokine Profiles in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jihen Khalfoun,Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman,Devaraj Loganathan,Amri Hammami,Ayoub Saeidi,Juan Del Coso,Ismail Laher,Hassane Zouhal","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02376-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02376-2","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe role of exercise in modulating the immune system and cytokines has garnered increasing attention, particularly in the context of breast cancer survivorship. Breast cancer and its treatments often lead to immunosuppression, which can heighten the risk of infections and recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of exercise, including aerobic and resistance exercise, can positively influence cytokine profiles in breast cancer patients. However, the specific effects and underlying mechanisms remain underexplored.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to conduct a systematic review of the studies focused on the effects of exercise on cytokine profiles of breast cancer survivors.METHODSThe databases of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched until 31 December 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials were included if they compared breast cancer survivors participating in a structured exercise program with a non-exercise control group and measured cytokine variables both before and after the intervention. The quality of the included studies was rated with the PEDro scale.RESULTSEleven studies with 481 individuals undergoing exercise interventions were included in the analysis and compared to 240 individuals as controls. Participants in these studies ranged in age from early 40s to late 50s. These studies examined the effects of various exercise interventions, including resistance exercise (n = 2), aerobic exercise (n = 2), concurrent aerobic + resistance exercise (n = 5), tai chi (n = 1), and yoga (n = 1). The training period ranged from 8 to 52 weeks, with most studies lasting 12-15 weeks. The average frequency of training was three sessions per week with a mean session duration of 55 min. The quality of the studies showed a mean PEDro score of 6.5 ± 0.9 points (range 5-8 points). Both aerobic and resistance training alone or in combination impacted several immune indices, including decreases in serum concentrations of interleukin-15 (IL-15), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), TNF-α expression in NK and NKT cells (NKTNF-α, and NKTTNF-α), and lower IL-10/TNF-α ratio. Other less habitual exercise interventions such as tai chi and yoga also induced positive effects on immune indices.CONCLUSIONBreast cancer survivors enrolled in several forms of exercise training showed improved cytokine parameters compared with counterparts who did not perform exercise. The benefits of exercise training on cytokine profiles of breast cancer survivors were evident with both aerobic and resistance training, whether performed separately or in combination, and with other training regimens such as tai chi and yoga.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145777353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02378-0
Steven D Stovitz,Franco M Impellizzeri,Ian Shrier
The term "risk factor" is commonly used in research. Although many interpret the term to imply that the risk factor causes the outcome, others use the term to mean a marker for the outcome, which may or may not be a cause of the outcome. How the term risk factor is interpreted can importantly influence the way that study findings are applied in real world settings. For example, if a risk factor is wrongly interpreted to be a cause of an outcome when it is merely associated with the outcome because of noncausal reasons, then wasteful interventions may be developed, recommended, and implemented. The primary aims of this article are (1) to describe how varying definitions of the term risk factor can cause misunderstandings and potentially negatively impact the field of sports medicine, and (2) to propose new, more specific, terminology. We first review some basic concepts on how variables can be associated due to either causal or noncausal reasons and then discuss possible explanations for why the term risk factor continues to be misunderstood. We illustrate how using the term risk factor without further specification creates misunderstandings that can lead to the development and implementation of ineffective interventions. Finally, with the hope of improving communication and avoiding ambiguity in sports medicine, we suggest using "causal risk factor" if the evidence supports causality, "noncausal risk factor" if the evidence does not support causality, and "risk marker" for those not wishing to commit to a causal or noncausal claim.
{"title":"The Risks of Misunderstanding the Term \"Risk Factor\": A Primer with Suggestions to Improve Sports Medicine.","authors":"Steven D Stovitz,Franco M Impellizzeri,Ian Shrier","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02378-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02378-0","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"risk factor\" is commonly used in research. Although many interpret the term to imply that the risk factor causes the outcome, others use the term to mean a marker for the outcome, which may or may not be a cause of the outcome. How the term risk factor is interpreted can importantly influence the way that study findings are applied in real world settings. For example, if a risk factor is wrongly interpreted to be a cause of an outcome when it is merely associated with the outcome because of noncausal reasons, then wasteful interventions may be developed, recommended, and implemented. The primary aims of this article are (1) to describe how varying definitions of the term risk factor can cause misunderstandings and potentially negatively impact the field of sports medicine, and (2) to propose new, more specific, terminology. We first review some basic concepts on how variables can be associated due to either causal or noncausal reasons and then discuss possible explanations for why the term risk factor continues to be misunderstood. We illustrate how using the term risk factor without further specification creates misunderstandings that can lead to the development and implementation of ineffective interventions. Finally, with the hope of improving communication and avoiding ambiguity in sports medicine, we suggest using \"causal risk factor\" if the evidence supports causality, \"noncausal risk factor\" if the evidence does not support causality, and \"risk marker\" for those not wishing to commit to a causal or noncausal claim.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"248 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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