Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02262-x
Paris A T Jones, Emma Brockwell, Sinéad Dufour, Amal Hassan, Brittany A Matenchuk, Margie H Davenport
Background: Current guidelines recommend avoiding activities with the risk of contact during pregnancy, despite a lack of empirical data to support this recommendation. As a result, individuals who participate in contact and collision sports such as football or rugby are often confronted with difficult decisions and, in the absence of clear guidance, may resort to making choices based on personal experience, limited advice, or fear.
Objective: We aimed to examine the impact of continued participation in contact sport during pregnancy on maternal and fetal health outcomes.
Methods: We conducted an online survey study of individuals (≥ 18 years of age) who participated in contact or collision sports during pregnancy. The survey collected self-reported information on participant demographics, sport participation (type, hours, and contact exposure) from pre-conception to postpartum, maternal and infant health outcomes, feelings towards continuing/stopping participation in sport, and medical advice received during the perinatal period. Odds ratios or relative risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all categorical outcomes using regression adjusted for relevant covariates to compare outcomes in individuals who stopped participating in contact sport ≤ 12 weeks and > 12 weeks gestation as well as individuals who did and did not sustain a hit (contact) during pregnancy.
Results: Between September 2023 and February 2024, 395 participants (age 34.6 ± 5.0, months postpartum 27.2 ± 34.3; primarily from Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA) were recruited to participate in the survey. Participants participated in contact sports for an average of 12.8 ± 6.4 weeks of pregnancy with 84 individuals sustaining hard hits and 114 individuals sustaining cumulative low impact contact. Participants reported partaking in a total of 11,687.2 h of contact exposure during pregnancy and the rate of adverse events was 1.11 per 1000 h of exposure. Overall, continued participation in contact sport during pregnancy was associated with better mental health status. Over half of participants stated that they had concerns about participating in contact sports during their pregnancy; however, 90% felt "happy" or "very happy" about continuing their sport during pregnancy.
Conclusions: Pregnant individuals continue to participate in contact sports during pregnancy. Participants who continued participating in contact sports were more likely to report decreased depression. Continued participation in contact activities was not associated with the odds of other maternal or fetal complications during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Further investigation is required to direct safe participation in contact sports during pregnancy.
{"title":"What are the Risks of Contact Sport During Pregnancy: a Survey-Based Investigation.","authors":"Paris A T Jones, Emma Brockwell, Sinéad Dufour, Amal Hassan, Brittany A Matenchuk, Margie H Davenport","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02262-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-025-02262-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current guidelines recommend avoiding activities with the risk of contact during pregnancy, despite a lack of empirical data to support this recommendation. As a result, individuals who participate in contact and collision sports such as football or rugby are often confronted with difficult decisions and, in the absence of clear guidance, may resort to making choices based on personal experience, limited advice, or fear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to examine the impact of continued participation in contact sport during pregnancy on maternal and fetal health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an online survey study of individuals (≥ 18 years of age) who participated in contact or collision sports during pregnancy. The survey collected self-reported information on participant demographics, sport participation (type, hours, and contact exposure) from pre-conception to postpartum, maternal and infant health outcomes, feelings towards continuing/stopping participation in sport, and medical advice received during the perinatal period. Odds ratios or relative risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all categorical outcomes using regression adjusted for relevant covariates to compare outcomes in individuals who stopped participating in contact sport ≤ 12 weeks and > 12 weeks gestation as well as individuals who did and did not sustain a hit (contact) during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between September 2023 and February 2024, 395 participants (age 34.6 ± 5.0, months postpartum 27.2 ± 34.3; primarily from Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA) were recruited to participate in the survey. Participants participated in contact sports for an average of 12.8 ± 6.4 weeks of pregnancy with 84 individuals sustaining hard hits and 114 individuals sustaining cumulative low impact contact. Participants reported partaking in a total of 11,687.2 h of contact exposure during pregnancy and the rate of adverse events was 1.11 per 1000 h of exposure. Overall, continued participation in contact sport during pregnancy was associated with better mental health status. Over half of participants stated that they had concerns about participating in contact sports during their pregnancy; however, 90% felt \"happy\" or \"very happy\" about continuing their sport during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pregnant individuals continue to participate in contact sports during pregnancy. Participants who continued participating in contact sports were more likely to report decreased depression. Continued participation in contact activities was not associated with the odds of other maternal or fetal complications during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Further investigation is required to direct safe participation in contact sports during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3143-3156"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02367-3
Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Carl Foster, Luis Andreu-Caravaca, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Michael A. Rosenblat
{"title":"Comparative Effects of Pacing Strategies on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","authors":"Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Carl Foster, Luis Andreu-Caravaca, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Michael A. Rosenblat","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02367-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02367-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02359-3
Thomas Sawczuk, Greg Roe, James Tooby, Cameron Owen, James Brown, Matt Cross, Éanna Falvey, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Sharief Hendricks, Samuel Hudson, Simon Kemp, Lindsay Starling, Keith Stokes, Ross Tucker, Ben Jones
Background This study simulated the effect of reducing contact training duration on overall in-season head acceleration event (HAE) exposure within men’s and women’s rugby union. Methods Players ( n = 982) from two professional men’s and two semi-professional women’s competitions wore instrumented mouthguards in training and match-play for one season. Generalised linear mixed models were used to estimate the in-season weekly HAE exposures per position, sex and contact type. Simulation of modelled estimates evaluated the impact of reducing contact load guidelines by 25%, 50% and 75% (scenario 1), and replacing full contact training with controlled contact (scenario 2) or non-contact (scenario 3) training for different seasonal match exposures. Previously established contact load guidelines were used as a reference point. Results HAEs were decreased by a maximum of 3.2 per week (0–95 HAEs per season; 0–23%). In scenario 1, the decrease in HAEs was disproportionately smaller than the reduction in contact training duration (e.g. 23.7% reduction in overall rugby minutes for 7% decrease in HAEs). Scenario 2 decreased HAEs similarly to scenario 1 but with no reduction in contact time. Scenario 3 decreased HAEs proportionally with contact time reductions (e.g. 8.9% decrease in HAEs >10 g for 9.6% reduction in overall rugby minutes). Conclusions HAEs were reduced in all scenarios, but the reduction was relatively small due to the low overall rate of HAEs in training. Policymakers should be aware of the tradeoffs involved in any change. Managing individuals with higher HAE exposures may be more appropriate than reducing contact training guidelines.
{"title":"The Effect of Changing Weekly Contact Training Duration Beyond Current Guidelines on Head Acceleration Events in Rugby Union","authors":"Thomas Sawczuk, Greg Roe, James Tooby, Cameron Owen, James Brown, Matt Cross, Éanna Falvey, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Sharief Hendricks, Samuel Hudson, Simon Kemp, Lindsay Starling, Keith Stokes, Ross Tucker, Ben Jones","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02359-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02359-3","url":null,"abstract":"Background This study simulated the effect of reducing contact training duration on overall in-season head acceleration event (HAE) exposure within men’s and women’s rugby union. Methods Players ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 982) from two professional men’s and two semi-professional women’s competitions wore instrumented mouthguards in training and match-play for one season. Generalised linear mixed models were used to estimate the in-season weekly HAE exposures per position, sex and contact type. Simulation of modelled estimates evaluated the impact of reducing contact load guidelines by 25%, 50% and 75% (scenario 1), and replacing full contact training with controlled contact (scenario 2) or non-contact (scenario 3) training for different seasonal match exposures. Previously established contact load guidelines were used as a reference point. Results HAEs were decreased by a maximum of 3.2 per week (0–95 HAEs per season; 0–23%). In scenario 1, the decrease in HAEs was disproportionately smaller than the reduction in contact training duration (e.g. 23.7% reduction in overall rugby minutes for 7% decrease in HAEs). Scenario 2 decreased HAEs similarly to scenario 1 but with no reduction in contact time. Scenario 3 decreased HAEs proportionally with contact time reductions (e.g. 8.9% decrease in HAEs >10 <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> for 9.6% reduction in overall rugby minutes). Conclusions HAEs were reduced in all scenarios, but the reduction was relatively small due to the low overall rate of HAEs in training. Policymakers should be aware of the tradeoffs involved in any change. Managing individuals with higher HAE exposures may be more appropriate than reducing contact training guidelines.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02339-7
Damian J. Harper, Nicolas M. Philipp, Ola Eriksrud, Paul A. Jones, Philip Graham-Smith, Thomas Dos’Santos
Deceleration is a critical locomotor skill for athletes competing in multi-directional speed sports. Greater deceleration can help athletes perform rapid reductions in velocity facilitating rapid changes of direction, whilst the high mechanical forces associated with braking can be linked to a heightened risk of fatigue, tissue damage and injuries. Despite the clear importance of deceleration in sport, research and applied practices in the past have predominantly focused on assessing an athlete’s sprint acceleration and maximum velocity capabilities, neglecting the necessity to be able to decelerate. With tactical evolutions in sports demanding athletes to accelerate and attain higher sprinting speeds more frequently in competition, there is increased necessity to decelerate and to be able to accurately assess this movement skill. Therefore, the aim of this article is to discuss methodological and practical considerations of the protocols and measurement technologies that can be used to assess deceleration in an applied field-based environment. The article highlights a range of different protocols (i.e. change of direction and acceleration-deceleration ability tests) and measurement technologies (i.e. radar, laser, video, global navigation satellite systems, inertial measurement units and motorised resistance devices) that can be used to evaluate deceleration and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Key metrics used to measure deceleration performance, and the kinematics underpinning deceleration technique are highlighted. Given the performance, health and injury-risk implications associated with deceleration, assessment of this movement skill should be given high priority within any athlete multi-disciplinary support system.
{"title":"Assessing Deceleration Performance: Methodological and Practical Considerations","authors":"Damian J. Harper, Nicolas M. Philipp, Ola Eriksrud, Paul A. Jones, Philip Graham-Smith, Thomas Dos’Santos","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02339-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02339-7","url":null,"abstract":"Deceleration is a critical locomotor skill for athletes competing in multi-directional speed sports. Greater deceleration can help athletes perform rapid reductions in velocity facilitating rapid changes of direction, whilst the high mechanical forces associated with braking can be linked to a heightened risk of fatigue, tissue damage and injuries. Despite the clear importance of deceleration in sport, research and applied practices in the past have predominantly focused on assessing an athlete’s sprint acceleration and maximum velocity capabilities, neglecting the necessity to be able to decelerate. With tactical evolutions in sports demanding athletes to accelerate and attain higher sprinting speeds more frequently in competition, there is increased necessity to decelerate and to be able to accurately assess this movement skill. Therefore, the aim of this article is to discuss methodological and practical considerations of the protocols and measurement technologies that can be used to assess deceleration in an applied field-based environment. The article highlights a range of different protocols (i.e. change of direction and acceleration-deceleration ability tests) and measurement technologies (i.e. radar, laser, video, global navigation satellite systems, inertial measurement units and motorised resistance devices) that can be used to evaluate deceleration and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Key metrics used to measure deceleration performance, and the kinematics underpinning deceleration technique are highlighted. Given the performance, health and injury-risk implications associated with deceleration, assessment of this movement skill should be given high priority within any athlete multi-disciplinary support system.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02352-w
Renjie Bing, Jianyu Gan, Dapeng Bao
{"title":"Comment on “Aerobic Exercise Preconditioning Does Not Augment Muscle Hypertrophy During Subsequent Resistance Exercise Training in Healthy Older Adults”","authors":"Renjie Bing, Jianyu Gan, Dapeng Bao","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02352-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02352-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02351-x
Milan W. Betz, Alejandra P. Monsegue, Lex B. Verdijk, Luc J. C. van Loon, Tim Snijders
{"title":"Response to Comment on “Aerobic Exercise Preconditioning Does Not Augment Muscle Hypertrophy During Subsequent Resistance Exercise Training in Healthy Older Adults”","authors":"Milan W. Betz, Alejandra P. Monsegue, Lex B. Verdijk, Luc J. C. van Loon, Tim Snijders","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02351-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02351-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02358-4
Hugo Silva, Juan Del Coso, Craig Pickering
{"title":"Response to Comment on “Caffeine and Sports Performance: The Conflict between Caffeine Intake to Enhance Performance and Avoiding Caffeine to Ensure Sleep Quality”","authors":"Hugo Silva, Juan Del Coso, Craig Pickering","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02358-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02358-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02362-8
Nikola Todorovic
{"title":"Comment on “Caffeine and Sports Performance: The Conflict Between Caffeine Intake to Enhance Performance and Avoiding Caffeine to Ensure Sleep Quality”","authors":"Nikola Todorovic","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02362-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02362-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02368-2
David Varillas-Delgado, Estela Villaoslada, Laura Clavaín
{"title":"ACTN3 c.1729C>T Polymorphism Might Not Be a Standalone Factor in Non-contact Musculoskeletal Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"David Varillas-Delgado, Estela Villaoslada, Laura Clavaín","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02368-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02368-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02346-8
Ibnu Noufal Kambitta Valappil, Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Gavoutamane Vasanthi, Masilamani Elayaraja, Cain C. T. Clark, Koulla Parpa, Borko Katanic, Hüseyin Şahin Uysal, Hassane Zouhal, Urs Granacher
Background Soccer is a high-intensity sport that requires high levels of physical fitness, including balance, change of direction (CoD), speed and power. The FIFA 11 + program has been widely promoted to enhance physical fitness and reduce injury occurrence. Objective This meta-analysis set out to examine how the FIFA 11 + program, implemented as a warm-up versus conventional warm-up (soccer-specific and alternative warm-ups), impacts physical fitness attributes in youth and adult soccer players. Methods After a priori defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 intervention studies with 611 male and female soccer players (Tier 2–4) aged 9–29 years were eligible to be included. The FIFA 11 + program implemented in the warm-up was contrasted with conventional warm-up programs (control) on outcome measures such as dynamic balance, CoD speed, linear sprint and proxies of muscle power (vertical jump height). The influence of potential moderators (e.g., training duration, frequency, session duration, age, sex, training and performance calibre) on study outcome measures was examined using subgroup analyses with the median split method. Results Findings demonstrated small-to-moderate improvements in favour of FIFA 11 + compared with conventional warm-ups on dynamic balance (small standardized mean differences [SMDs] = 0.37, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001, heterogeneity [ <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> ] = 7), CoD speed (moderate SMDs = − 0.65, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.005, <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 84), and vertical jump height (small SMDs = 0.56, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001, <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 71). Results from the sub-analyses showed that, for dynamic balance, shorter training durations (< 9 weeks) produced larger effects than longer durations (≥ 9 weeks) (SMDs = 0.62 versus SMDs = 0.17). For vertical jump height, < 9 weeks also yielded greater improvements (SMDs = 0.79 versus SMDs = 0.26). In terms of weekly training frequency, ≥ 3 sessions/week elicited larger gains in change-of-direction speed (SMDs = − 1.05 versus SMDs = − 0.12) and vertical jump height (SMDs = 0.73 versus SMDs = 0.01) compared with < 3 sessions/week. Regarding participant characteristics, players aged ≥ 18 years showed greater improvements than those < 18 years in change-of-direction speed (SMDs = − 1.45 versus SMDs = − 0.06) and vertical jump height (SMDs = 0.64 versus SMDs = 0.22). For sex differences, males experienced greater benefits than females in change-of-direction speed (SMDs = − 0.79 versus SMDs = − 0.04) and vertical jump height (SMDs = 0.54 versus SMDs = 0.09). Finally, higher-level players (≥ tier 3) demonstrated greater improvements in vertical jump height than lower-tier players (< Tier 3) (SMDs = 0.75 versus SMDs = 0.01). The observed benefits were statistically significant but generally of small-to-moderate magnitude and affected by st
足球是一项高强度的运动，对身体素质要求很高，包括平衡、方向变化（CoD）、速度和力量。国际足联11 +计划已被广泛推广，以提高身体素质，减少伤害的发生。本荟萃分析旨在研究FIFA 11 +项目作为热身活动与常规热身活动（足球专项热身和替代热身活动）的对比，对青少年和成年足球运动员的身体健康属性有何影响。方法根据先验定义的纳入和排除标准，纳入17项干预研究，涉及611名9-29岁的男女足球运动员（2-4级）。在动态平衡、CoD速度、线性冲刺和肌肉力量指标（垂直起跳高度）等结果指标上，将在热身中实施的FIFA 11 +计划与常规热身计划（对照组）进行对比。潜在调节因素（如训练时间、频率、训练持续时间、年龄、性别、训练和表现水平）对研究结果测量的影响采用中位数分裂法进行亚组分析。结果发现，与传统热身相比，FIFA 11 +在动态平衡（标准化平均差异小[SMDs] = 0.37, p < 0.001，异质性[i2] = 7）、CoD速度（中等SMDs = - 0.65, p = 0.005, i2 = 84）和垂直跳跃高度（小SMDs = 0.56, p < 0.001, i2 = 71）方面有小到中度的改善。子分析结果显示，对于动态平衡，较短的训练时间（≤9周）比较长的训练时间（≥9周）产生更大的效果（SMDs = 0.62 vs . SMDs = 0.17）。对于垂直跳跃高度，9周也有更大的改善（SMDs = 0.79 vs . SMDs = 0.26）。就每周训练频率而言，与每周训练3次相比，≥3次/周在方向变化速度（SMDs = - 1.05 vs . SMDs = - 0.12）和垂直跳跃高度（SMDs = 0.73 vs . SMDs = 0.01）方面的收益更大。在参与者特征方面，年龄≥18岁的运动员在方向变化速度（SMDs = - 1.45 vs . SMDs = - 0.06）和垂直跳跃高度（SMDs = 0.64 vs . SMDs = 0.22）方面比年龄≥18岁的运动员有更大的改善。在性别差异方面，男性在方向变化速度（SMDs = - 0.79 vs . - 0.04）和垂直跳跃高度（SMDs = 0.54 vs . 0.09）方面的优势大于女性。最后，高水平的玩家（≥3级）比低水平的玩家（<； 3级）在垂直跳跃高度上表现出更大的进步（SMDs = 0.75 vs . SMDs = 0.01）。观察到的益处在统计学上是显著的，但通常是小到中等程度的，并受到研究异质性和项目实施差异的影响。大多数研究包括男性参与者，限制了对女性和代表性不足人群的推广。一些研究也缺乏严格的方法设计，特别是在分配、隐藏和盲法方面。关于培训和人口变数的报告往往不完整。这些局限性强调了严格设计、低偏倚随机对照试验的必要性，并标准化实施FIFA 11 +项目和全面报告，以提高因果结论的可靠性并改善临床解释。结论FIFA 11 +项目比传统的足球热身项目更能提高运动员的身体素质（动平衡、CoD速度、垂直起跳高度）。训练时间越短（9周），每周训练次数越多（≥3次/周），训练效果越明显。《FIFA 11 +》对年龄较大（≥18岁）、男性球员和水平较高（≥3级）的球员更有效。这些发现强调了FIFA 11 +项目在提高足球运动员身体素质方面的多功能性，支持将其纳入常规足球训练的热身课程。协议注册https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42025633810, PROSPERO: CRD42025633810。图形化的
{"title":"Effects of the FIFA 11 + Program on Physical Fitness in Youth and Adult Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Ibnu Noufal Kambitta Valappil, Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Gavoutamane Vasanthi, Masilamani Elayaraja, Cain C. T. Clark, Koulla Parpa, Borko Katanic, Hüseyin Şahin Uysal, Hassane Zouhal, Urs Granacher","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02346-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02346-8","url":null,"abstract":"Background Soccer is a high-intensity sport that requires high levels of physical fitness, including balance, change of direction (CoD), speed and power. The FIFA 11 + program has been widely promoted to enhance physical fitness and reduce injury occurrence. Objective This meta-analysis set out to examine how the FIFA 11 + program, implemented as a warm-up versus conventional warm-up (soccer-specific and alternative warm-ups), impacts physical fitness attributes in youth and adult soccer players. Methods After a priori defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 intervention studies with 611 male and female soccer players (Tier 2–4) aged 9–29 years were eligible to be included. The FIFA 11 + program implemented in the warm-up was contrasted with conventional warm-up programs (control) on outcome measures such as dynamic balance, CoD speed, linear sprint and proxies of muscle power (vertical jump height). The influence of potential moderators (e.g., training duration, frequency, session duration, age, sex, training and performance calibre) on study outcome measures was examined using subgroup analyses with the median split method. Results Findings demonstrated small-to-moderate improvements in favour of FIFA 11 + compared with conventional warm-ups on dynamic balance (small standardized mean differences [SMDs] = 0.37, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001, heterogeneity [ <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> ] = 7), CoD speed (moderate SMDs = − 0.65, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.005, <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 84), and vertical jump height (small SMDs = 0.56, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001, <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 71). Results from the sub-analyses showed that, for dynamic balance, shorter training durations (< 9 weeks) produced larger effects than longer durations (≥ 9 weeks) (SMDs = 0.62 versus SMDs = 0.17). For vertical jump height, < 9 weeks also yielded greater improvements (SMDs = 0.79 versus SMDs = 0.26). In terms of weekly training frequency, ≥ 3 sessions/week elicited larger gains in change-of-direction speed (SMDs = − 1.05 versus SMDs = − 0.12) and vertical jump height (SMDs = 0.73 versus SMDs = 0.01) compared with < 3 sessions/week. Regarding participant characteristics, players aged ≥ 18 years showed greater improvements than those < 18 years in change-of-direction speed (SMDs = − 1.45 versus SMDs = − 0.06) and vertical jump height (SMDs = 0.64 versus SMDs = 0.22). For sex differences, males experienced greater benefits than females in change-of-direction speed (SMDs = − 0.79 versus SMDs = − 0.04) and vertical jump height (SMDs = 0.54 versus SMDs = 0.09). Finally, higher-level players (≥ tier 3) demonstrated greater improvements in vertical jump height than lower-tier players (< Tier 3) (SMDs = 0.75 versus SMDs = 0.01). The observed benefits were statistically significant but generally of small-to-moderate magnitude and affected by st","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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