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Varroa destructor in Africanized honey bees in Brazil: genetic and reproductive profile 巴西非洲化蜜蜂的Varroa破坏者:遗传和繁殖概况
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.7340
Lubiane Guimarães Cestaro, F. A. Pinto, É. Teixeira, M. Martins, M. L. T. M. F. Alves, D. Message
The mite Varroa destructor is one of the most studied parasites in apiculture, and its genotype variation is a key factor for the severity of infestation in bee colonies. Here we report the genetic and reproductive profile of mites from 14 Brazilian states with different geographic and climatic conditions. We performed PCR to amplify a fragment of the COI gene and differentiate the haplotypes using restriction enzymes. The K haplotype was widely prevalent in the studied sites, while the J haplotype was found only in four municipalities. We also observed both haplotypes (J and K) coexisting in the same colony, a fact unprecedented in Brazil. Infestation levels were low (0.33 to 15.3%). The reproductive potential showed wide variation (0 to 1.5), indicating that even with the massive presence of K haplotype, environmental and biotic factors related to Africanized honeybees may be responsible for maintaining the mite under low levels in Brazil.
灭螨螨是蜂业中研究最多的寄生虫之一,其基因型变异是影响蜂群危害程度的关键因素。本文报道了巴西14个州不同地理和气候条件下螨类的遗传和繁殖特征。我们用PCR扩增了COI基因片段,并用限制性内切酶区分了单倍型。K单倍型在研究地点普遍存在,而J单倍型仅在4个城市发现。我们还观察到两种单倍型(J和K)在同一群体中共存,这在巴西是前所未有的。侵染水平低(0.33 ~ 15.3%)。繁殖潜能差异较大(0 ~ 1.5),表明即使存在大量K单倍型,与非洲化蜜蜂相关的环境和生物因素可能是使巴西螨保持在低水平的原因。
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引用次数: 0
First record of Elasmus polistis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoid of Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in Minas Gerais, Brazil 巴西米纳斯吉拉斯的Polismus polistis(膜翅目:真蜂科)的首次记录
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.7678
G. C. Jacques, S. C. C. Francisco, L. C. P. Silveira
The social wasps of the order Hymenoptera, family Vespidae and subfamily Polistinae, perform important ecological functions such as pollination and predation, including pest insects, and can be an important resource in biological control. Some species of parasitoids attack nests of social wasps causing mortality in the early stages of development, thus impairing the biological control exercised by these insects. This study aimed to verify the occurrence and identify parasitoids in nests of Polistes versicolor Olivier, 1971, at the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG) - Campus Bambuí, Brazil. In total, 14 nests of P. versicolor were collected. The parasitism rate was 28.57%, and parasitoids were recorded in four of the 14 nests collected. The presence of parasitized nests may be due to the absence of a protective envelope, typical of the nest of P. versicolor. The emerged parasitoid belongs to the species Elasmus polistis Burks, 1971 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a species identified in nests of social wasps only in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study that shows the occurrence of E. polistis parasitizing social wasps in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil.
膜翅目、蜂科、蜂亚科的寄生蜂具有传粉、捕食等重要生态功能,是防治害虫的重要资源。某些种类的拟寄生蜂攻击群居黄蜂的巢穴,在黄蜂发育的早期阶段造成死亡,从而削弱了这些昆虫的生物控制作用。本研究旨在验证巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州联邦教育学院Ciência e tecologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG) - Campus Bambuí 1971年的Polistes versicolololivier巢穴中寄生性昆虫的发生和鉴定。共采集到14个花斑蝶巢。寄生率为28.57%,14个巢中有4个巢中有寄生蜂。被寄生的巢的存在可能是由于缺乏保护外壳,这是典型的花斑蝶巢。新发现的寄生蜂属依拉木蜂,1971(膜翅目:蜂科),该种仅在巴西南部大德州里约热内卢的群居黄蜂巢中发现。据我们所知,这是第一次在巴西东南部的米纳斯吉拉斯州发现寄生于群居黄蜂的E. polistis的研究。
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引用次数: 1
Leafcutter Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as Pollinators of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Fabaceae): Artificial Trap Nests as a strategy for their conservation 切叶蜂(膜翅目:大叶蜂科)对豌豆(Cajanus cajan (L.))的传粉作用Millsp。,豆科):人工陷阱巢作为其保护策略
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.7202
A. Udayakumar, T. M. Shivalingaswamy
Solitary bees of the family Megachilidae are the key pollinators of pigeon pea. Artificial trap nests were used to study nesting parameters, such as occupancy rate, nest establishment time, and building pattern during the vegetative and flowering stages of the Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae). The installed traps were occupied by three different leafcutter bees (Megachile lanata, M. laticeps, M. disjuncta) and one parasitic bee Coelioxys sp. Bees occupied the nest tubes for 16.01 ± 2.82 and 10.23 ± 2.30 days in the vegetative and flowering stages. We recorded 38.33 and 72.50% trap occupancy rates during crop vegetative and flowering stages, respectively. The percent parasitization by Melittobia sp was significantly higher during the vegetative stage (53.67%). Brood cells were parasitized by Coelioxys sp (6.67%) during the flowering stage. Many female bees tend to occupy trap nests with active nest construction during the flowering stage (7.21 ± 2.28 bees). In contrast, male bees merely took shelter inside the traps during the vegetative stage. Thus, it is concluded that female bees possess more wing wear during the vegetative stage of the crop when compared to the flowering stage. We also observed a significant increase in the percent pod set, the number of seeds per pod, and 100 seed weight in the experimental plot compared to the control plot, proving the importance of leafcutter bees for the pollination of Cajanus cajan crop. The present study results confirmed the role of artificial trap nests in providing habitats for the solitary leafcutter bees, thereby increasing their activity and nest abundance, which favors the pollination and better yield in pigeon pea.
大蜂科的独居蜜蜂是鸽豆的主要传粉者。采用人工陷阱筑巢法,研究了豆科Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae)植物营养期和花期的筑巢率、筑巢时间和筑巢模式等参数。3种切叶蜂(Megachile lanata, M. laticeps, M. disjuncta)和1种寄生蜂Coelioxys sp.占据了所设置的诱捕器,在营养期和开花期,蜜蜂占据了16.01±2.82天和10.23±2.30 d。在作物营养期和开花期捕获率分别为38.33%和72.50%。寄生蜂寄生率在营养期显著高于寄生蜂(53.67%)。在花期,幼巢细胞被Coelioxys sp寄生(6.67%)。雌蜂在花期(7.21±2.28只)倾向于占据陷阱巢,筑巢活跃。相比之下,雄蜂只是在营养阶段躲在陷阱里。由此得出结论,雌蜂在作物的营养阶段比开花阶段具有更多的翅膀磨损。与对照区相比,试验区的豆荚结实率、每荚种子数和百粒重均有显著提高,证明了切叶蜂对菜豆传粉的重要性。本研究结果证实了人工陷阱巢为孤切叶蜂提供栖息地的作用,从而增加了孤切叶蜂的活动和巢的丰度,有利于鸽豆的授粉和产量的提高。
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引用次数: 2
My Life as a Curious Naturalist 我作为一个好奇的自然主义者的生活
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.7715
R. Jeanne
The review gives the reader an idea of the kinds of questions I like to ask on social wasps' biology, behavior, and evolution and how I came to answer some of them. Many of those remain only partially answered, others completely unanswered. I call attention to some of these. Many of those remain only partially answered, others completely unanswered. I call attention to some of these. Because this is more of a memoir than a topical review, I will limit citations largely to my own work and that of my students, with reference to other works where relevant; other sources will be found cited in our papers.
这篇综述让读者了解了我喜欢问的关于社会黄蜂的生物学、行为和进化的各种问题,以及我是如何回答其中一些问题的。其中许多问题只得到了部分答复,其他问题则完全没有得到答复。我提请注意其中一些问题。其中许多问题只得到了部分答复,其他问题则完全没有得到答复。我提请注意其中一些问题。因为这更像是一本回忆录,而不是一篇专题评论,所以我将在很大程度上限制引用我自己和我的学生的作品,并参考其他相关作品;我们的论文中还会引用其他来源。
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引用次数: 0
The bee community (Hymenoptera, Apidae) of Ilha Grande, Babitonga bay, Santa Catarina State, Brazil: structure, insularity and interaction network 巴西圣卡塔琳娜州巴比通加湾Ilha Grande的蜜蜂群落(膜翅目、Apidae):结构、岛屿性和相互作用网络
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.7360
Jonata Rodrigo Cavassola Da Silva, D. M. D. S. Mouga, Enderlei Dec
Island biotic communities tend to be less diverse than mainland communities. This work aimed to describe the bee community of Ilha Grande, Babitonga Bay, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its interactions with floral resources. Entomological net-sweeps were used to collect bees in flight or on flowering plants for 7 hours a day, monthly, for two years. A total of 785 specimens were sampled in the field, belonging to 50 species or morphotypes with four indeterminate individuals. The most representative subfamilies were Apinae (58.59%), Halictinae (40.43%), Colletinae (0.8%) and Megachilinae (0.1%), while the most abundant species were Apis mellifera (305 individuals), Dialictus sp. 1 (182) and Dialictus sp. 2 (32). The presence of Apis mellifera decreased diversity throughout the year. Relative abundance and richness of Halictinae were greater on the island on mainland. Richness of Apinae was lower on the island than that on the mainland due to the absence of Meliponina. A total of 55 botanical species were identified in association with bees, with Schinus terebinthifolius (105 visits) being the most visited. Interaction network metrics indicate an asymmetric, nested, and poorly specialized network. The results corroborate the Theory of Island Biogeography and demonstrate little interference/favoring of some taxa as well as the absence of others.
岛屿生物群落的多样性往往不如大陆生物群落。本研究旨在描述巴西圣卡塔琳娜州Babitonga湾格兰德岛的蜜蜂群落及其与植物资源的相互作用。用昆虫学的网扫法收集飞行中的蜜蜂或开花植物上的蜜蜂,每天7小时,每月一次,为期两年。野外共采集标本785份,分属50种或形态型,个体数量不确定的有4个。最具代表性的亚科为Apinae(58.59%)、Halictinae(40.43%)、Colletinae(0.8%)和Megachilinae(0.1%),种类最多的是Apis mellifera(305只)、Dialictus sp. 1(182只)和Dialictus sp. 2(32只)。蜜蜂的存在降低了全年的多样性。海岛的海葵科相对丰度和丰富度均高于大陆。由于没有Meliponina,岛上Apinae的丰富度低于大陆。共鉴定出55种与蜜蜂有关的植物,其中以Schinus terebinthifolius(105次)访问量最大。交互网络指标表明了一个不对称的、嵌套的、缺乏专门化的网络。结果证实了岛屿生物地理学的理论,表明一些分类群很少受到干扰/偏爱,而另一些分类群则没有。
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引用次数: 2
A New Species of the Ant Genus Dolichoderus Lund, 1831 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Thailand 泰国蚁属Dolichoderus Lund一新种,1831(膜翅目,蚁科)
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-08 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.6247
Zakaria Barabag, W. Jaitrong
Dolichoderus Lund, 1831 is one of the large ant genera in the world and belongs to the subfamily Dolichoderinae. Currently, 130 species and 19 subspecies are known in this genus. A new species of the Dolichoderus thoracicus species group, Dolichoderus bakhtiari sp. nov., is here described based on the worker caste. The type series of the new species were collected from the shrub tree in hill evergreen forest (ca. 800 m a.s.l.). A list of the species and subspecies of the Dolichoderus thoracicus species group is provided. 
Dolichoderus Lund,1831是世界上大型蚂蚁属之一,属于Dolichoderinae亚科。目前,该属已知有130种和19个亚种。根据工人种姓,本文描述了刺突多丽现代虫物种群的一个新种,即巴赫蒂亚里多丽现代菌。新物种的模式系列是从山地常绿林(约800 m a.s.l.)的灌木树上采集的。提供了刺突刺突刺群的物种和亚种列表。
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引用次数: 1
Formica rufa ants have a limited effect on the abundance of the parasitic fly Ernestia rudis in Scots pine plantations 红木蚁对苏格兰松人工林中寄生蝇黑蝇的丰度影响有限
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-23 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7286
A. Véle, J. Dobrosavljević
Red wood ants (the Formica rufa group) are important predators which affect animal communities in their territory. Therefore, they are useful in forest protection. On the other hand, they also prey on beneficial organisms. We have asked whether Formica rufa L. affects the abundance of the parasitic flies Ernestia rudis (Fallén). Ten anthills situated in about 40-year- old pine plantations were used for the study. The presence of E. rudis cocoons was assessed in eight soil samples excavated in the surrounding of each nest at a distance of 2–17 m. Our results show a considerably lower abundance of E. rudis only to 4.5 m from the nests. The occurrence of Formica rufa ants therefore had no significant effect on the beneficial E. rudis population in plantation forests, where ants populations are low.
红木蚁是影响其领地内动物群落的重要捕食者。因此,它们在森林保护中是有用的。另一方面,它们也捕食有益的生物。我们已经询问了杉木是否会影响寄生蝇黑蝇(ferestia rudis)的数量。10个蚁丘位于大约40年历史的松树人工林中进行研究。在每个巢周围2 ~ 17 m处挖掘的8个土壤样本中,评估了鲁氏茧的存在。我们的研究结果显示,在离巢4.5米的地方,鲁氏E. ruis的丰度相当低。因此,红木蚁的发生对人工林中红木蚁的有益种群没有显著影响,因为人工林中红木蚁的种群数量较少。
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引用次数: 2
Morphology and phenology of sexuals and new distribution data on the blind Mediterranean ant Hypoponera abeillei (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) 地中海盲蚁的两性形态物候特征及分布新资料(膜翅目,蚁科)
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-23 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7261
E. Schifani, A. Scupola, M. Menchetti, E. Bazzato, X. Espadaler
Hypoponera abeillei is the sole member of the otherwise exclusively Afrotropical abeillei group to occur in the West-Palearctic and since its first description on the basis of two Corsican workers in 1881, it remained little-known. Workers of this species are thought to entirely lack eyes, a rare trait among ants of the region, yet their lifestyle remains undocumented. On the other hand, the male caste has been described from 4 Tunisian specimens in 1921, and queens remained so far undescribed. We present an updated description of the male caste based on 45 specimens and a first description of the queen caste based on 14 specimens. The H. abeillei material we examined comes from Italy, Spain and Malta (mostly originating from coastal localities), and comprises 11 inedit distribution records, including the first findings in the islands of Mallorca, Malta and Sardinia. Moreover, we provide a first phenological overview of the species’ nuptial flights. Our data show that H. abeillei sexuals flight during the summer, mostly in August, and demonstrate that they can easily be distinguished from all the other Hypoponera species inhabiting the Mediterranean region based on their morphology. The remarkable diversity of Mediterranean Hypoponera males and queens suggest that sexuals may have a role in future attempts to understand relationships within this genus, yet the number of species in which sexual castes are documented is still extremely reduced.
abillei是唯一一种出现在古北西部的非洲热带abillei,自1881年两名科西嘉工人对其进行首次描述以来,它一直鲜为人知。这个物种的工蚁被认为完全没有眼睛,这在该地区的蚂蚁中是罕见的特征,但它们的生活方式仍然没有记录。另一方面,1921年在突尼斯的4个标本中描述了男性种姓,而女王至今仍未被描述。我们根据45个标本对男性种姓进行了更新描述,并根据14个标本对女王种姓进行了首次描述。我们研究的阿贝氏大蠊材料来自意大利、西班牙和马耳他(主要来自沿海地区),包括11个物种分布记录,包括在马略卡岛、马耳他岛和撒丁岛的首次发现。此外,我们提供了物种的交配飞行的第一个物候概述。我们的数据表明,雄性阿贝蠓在夏季飞行,主要在8月份,并且根据它们的形态可以很容易地将它们与居住在地中海地区的所有其他亚贝蠓区分开来。地中海矮冠蛱蝶雄性和雌性的显著多样性表明,有性行为可能在未来试图理解这一属内的关系中发挥作用,然而,有性别等级记录的物种数量仍然非常少。
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引用次数: 2
Population and Nesting Behaviour of Weaver Ants, Oecophylla smaragdina from Meghalaya, India 印度梅加拉亚织蚁Oecophylla smaragdina的种群和筑巢行为
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-23 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7204
Jonata Savio A Sangma, S. B. Prasad
Weaver ants are known for their unique nest-building skills using leaves and larval-silk as a binding agent. The weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina are present in large numbers in the Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya. Ri-Bhoi district is a hot and humid place with  22 -30°C. This is the first study from this region to examine the nesting behavior along with the population of these ants from here.  It was noted that they build nests in different types of trees but it is more abundant in needlewood trees (Schima wallichi) locally known as ‘diengngan.’ From the central trunk of the S. wallichi tree, the nearest distance of the nest is about 0.7 m and the farthest up to 3.4 m. The nests of O. smaragdina are somewhat round-oval and use leaves of different sizes ranging from 8-32 cm2. The nests are made at a height ranging from 4-25 m and their average nest size is about 9,483 cm3. They utilize about twenty leaves with a specific number of chambers to keep their broods, the queen, and food. The number of worker ants, pupae, and larvae are variable in different nests because of nest size, location/height of the nests, and the trees.  When the nest population increases, they locate a new spot and build a satellite nest where they get the right amount of sunlight and shelter from predators and adverse environmental factors. These weaver ants are also used as medicine, food and fish bait by the indigenous people in Meghalaya.
编织蚁以其独特的筑巢技能而闻名,它们利用树叶和幼虫的丝作为粘合剂。织蚁Oecophylla smaragdina在梅加拉亚的Ri Bhoi区大量存在。Ri Bhoi区是一个湿热的地方,温度为22-30°C。这是该地区首次对这些蚂蚁的筑巢行为和种群进行研究。人们注意到,它们在不同类型的树上筑巢,但在当地被称为“diegngan”的针叶树(Schima wallichi)中更为丰富从S.wallichi树的中央树干来看,巢穴的最近距离约为0.7米,最远可达3.4米。O.smaragdina的巢穴呈圆形椭圆形,使用的叶片大小不等,从8-32厘米不等。这些巢穴的高度在4-25米之间,它们的平均巢穴大小约为9483立方厘米。它们利用大约20片带有特定数量小室的叶子来饲养幼崽、女王和食物。工蚁、蛹和幼虫在不同巢穴中的数量因巢穴大小、巢穴的位置/高度和树木而异。当巢穴数量增加时,它们会找到一个新的地点,并建造一个卫星巢穴,在那里它们可以获得适当的阳光,躲避捕食者和不利的环境因素。这些织蚁也被梅加拉亚的土著人用作药物、食物和鱼饵。
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引用次数: 0
Negative effects of ant-plant interaction on pollination: costs of a mutualism 蚂蚁与植物相互作用对授粉的负面影响:互惠共生的代价
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-17 DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7259
R. R. Nogueira, D. F. B. Santos, E. Calixto, H. Torezan‐Silingardi, K. Del‐Claro
The mutualism of ants and extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing plants is known to reduce rates of herbivory. However, ants may have negative impacts on other mutualisms such as pollination, constituting an indirect cost of a facultative mutualism. For instance, when foraging on or close to reproductive plant parts ants might attack pollinators or inhibit their visits. We tested the hypothesis that ants on EFN-bearing plants may negatively influence pollinator behavior, ultimately reducing plant fitness (fruit set). The study was done in a reserve at Brazilian savannah using the EFN-bearing plant Banisteriopsis malifolia (Malpighiaceae). The experimental manipulation was carried out with four groups: control (free visitation of ants), without ants (ant-free branches), artificial ants (isolated branches with artificial ants on flowers) and plastic circles (isolated branches with plastic circles on flowers). We made observations on flower visitors and their interactions, and measured fruit formation as a proxy for plant fitness. Our results showed that pollinators hesitated to visit flowers with artificial ants, negatively affecting pollination, but did not hesitate to visit flowers with plastic circles, suggesting that they recognize the specific morphology of the ants. Pollinators spent more time per flower on the ant-free branches, and the fruiting rate was lower in the group with artificial ants. Our results confirm an indirect cost in this facultative mutualism, where the balance between these negative and positive effects of ants on EFN-bearing plants are not well known.
已知蚂蚁与花外蜜(EFN)植物的共生关系降低了食草率。然而,蚂蚁可能对其他互惠关系产生负面影响,如授粉,构成兼性互惠关系的间接成本。例如,当蚂蚁在植物繁殖部位上或附近觅食时,它们可能会攻击传粉者或阻止传粉者的访问。我们验证了蚂蚁在携带efn植物上可能对传粉者行为产生负面影响的假设,最终降低了植物的适应性(坐果)。本研究在巴西热带稀树草原的一个保护区进行,使用的是携带efn的马来兰(malpiighiaceae)。实验操作分为四组:对照组(蚂蚁自由访问)、无蚂蚁组(无蚂蚁分支)、人工蚂蚁组(有人工蚂蚁在花上的孤立分支)和塑料圈组(有塑料圈在花上的孤立分支)。我们对访花者及其相互作用进行了观察,并测量了果实形成作为植物适合度的代表。研究结果表明,传粉昆虫对人工蚂蚁的授粉犹豫不决,这对传粉产生了负面影响,但对有塑料圈的花朵却毫不犹豫,这表明它们认识到了蚂蚁的特定形态。授粉者在没有蚂蚁的树枝上花更多的时间,在有人工蚂蚁的树枝上,每朵花的结果率更低。我们的研究结果证实了这种兼性共生的间接代价,其中蚂蚁对efn植物的这些负面和积极影响之间的平衡尚不清楚。
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引用次数: 8
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Sociobiology
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