Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000748
José Ángel Linares-Martín, Markel Rico-González
ABSTRACT Interest in investigating minimalist footwear (MF) has grown exponentially in recent years. This article systematically reviews the benefits of MF for physical fitness, biomechanical factors, and injury incidence in middle and long distance runners. A systematic review of PubMed and FECYT (Web of Sciences, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, and SCIELO) was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines before 26 April of 2022. From the 583 studies initially found, 23 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The use of MF induces improvements in running economy and stride frequency in middle and long distance races and reduces the oscillations of a runner's center of gravity and support time. From a biomechanical viewpoint, MF enhances forefoot support and increases knee stability, leading to greater foot and ankle mobility. In addition, MF reduces impact load at the knee joint.
摘要近年来，研究极简主义鞋类的兴趣呈指数级增长。本文系统地综述了MF对中长跑运动员体能、生物力学因素和损伤发生率的益处。在2022年4月26日之前，根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目指南，对PubMed和FEMYT（Web of Sciences、CCC、DIIDW、KJD、MEDLINE、RSCI和SCIELO）进行了系统评价。在最初发现的583项研究中，有23项被纳入定性综合。MF的使用提高了中长跑比赛的跑步经济性和步频，并减少了跑步者重心和支撑时间的波动。从生物力学的角度来看，MF增强了前掌的支撑，增加了膝盖的稳定性，从而提高了脚和脚踝的灵活性。此外，MF可减少膝关节处的冲击载荷。
{"title":"Influence of Minimalist Footwear in Middle and Long Distance Runners' Physical Fitness, Biomechanics, and Injury Incidence: A Systematic Review","authors":"José Ángel Linares-Martín, Markel Rico-González","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000748","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Interest in investigating minimalist footwear (MF) has grown exponentially in recent years. This article systematically reviews the benefits of MF for physical fitness, biomechanical factors, and injury incidence in middle and long distance runners. A systematic review of PubMed and FECYT (Web of Sciences, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, and SCIELO) was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines before 26 April of 2022. From the 583 studies initially found, 23 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The use of MF induces improvements in running economy and stride frequency in middle and long distance races and reduces the oscillations of a runner's center of gravity and support time. From a biomechanical viewpoint, MF enhances forefoot support and increases knee stability, leading to greater foot and ankle mobility. In addition, MF reduces impact load at the knee joint.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"309 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44378419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000766
Jonpaul Nevin, Martin I. Jones
ABSTRACT For the past 2 decades, western Armed Forces have been almost continuously engaged in combat operations worldwide. Over this period, changes to the character of conflict, combined with technological advancements, have resulted in a contemporary military operational environment that is arguably more volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous than ever before. However, although the character of conflict may have changed, it fundamentally remains a human endeavor that places unique and intense physiological, psychological, and cognitive demands on the warfighter. As a result, there has been an increased emphasis in military and scientific circles on the concept of human performance optimization. In addition, the concept of the tactical athlete as a categorization for military personnel and those who work in extremis settings has developed within the professional strength and conditioning community. Therefore, the following narrative review aims to outline the concept of human performance optimization, review the demands of the modern operational environment, and provide strength and conditioning practitioners working with military personnel with evidence-based recommendations to optimize the physiological, psychological, and cognitive performance of the warfighter.
{"title":"Human Performance Optimization (HPO) for the Warfighter—Keeping It Simple in a Complex Age: A Narrative Review","authors":"Jonpaul Nevin, Martin I. Jones","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000766","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For the past 2 decades, western Armed Forces have been almost continuously engaged in combat operations worldwide. Over this period, changes to the character of conflict, combined with technological advancements, have resulted in a contemporary military operational environment that is arguably more volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous than ever before. However, although the character of conflict may have changed, it fundamentally remains a human endeavor that places unique and intense physiological, psychological, and cognitive demands on the warfighter. As a result, there has been an increased emphasis in military and scientific circles on the concept of human performance optimization. In addition, the concept of the tactical athlete as a categorization for military personnel and those who work in extremis settings has developed within the professional strength and conditioning community. Therefore, the following narrative review aims to outline the concept of human performance optimization, review the demands of the modern operational environment, and provide strength and conditioning practitioners working with military personnel with evidence-based recommendations to optimize the physiological, psychological, and cognitive performance of the warfighter.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"578 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46344196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000755
S. Joffe, Phil D. B. Price, Shyam Chavda, Joseph W. Shaw, J. Tallent
ABSTRACT The purpose of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the literature and provide a robust estimate of the correlations between lower-body, multijoint, isometric and dynamic neuromuscular assessment variables and snatch (SN) and clean and jerk (C&J) performance in competitive weightlifters. A comprehensive search through 3 electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) returned 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were performed on Pearson's correlations between SN and C&J performance and 15 variables from 5 neuromuscular assessments—countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), back squat (BS), and front squat (FS) one repetition maximum (1RM). The FS and BS 1RM exhibited nearly perfect correlations (r = 0.93 to 0.94), whereas the IMTP peak force exhibited very large correlations (r = 0.83 to 0.85). The IMTP force at 250 ms exhibited very large correlations (r = 0.77 to 0.78), and the CMJ and SJ peak power exhibited very large to nearly perfect correlations (r = 0.88 to 0.92). These findings illustrate the importance of lower-body maximal and time-limited force-producing capabilities in weightlifters. Moreover, each assessment offers at least one variable that exhibits a correlation of >0.70. Therefore, these assessments may be used to gauge weightlifting performance potential.
摘要本荟萃分析的目的是综合文献，对竞技举重运动员的下半身、多关节、等长和动态神经肌肉评估变量与抓举（SN）和挺举（C&J）成绩之间的相关性进行稳健估计。通过对3个电子数据库（PubMed、SPORTDiscus和Web of Science）的全面搜索，返回了12项符合纳入标准的研究。对SN和C&J表现之间的Pearson相关性以及来自5种神经肌肉评估的15个变量进行了荟萃分析——反动作跳跃（CMJ）、深蹲跳跃（SJ）、等长中高提拉（IMTP）、后深蹲（BS）和前深蹲（FS）一次重复最大值（1RM）。FS和BS 1RM表现出近乎完美的相关性（r=0.93至0.94），而IMTP峰值力表现出非常大的相关性（r=0.83至0.85）。250ms时的IMTP力表现出很大的相关性（P=0.77至0.78），CMJ和SJ峰值功率呈现出非常大到几乎完全的相关性（r=0.88到0.92）。这些发现说明了举重运动员下半身最大和限时发力能力的重要性。此外，每项评估都至少提供一个相关性>0.70的变量。因此，这些评估可以用来衡量举重表现的潜力。
{"title":"The Relationship of Lower-Body, Multijoint, Isometric and Dynamic Neuromuscular Assessment Variables With Snatch, and Clean and Jerk Performance in Competitive Weightlifters: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"S. Joffe, Phil D. B. Price, Shyam Chavda, Joseph W. Shaw, J. Tallent","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000755","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the literature and provide a robust estimate of the correlations between lower-body, multijoint, isometric and dynamic neuromuscular assessment variables and snatch (SN) and clean and jerk (C&J) performance in competitive weightlifters. A comprehensive search through 3 electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) returned 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were performed on Pearson's correlations between SN and C&J performance and 15 variables from 5 neuromuscular assessments—countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), back squat (BS), and front squat (FS) one repetition maximum (1RM). The FS and BS 1RM exhibited nearly perfect correlations (r = 0.93 to 0.94), whereas the IMTP peak force exhibited very large correlations (r = 0.83 to 0.85). The IMTP force at 250 ms exhibited very large correlations (r = 0.77 to 0.78), and the CMJ and SJ peak power exhibited very large to nearly perfect correlations (r = 0.88 to 0.92). These findings illustrate the importance of lower-body maximal and time-limited force-producing capabilities in weightlifters. Moreover, each assessment offers at least one variable that exhibits a correlation of >0.70. Therefore, these assessments may be used to gauge weightlifting performance potential.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"411 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47477434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000754
Sean J. Maloney
ABSTRACT The coach-athlete relationship is foundational to the success of the strength and conditioning (S&C) program. By better understanding and applying psychosocial principles, the S&C coach can augment their impact on performance. However, coaches should seek to look beyond just performance. This article aims to put forward the case for a novel philosophical coaching framework that emphasizes the development of autonomy and self-sufficiency in athletes. Autonomous, self-sufficient athletes are likely to be more resilient, perform to a higher level, and be better prepared for life after competitive sport. It is proposed that the “Three E's” are the foundational components of this novel framework. (a) Engage athletes by promoting active involvement, providing an appropriate challenge, and understanding their values. (b) Enthuse athletes by promoting positive affect, setting them up to experience success, and facilitating positive social interaction. (c) Empower athletes by promoting autonomy, periodizing self-government of their program, and providing the rationale to explain recommendations or prescriptions. The framework's objectives are to maximize athletes' internal drive, help athletes understand the basic principles of S&C, and encourage athletes to make positive behavioral choices.
{"title":"Engage, Enthuse, Empower: A Framework for Promoting Self-Sufficiency in Athletes","authors":"Sean J. Maloney","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000754","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The coach-athlete relationship is foundational to the success of the strength and conditioning (S&C) program. By better understanding and applying psychosocial principles, the S&C coach can augment their impact on performance. However, coaches should seek to look beyond just performance. This article aims to put forward the case for a novel philosophical coaching framework that emphasizes the development of autonomy and self-sufficiency in athletes. Autonomous, self-sufficient athletes are likely to be more resilient, perform to a higher level, and be better prepared for life after competitive sport. It is proposed that the “Three E's” are the foundational components of this novel framework. (a) Engage athletes by promoting active involvement, providing an appropriate challenge, and understanding their values. (b) Enthuse athletes by promoting positive affect, setting them up to experience success, and facilitating positive social interaction. (c) Empower athletes by promoting autonomy, periodizing self-government of their program, and providing the rationale to explain recommendations or prescriptions. The framework's objectives are to maximize athletes' internal drive, help athletes understand the basic principles of S&C, and encourage athletes to make positive behavioral choices.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"486 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48654340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000745
U. Ehiogu, M. Krawczyk, J. Tallent
ABSTRACT Climbing has developed into a professional sport with worldwide participation. Olympic climbing consists of lead climbing, speed climbing, and bouldering. The objective of speed climbing is to reach the top of the route in the fastest time. Speed climbing has not been subjected to the same level of investigation as other types of climbing. A strength and power base underpins performance in speed climbing. This physiological and mechanical basis provides the foundations for effective program design for the speed climber. Effective programming should incorporate a long-term planning approach that is based on a needs analysis of the sport and the climber's physical qualities. The development of high performance will involve the sequential application of regional hypertrophy, maximal strength, explosive strength training, plyometrics, and climbing-specific training to a varying degree.
{"title":"Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Speed Climbing","authors":"U. Ehiogu, M. Krawczyk, J. Tallent","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000745","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Climbing has developed into a professional sport with worldwide participation. Olympic climbing consists of lead climbing, speed climbing, and bouldering. The objective of speed climbing is to reach the top of the route in the fastest time. Speed climbing has not been subjected to the same level of investigation as other types of climbing. A strength and power base underpins performance in speed climbing. This physiological and mechanical basis provides the foundations for effective program design for the speed climber. Effective programming should incorporate a long-term planning approach that is based on a needs analysis of the sport and the climber's physical qualities. The development of high performance will involve the sequential application of regional hypertrophy, maximal strength, explosive strength training, plyometrics, and climbing-specific training to a varying degree.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"259 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66846142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000746
Jeffrey Paschall, Jay Dawes
Abstract Aircrews within the US Air Force Special Operations Command play a unique role on the battlefield. The physical demands of different aircrew positions can be static and dynamic and require sufficient levels of physical fitness for optimal physical and cognitive performance. This article presents a needs analysis highlighting the occupational demands of the aircrews to fully inform strength and conditioning program designs. In addition, a proposed testing protocol is provided to obtain objective measures required for the appropriate design and progression of training programs.
{"title":"Physical Demands of Air Force Special Operations Command Flight Crews: A Needs Analysis and Proposed Testing Protocol","authors":"Jeffrey Paschall, Jay Dawes","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aircrews within the US Air Force Special Operations Command play a unique role on the battlefield. The physical demands of different aircrew positions can be static and dynamic and require sufficient levels of physical fitness for optimal physical and cognitive performance. This article presents a needs analysis highlighting the occupational demands of the aircrews to fully inform strength and conditioning program designs. In addition, a proposed testing protocol is provided to obtain objective measures required for the appropriate design and progression of training programs.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"354 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44522105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000747
J. Grgic
ABSTRACT This article aims to provide an overview of the effects of ibuprofen ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and determine factors that may moderate its effect. Currently, only 2 studies reported that ibuprofen has a differential effect from placebo on muscle hypertrophy. One study reported that 1,200 mg of ibuprofen augments muscle hypertrophy in older adults. Another study found that the same dose of ibuprofen attenuated muscle hypertrophy in young adults. These contrasting findings are likely explained by the differences in inflammatory levels between the age groups. Older adults generally have higher levels of inflammation, which is why an anti-inflammatory medication might have contributed to muscle hypertrophy. Studies that used lower doses of ibuprofen, such as 400 mg, did not report a negative or positive effect of ibuprofen use. More importantly, the modulating effects of ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy should be currently considered preliminary because they have not yet been replicated. Meta-analytical data also did not find a significant difference between the effects of placebo and ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy in middle-aged and older adults. In summary, ibuprofen use may modulate the effects of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, but more research on the topic is needed before making any conclusive recommendations.
{"title":"No Pain, No Gain? Examining the Influence of Ibuprofen Consumption on Muscle Hypertrophy","authors":"J. Grgic","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000747","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article aims to provide an overview of the effects of ibuprofen ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and determine factors that may moderate its effect. Currently, only 2 studies reported that ibuprofen has a differential effect from placebo on muscle hypertrophy. One study reported that 1,200 mg of ibuprofen augments muscle hypertrophy in older adults. Another study found that the same dose of ibuprofen attenuated muscle hypertrophy in young adults. These contrasting findings are likely explained by the differences in inflammatory levels between the age groups. Older adults generally have higher levels of inflammation, which is why an anti-inflammatory medication might have contributed to muscle hypertrophy. Studies that used lower doses of ibuprofen, such as 400 mg, did not report a negative or positive effect of ibuprofen use. More importantly, the modulating effects of ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy should be currently considered preliminary because they have not yet been replicated. Meta-analytical data also did not find a significant difference between the effects of placebo and ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy in middle-aged and older adults. In summary, ibuprofen use may modulate the effects of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, but more research on the topic is needed before making any conclusive recommendations.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"481 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45432074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000742
Halee Cusack, S. Hewlings
ABSTRACT Iron deficiency (ID) in nonanemic athletes has become more prevalent, creating a need to investigate the relationship between iron supplementation and iron deficiency in female athletes who are not anemic. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the impact of iron supplementation on athletic performance in iron-deficient, nonanemic (IDNA) female athletes. The search strategy was conducted in February 2022 using PubMed and CINAHL databases. Nine records that focused only on IDNA female athletes were included in the review, with a total of 355 female participants. The inclusion criteria were adult female athletes found to be IDNA. Iron supplementation of any form, dose, or duration and athletic performance measures were used. The exclusion criteria included adolescents, being injured, consuming other supplements or medications, or not measuring athletic performance. Five studies in this review concluded that iron supplementation improved iron status and enhanced physiological adaption. However, the other studies found that iron supplementation did not affect training. Some limitations in the studies reviewed include small sample size, shorter training duration, broad training regimens, exercise protocol, and measurement timing. Further determination of the level at which iron supplementation should be considered for female athletes who are IDNA is warranted.
{"title":"The Impact of Iron Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Elite-Level Female Athletes–A Systematic Review","authors":"Halee Cusack, S. Hewlings","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000742","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Iron deficiency (ID) in nonanemic athletes has become more prevalent, creating a need to investigate the relationship between iron supplementation and iron deficiency in female athletes who are not anemic. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the impact of iron supplementation on athletic performance in iron-deficient, nonanemic (IDNA) female athletes. The search strategy was conducted in February 2022 using PubMed and CINAHL databases. Nine records that focused only on IDNA female athletes were included in the review, with a total of 355 female participants. The inclusion criteria were adult female athletes found to be IDNA. Iron supplementation of any form, dose, or duration and athletic performance measures were used. The exclusion criteria included adolescents, being injured, consuming other supplements or medications, or not measuring athletic performance. Five studies in this review concluded that iron supplementation improved iron status and enhanced physiological adaption. However, the other studies found that iron supplementation did not affect training. Some limitations in the studies reviewed include small sample size, shorter training duration, broad training regimens, exercise protocol, and measurement timing. Further determination of the level at which iron supplementation should be considered for female athletes who are IDNA is warranted.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"342 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48327244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000743
Carey Rothschild
ABSTRACT Female participation in sport as a masters athlete has grown considerably in recent years. Functional losses and physiological changes in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems that occur with female aging require recognition and thoughtful exercise prescription. In working with this population, the strength and conditioning professional should be able to recognize the biology of aging, factors affecting recovery and performance, and application of appropriate training parameters to keep the female athlete in their sport while mitigating the effects of aging and maximizing performance. This special populations article outlines key age-related changes in the female athlete and presents comprehensive, practical training guidelines for this growing population.
{"title":"Exercise Considerations for the Masters Female Athlete","authors":"Carey Rothschild","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Female participation in sport as a masters athlete has grown considerably in recent years. Functional losses and physiological changes in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems that occur with female aging require recognition and thoughtful exercise prescription. In working with this population, the strength and conditioning professional should be able to recognize the biology of aging, factors affecting recovery and performance, and application of appropriate training parameters to keep the female athlete in their sport while mitigating the effects of aging and maximizing performance. This special populations article outlines key age-related changes in the female athlete and presents comprehensive, practical training guidelines for this growing population.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"73 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47313892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000740
J. Grgic, Ivana Grgić
ABSTRACT The present meta-analysis examined the effects of resistance training on increasing the rate of force development (RFD), followed by exploring the changes in RFD occurring during training cessation. Five databases were searched to find eligible studies. Their methodological quality was evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist. The data were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis. Seven studies with 11 training groups were included in the meta-analysis. All studies were classified as being of good or moderate quality. Resistance training increased RFD (d: 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09–0.38). There was no significant difference in RFD between the postintervention and postdetraining periods (d: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.10–0.06). In subgroup meta-analyses, there was no significant difference (all p > 0.05) between the postintervention and postdetraining RFD when categorized according to detraining duration (up to 4 weeks versus 7–16 weeks) or participants' training status (untrained versus trained). This meta-analysis demonstrated that resistance training effectively increases RFD. More importantly, the results also indicated that gains in RFD are maintained after detraining. Thus, unlike a few other resistance training–induced adaptations (e.g., increases in muscular strength and muscular endurance), it seems that gains in RFD are preserved during a detraining phase.
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