Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000735
Brian Guthrie, A. Jagim, Margaret T. Jones
ABSTRACT A scoping review methodology was used to assess player readiness via indicators of neuromuscular function in response to training load. Literature search included PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and CINAHL. Search strategy was based on Population-Concept-Context framework evaluating football code athletes with the focus on player readiness in the context of longitudinal monitoring across quantified training loads with an emphasis on neuromuscular function. Demographics, frequency of data collection, methods of monitoring readiness, neuromuscular function, duration of monitoring period, and quantification of training loads were reported. Authors independently reviewed articles and, in the case of disagreement, a vote determined inclusion. The sports of rugby (n = 13) and soccer (n = 11) were most frequently examined, followed by Australian Rules Football (n = 6) and American Football (n = 1). The most common methods assessed systemic readiness with the primary focus on jump and sprint testing. Findings identified limited evidence supporting structural and tissue-specific monitoring tools. Player readiness assessment strategies have evolved with advances in technology and analytics. It is recommended that future research focus on a variety of populations, including youth and women athletes. This review is the first to summarize methods of assessing player readiness using indicators of neuromuscular function in football code athletes.
摘要：采用范围审查方法，通过神经肌肉功能指标对训练负荷的反应来评估球员的准备情况。文献检索包括PubMed、Web of Science、SportDiscus和CINAHL。搜索策略基于人口概念上下文框架，评估足球代码运动员，重点是在量化训练负荷的纵向监测背景下的球员准备情况，重点是神经肌肉功能。报告了人口统计学、数据收集频率、监测准备状态的方法、神经肌肉功能、监测期的持续时间和训练负荷的量化。作者独立审查文章，如果意见不一致，则通过投票决定入选。橄榄球（n=13）和足球（n=11）是最常见的检查项目，其次是澳大利亚规则足球（n=6）和美式足球（n=1）。最常见的方法评估系统准备情况，主要关注跳跃和冲刺测试。研究结果表明，支持结构和组织特异性监测工具的证据有限。球员准备状态评估策略随着技术和分析的进步而发展。建议未来的研究重点关注各种人群，包括青年和女运动员。这篇综述首次总结了在足球规范运动员中使用神经肌肉功能指标评估球员准备状态的方法。
{"title":"Ready or Not, Here I Come: A Scoping Review of Methods Used to Assess Player Readiness Via Indicators of Neuromuscular Function in Football Code Athletes","authors":"Brian Guthrie, A. Jagim, Margaret T. Jones","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000735","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A scoping review methodology was used to assess player readiness via indicators of neuromuscular function in response to training load. Literature search included PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and CINAHL. Search strategy was based on Population-Concept-Context framework evaluating football code athletes with the focus on player readiness in the context of longitudinal monitoring across quantified training loads with an emphasis on neuromuscular function. Demographics, frequency of data collection, methods of monitoring readiness, neuromuscular function, duration of monitoring period, and quantification of training loads were reported. Authors independently reviewed articles and, in the case of disagreement, a vote determined inclusion. The sports of rugby (n = 13) and soccer (n = 11) were most frequently examined, followed by Australian Rules Football (n = 6) and American Football (n = 1). The most common methods assessed systemic readiness with the primary focus on jump and sprint testing. Findings identified limited evidence supporting structural and tissue-specific monitoring tools. Player readiness assessment strategies have evolved with advances in technology and analytics. It is recommended that future research focus on a variety of populations, including youth and women athletes. This review is the first to summarize methods of assessing player readiness using indicators of neuromuscular function in football code athletes.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"93 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41457842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000737
Charlie R. Ottinger, Matthew H Sharp, Matthew W Stefan, Raad Gheith, Fernando de la Espriella, Jacob M. Wilson
ABSTRACT One resistance training variable that may be altered to achieve desired outcomes is the range of motion used in training. Generally, the strength and conditioning field has accepted that using a greater range of motion in strength training exercises results in more substantial muscle hypertrophy outcomes. However, this theory has proved to be inconsistently supported in the literature, and to date, no sufficient explanation exists to explain this phenomenon. This review article seeks to outline a novel approach for potentially describing the disparities seen in range of motion research with respect to hypertrophy outcomes by applying the unique length-tension curve of each muscle being examined. As will be discussed in the review, virtually all the results from range of motion studies in various muscles have corresponded to each muscle's length-tension curve; muscles that are active on the descending limb of the curve appear to garner greater hypertrophy from using larger ranges of motion. Conversely, muscles that are not active on the descending limb exhibit similar adaptations despite alterations in range of motion. A novel hypothesis for applying this information to resistance training programs will be presented and discussed.
{"title":"Muscle Hypertrophy Response to Range of Motion in Strength Training: A Novel Approach to Understanding the Findings","authors":"Charlie R. Ottinger, Matthew H Sharp, Matthew W Stefan, Raad Gheith, Fernando de la Espriella, Jacob M. Wilson","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One resistance training variable that may be altered to achieve desired outcomes is the range of motion used in training. Generally, the strength and conditioning field has accepted that using a greater range of motion in strength training exercises results in more substantial muscle hypertrophy outcomes. However, this theory has proved to be inconsistently supported in the literature, and to date, no sufficient explanation exists to explain this phenomenon. This review article seeks to outline a novel approach for potentially describing the disparities seen in range of motion research with respect to hypertrophy outcomes by applying the unique length-tension curve of each muscle being examined. As will be discussed in the review, virtually all the results from range of motion studies in various muscles have corresponded to each muscle's length-tension curve; muscles that are active on the descending limb of the curve appear to garner greater hypertrophy from using larger ranges of motion. Conversely, muscles that are not active on the descending limb exhibit similar adaptations despite alterations in range of motion. A novel hypothesis for applying this information to resistance training programs will be presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"162 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43344479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000738
Sakiko Oyama, Thomas G. Palmer
ABSTRACT In overhead throwing, core muscles play a role in transferring momentum from the trunk to the arm. Yet, studies evaluating various core exercise programs on core muscle function and ball-throwing velocity yield varying results. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the effects of these programs on ball-throwing velocity and trunk muscle function based on the focus of the training program. Searches were conducted using MEDLINE on November 24, 2020, and updated on April 27, 2022. Articles were included if the training was administered to overhead-throwing athletes, targeted the core musculature, and had at least 1 comparison group. Of a total of 875 articles retrieved, 11 were selected for analysis. The synthesis of evidence suggests that (a) commonly used spinal stabilization exercises may improve trunk muscle endurance and isometric strength, but not ball-throwing velocity; (b) advanced spinal stabilization exercises performed on a sling suspension system can improve ball-throwing velocity; and (c) trunk plyometrics using medicine balls can improve trunk rotational strength, power, and ball-throwing velocity. More challenging core exercises that incorporate unstable surfaces, higher resistance, and dynamic trunk movement seem necessary to promote improvement in ball-throwing velocity.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Core Exercise Training Programs Designed to Enhance Ball-Throwing Velocity in Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review","authors":"Sakiko Oyama, Thomas G. Palmer","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In overhead throwing, core muscles play a role in transferring momentum from the trunk to the arm. Yet, studies evaluating various core exercise programs on core muscle function and ball-throwing velocity yield varying results. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the effects of these programs on ball-throwing velocity and trunk muscle function based on the focus of the training program. Searches were conducted using MEDLINE on November 24, 2020, and updated on April 27, 2022. Articles were included if the training was administered to overhead-throwing athletes, targeted the core musculature, and had at least 1 comparison group. Of a total of 875 articles retrieved, 11 were selected for analysis. The synthesis of evidence suggests that (a) commonly used spinal stabilization exercises may improve trunk muscle endurance and isometric strength, but not ball-throwing velocity; (b) advanced spinal stabilization exercises performed on a sling suspension system can improve ball-throwing velocity; and (c) trunk plyometrics using medicine balls can improve trunk rotational strength, power, and ball-throwing velocity. More challenging core exercises that incorporate unstable surfaces, higher resistance, and dynamic trunk movement seem necessary to promote improvement in ball-throwing velocity.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"177 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44935646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000736
C. Schneider, Bas Van Hooren, J. Cronin, Ivan Jukic
ABSTRACT Despite promising research on various soccer-specific injury prevention programs, hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) persist in being a major problem in the sport. Therefore, in an attempt to expand the current knowledge on the prevention of HSIs, this systematic review aimed to identify how modifiable risk factors for HSIs (hamstring strength, hamstring:quadriceps [H:Q] strength ratios, biceps femoris long head fascicle length, and hamstring angle of peak torque) were altered following various training interventions. The protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42020177363). The literature search was conducted on PubMed, SportDISCUS, and Web of Science. Following the search process, 20 studies were included in the systematic review, and the methodological quality of these studies was reported. Interventions were categorized based on exercise characteristics (movement velocity and contraction type), and the effects of each intervention subgroup were analyzed separately for all proposed risk factors for HSIs. Our findings show that a broad variety of exercise types (i.e., high- and low-velocity movements, eccentric only and traditional exercises) improves all risk factors for HSIs compared with fewer exercise types. Therefore, these findings suggest that hamstring injury risk factors can best be modified using a wide variety of exercises compared with, for example, only 1 or 2 specific exercises.
摘要：尽管对各种足球专项损伤预防方案的研究很有前景，但腘绳肌拉伤仍然是这项运动中的一个主要问题。因此，为了扩大目前关于HSI预防的知识，本系统综述旨在确定HSI的可改变风险因素（腿筋力量、腿筋：股四头肌[H:Q]力量比、股二头肌长头束长度和峰值扭矩的腿筋角度）在各种训练干预后是如何改变的。该方案已在PROSPERO上预先注册（CRD42020177363）。文献检索在PubMed、SportDISCUS和Web of Science上进行。在搜索过程之后，20项研究被纳入系统综述，并报告了这些研究的方法学质量。根据运动特征（运动速度和收缩类型）对干预措施进行分类，并分别分析每个干预亚组对HSI所有拟议风险因素的影响。我们的研究结果表明，与较少的运动类型相比，多种运动类型（即高速和低速运动、仅偏心运动和传统运动）可以改善HSI的所有风险因素。因此，这些发现表明，与例如仅进行1或2次特定训练相比，使用各种各样的训练可以最好地改变腿筋损伤的风险因素。
{"title":"The Effects of Training Interventions on Modifiable Hamstring Strain Injury Risk Factors in Healthy Soccer Players: A Systematic Review","authors":"C. Schneider, Bas Van Hooren, J. Cronin, Ivan Jukic","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000736","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite promising research on various soccer-specific injury prevention programs, hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) persist in being a major problem in the sport. Therefore, in an attempt to expand the current knowledge on the prevention of HSIs, this systematic review aimed to identify how modifiable risk factors for HSIs (hamstring strength, hamstring:quadriceps [H:Q] strength ratios, biceps femoris long head fascicle length, and hamstring angle of peak torque) were altered following various training interventions. The protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42020177363). The literature search was conducted on PubMed, SportDISCUS, and Web of Science. Following the search process, 20 studies were included in the systematic review, and the methodological quality of these studies was reported. Interventions were categorized based on exercise characteristics (movement velocity and contraction type), and the effects of each intervention subgroup were analyzed separately for all proposed risk factors for HSIs. Our findings show that a broad variety of exercise types (i.e., high- and low-velocity movements, eccentric only and traditional exercises) improves all risk factors for HSIs compared with fewer exercise types. Therefore, these findings suggest that hamstring injury risk factors can best be modified using a wide variety of exercises compared with, for example, only 1 or 2 specific exercises.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"207 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42670121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-07DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000733
Joshua Colomar, F. Corbi, E. Baiget
ABSTRACT One of the essential components to success in tennis is serve velocity (SV). Coaches and practitioners aim to maximize performance and results by increasing this determinant aspect. Concentrically or eccentrically predominant conventional resistance training programs have been used to raise SV, obtaining moderate increases in experienced populations. Nevertheless, indirect improvements in other components, such as asymmetry reductions and increased neural adaptations following these designs, could interest the young competitor. Other methodologies such as medicine ball throws and explosive or power-based programs that mimic the serve kinetic chain seem to obtain greater gains in young players, because the implication and body structures involved seem more specific to the action. More recent methodologies such as flywheel-based training or weighted implements or limbs also could be of interest, although further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these programs and specific load prescriptions. However, data suggest that heavier or lighter load exercises seem valid options to improve SV if the athlete performs maximal intended execution velocity. Added to the currently available literature on training methods to increase SV, exercise prescription examples are provided to help the strength and conditioning coach improve this key variable.
{"title":"Improving Tennis Serve Velocity: Review of Training Methods and Recommendations","authors":"Joshua Colomar, F. Corbi, E. Baiget","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000733","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One of the essential components to success in tennis is serve velocity (SV). Coaches and practitioners aim to maximize performance and results by increasing this determinant aspect. Concentrically or eccentrically predominant conventional resistance training programs have been used to raise SV, obtaining moderate increases in experienced populations. Nevertheless, indirect improvements in other components, such as asymmetry reductions and increased neural adaptations following these designs, could interest the young competitor. Other methodologies such as medicine ball throws and explosive or power-based programs that mimic the serve kinetic chain seem to obtain greater gains in young players, because the implication and body structures involved seem more specific to the action. More recent methodologies such as flywheel-based training or weighted implements or limbs also could be of interest, although further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these programs and specific load prescriptions. However, data suggest that heavier or lighter load exercises seem valid options to improve SV if the athlete performs maximal intended execution velocity. Added to the currently available literature on training methods to increase SV, exercise prescription examples are provided to help the strength and conditioning coach improve this key variable.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"385 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41559202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000732
J. Raya-González, Daniel Castillo, Kevin L. de Keijzer, M. Beato
ABSTRACT Flywheel (FW) resistance training is a valid and time-efficient method to improve force production and muscular hypertrophy. However, no definitive consensus exists regarding FW parameters for optimizing chronic training responses. Therefore, this review aims to examine the FW training literature and provide evidence-based conclusions and practical applications for practitioners. This review reports that FW resistance training is a valid strategy to improve force, power, and hypertrophy responses; however, differences with traditional training programs have not been clearly established. It is not possible to state that FW training is superior to traditional resistance training methodologies. Moreover, the differences between populations and sex should be studied in further depth to establish robust conclusions. Finally, this review reports variables (duration, volume, and intensity) that should be adopted to improve force, power, and hypertrophy responses—even though future research is needed to establish the appropriate training dose for specific populations.
{"title":"Considerations to Optimize Strength and Muscle Mass Gains Through Flywheel Resistance Devices: A Narrative Review","authors":"J. Raya-González, Daniel Castillo, Kevin L. de Keijzer, M. Beato","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000732","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Flywheel (FW) resistance training is a valid and time-efficient method to improve force production and muscular hypertrophy. However, no definitive consensus exists regarding FW parameters for optimizing chronic training responses. Therefore, this review aims to examine the FW training literature and provide evidence-based conclusions and practical applications for practitioners. This review reports that FW resistance training is a valid strategy to improve force, power, and hypertrophy responses; however, differences with traditional training programs have not been clearly established. It is not possible to state that FW training is superior to traditional resistance training methodologies. Moreover, the differences between populations and sex should be studied in further depth to establish robust conclusions. Finally, this review reports variables (duration, volume, and intensity) that should be adopted to improve force, power, and hypertrophy responses—even though future research is needed to establish the appropriate training dose for specific populations.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"111 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49150777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000728
Patrick M. Holmberg, Peter W. Harrison, D. Jenkins, V. Kelly
ABSTRACT “Priming exercises” are gaining popularity as a precompetition strategy to improve subsequent performance. Although priming exercise has been shown to improve various neuromuscular performance measures within 48 hours, a number of studies have also found no change or significant decreases in performance following priming interventions. Inconsistencies in findings are likely due to the many different variables used in the research. In addition, evidence suggests that the potential performance response following a priming stimulus is likely to be influenced by individual characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the available evidence and identify those variables that most strongly determine whether priming stimuli involving resistance and stretch-shortening cycle exercise tasks are likely to improve performance within 48 hours of that stimulus. In addition to making recommendations based on the evidence to date, directions for future research are also identified.
{"title":"Factors Modulating the Priming Response to Resistance and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Exercise Stimuli","authors":"Patrick M. Holmberg, Peter W. Harrison, D. Jenkins, V. Kelly","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000728","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT “Priming exercises” are gaining popularity as a precompetition strategy to improve subsequent performance. Although priming exercise has been shown to improve various neuromuscular performance measures within 48 hours, a number of studies have also found no change or significant decreases in performance following priming interventions. Inconsistencies in findings are likely due to the many different variables used in the research. In addition, evidence suggests that the potential performance response following a priming stimulus is likely to be influenced by individual characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the available evidence and identify those variables that most strongly determine whether priming stimuli involving resistance and stretch-shortening cycle exercise tasks are likely to improve performance within 48 hours of that stimulus. In addition to making recommendations based on the evidence to date, directions for future research are also identified.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"188 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48007620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000730
Santiago Zabaloy, Tomás T. Freitas, F. Pareja-Blanco, P. Alcaraz, I. Loturco
ABSTRACT Sprinting is a key component for many individual and team sports. Therefore, to enhance sprint performance, various training methods are widely used by coaches and practitioners, including maximum sprint speed and resisted sprint training. Resisted sprinting with sled towing is a method that has recently received considerable attention from the sport science community. However, to date, no consensus exists regarding its acute and chronic effects in team sport athletes. This narrative review aimed to (a) review and analyze the mechanics of sprinting under unresisted and resisted conditions with a specific focus on team sport disciplines; (b) provide a thorough and applied discussion on the importance of considering acute and chronic effects of sled loading on technique, electromyographic activity, and force production, as well as on the role of muscle architecture and neural factors in sled training; (c) analyze the effects of increasing sled loads during acceleration and maximum velocity phases on contact and flight phases, while concomitantly examining kinetic, kinematic, and neuromuscular aspects, because all these factors affect each other and cannot be properly understood in isolation.
{"title":"Narrative Review on the Use of Sled Training to Improve Sprint Performance in Team Sport Athletes","authors":"Santiago Zabaloy, Tomás T. Freitas, F. Pareja-Blanco, P. Alcaraz, I. Loturco","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000730","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sprinting is a key component for many individual and team sports. Therefore, to enhance sprint performance, various training methods are widely used by coaches and practitioners, including maximum sprint speed and resisted sprint training. Resisted sprinting with sled towing is a method that has recently received considerable attention from the sport science community. However, to date, no consensus exists regarding its acute and chronic effects in team sport athletes. This narrative review aimed to (a) review and analyze the mechanics of sprinting under unresisted and resisted conditions with a specific focus on team sport disciplines; (b) provide a thorough and applied discussion on the importance of considering acute and chronic effects of sled loading on technique, electromyographic activity, and force production, as well as on the role of muscle architecture and neural factors in sled training; (c) analyze the effects of increasing sled loads during acceleration and maximum velocity phases on contact and flight phases, while concomitantly examining kinetic, kinematic, and neuromuscular aspects, because all these factors affect each other and cannot be properly understood in isolation.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"13 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48680959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000727
Yu Song, Ling Li, B. Dai
ABSTRACT Trunk strength, endurance, and dynamic control may have an effect on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates and biomechanical ACL loading variables during athletic tasks. Individuals responsible for training athletes at risk of ACL injuries should implement training programs that address these components of athletic performance. In ski racers, deficits in trunk flexion/extension strength and decreased trunk flexion/extension strength ratios have been identified as ACL injury risk factors. Trunk strength training alone is not sufficient to decrease biomechanical ACL loading, and there is no clear association between trunk endurance and ACL injury risks. Trunk dynamic control training may improve trunk and knee movements associated with decreased ACL loading during athletic tasks. Dynamic, unanticipated, and perturbed trunk functional assessments and training are recommended to challenge the trunk more during athletic tasks. Injury prevention programs should involve exercises using unstable surfaces, sports-related dual tasks, and perturbations to address trunk dynamic control. More investigation is still needed to further understand the associations between trunk neuromuscular functions and ACL injury risks during athletic tasks.
{"title":"Trunk Neuromuscular Function and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Narrative Review of Trunk Strength, Endurance, and Dynamic Control","authors":"Yu Song, Ling Li, B. Dai","doi":"10.1519/SSC.0000000000000727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000727","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Trunk strength, endurance, and dynamic control may have an effect on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates and biomechanical ACL loading variables during athletic tasks. Individuals responsible for training athletes at risk of ACL injuries should implement training programs that address these components of athletic performance. In ski racers, deficits in trunk flexion/extension strength and decreased trunk flexion/extension strength ratios have been identified as ACL injury risk factors. Trunk strength training alone is not sufficient to decrease biomechanical ACL loading, and there is no clear association between trunk endurance and ACL injury risks. Trunk dynamic control training may improve trunk and knee movements associated with decreased ACL loading during athletic tasks. Dynamic, unanticipated, and perturbed trunk functional assessments and training are recommended to challenge the trunk more during athletic tasks. Injury prevention programs should involve exercises using unstable surfaces, sports-related dual tasks, and perturbations to address trunk dynamic control. More investigation is still needed to further understand the associations between trunk neuromuscular functions and ACL injury risks during athletic tasks.","PeriodicalId":21993,"journal":{"name":"Strength and Conditioning Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"82 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47190535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000725
B. Capanema, P. S. Franco, Priscila Rodrigues Gil, G. Mazo
ABSTRACT To synthesize the scientific evidence on physical exercise protocols for the oldest-old we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, and gray literature up to January 2021. Eligibility criteria included investigation of the oldest-old population (≥80 years); use of intervention protocols with appropriate and effective variables for a physical exercise program (type, intensity, frequency, and duration); reporting positive effects of the interventions on physical fitness, execution of activities of daily living, and quality of life of the oldest-old; an experimental and/or quasiexperimental (randomized or nonrandomized) study design. Twenty studies were included. Physical exercise protocols for the oldest-old should include strength, power, aerobic endurance, flexibility, balance, and joint mobility exercises. These exercises are effective in attenuating or minimizing the declines that occur during aging, improving factors such as gait, fall rate, and functional capacity.
摘要为了综合关于老年人体育锻炼方案的科学证据，我们搜索了截至2021年1月的PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、CINAHL、Medline和灰色文献。资格标准包括调查年龄最大的老年人口（≥80岁）；针对体育锻炼计划使用具有适当有效变量的干预协议（类型、强度、频率和持续时间）；报告干预措施对老年人的身体健康、日常生活活动的执行和生活质量的积极影响；实验和/或准实验（随机或非随机）研究设计。包括20项研究。老年人的体育锻炼方案应包括力量、力量、有氧耐力、灵活性、平衡性和关节活动性锻炼。这些运动可以有效地减轻或最大限度地减少衰老过程中出现的衰退，改善步态、跌倒率和功能能力等因素。
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