Studies in Second Language Acquisition最新文献

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With “crisis” comes opportunity: Using invariance testing to understand and improve measurement models (A response to Al-Hoorie et al., 2024) “危机”带来了机遇：使用不变性测试来理解和改进测量模型（对al - hoorie等人的回应，2024）

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125100892

Charlie Nagle

Al-Hoorie et al. (2024) have described L2 Motivational Self System research as having a “validation crisis.” In this response, I offer a brief history of recent motivation research to contextualize how we reached this point. I then discuss measurement invariance testing, the purpose of which is to ensure that the proposed measurement model holds across groups or time. Crucially, invariance testing is a necessary precursor to subsequent analyses because if invariance is not upheld, it is impossible to know whether differences reflect true underlying differences in the latent construct or are simply the byproduct of a changing measurement model. I argue that by combining measurement invariance testing with open science practices, we can create and validate better measurement models while cultivating a better understanding of their scope of application.

al - hoorie等人（2024）将第二语言动机自我系统研究描述为存在“验证危机”。在这篇文章中，我简要介绍了近期动机研究的历史，以说明我们是如何达到这一目标的。然后讨论度量不变性测试，其目的是确保所建议的度量模型跨组或跨时间适用。至关重要的是，不变性测试是后续分析的必要前提，因为如果不支持不变性，就不可能知道差异是否反映了潜在结构中真正的潜在差异，还是仅仅是变化的测量模型的副产品。我认为，通过将测量不变性测试与开放科学实践相结合，我们可以创建和验证更好的测量模型，同时培养对其应用范围的更好理解。

引用次数: 0

Looking beyond the L2 Motivational Self System 超越第二语言自我激励系统

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101319

Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Phil Hiver, Yo In'nami

In this rejoinder, we provide a historical overview of the emerging critiques of the L2 Motivational Self System and examine the structural and conceptual factors that have perpetuated these unresolved issues. As our analysis shows, a core concern is that the L2 Motivational Self System lacks clear falsifiability criteria, making it difficult to evaluate or revise in light of contradictory evidence. Despite numerous inconsistent or null findings, there appears to be no threshold at which core assumptions are reconsidered. We argue that advancing the field requires a renewed commitment to falsifiability, where constructs are subjected to empirical scrutiny and can, in principle, be shown to be wrong. Beyond technical matters, we acknowledge the emotional and professional challenges involved in confronting evidence that undermines familiar frameworks. We advocate for a shift toward greater theoretical precision, methodological transparency, and openness to critique.

在这篇答辩中，我们对新兴的第二语言动机自我系统批评进行了历史概述，并研究了导致这些未解决问题的结构和概念因素。正如我们的分析所显示的，一个核心问题是第二语言动机自我系统缺乏明确的可证伪性标准，这使得它很难根据相互矛盾的证据进行评估或修改。尽管有许多不一致或无效的发现，但似乎没有重新考虑核心假设的阈值。我们认为，推进该领域需要重新致力于可证伪性，其中结构受到经验审查，原则上可以证明是错误的。除了技术问题，我们也承认在面对破坏我们熟悉的框架的证据时所面临的情感和专业挑战。我们提倡向更精确的理论、更透明的方法和更开放的批评方向转变。

引用次数: 0

Comparing early-stage L2 processing of derived and inflected words: a conceptual replication of Jacob et al. (2018) with Chinese learners of L2 English 比较衍生词和屈折词的早期二语加工：Jacob等人（2018）对中国二语英语学习者的概念复制

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101368

Zhaohong Wu, Melinda Fricke

This study presents a conceptual replication of Jacob et al.’s (2018) comparison of L2 early-stage processing of derived vs. inflected words. Previous studies on this issue focused predominantly on L2 learners from morphologically complex, alphabetic L1s, and generally showed L2 decompositional processing of derived but not inflected words. This replication study examined whether the previous claim for a qualitative difference in L2 early-stage processing of derived and inflected words could generalize to L2 English learners from a morphologically isolating, logographic L1, i.e., Chinese learners of L2 English. Results from a masked priming lexical decision task showed qualitatively the same magnitude of priming in the derivational, inflectional, and form control conditions for Chinese learners of English, suggesting reliance on surface form information in the early-stage processing of both derived and inflected words. Results of the current study add to the literature on L2 early-stage processing of derived vs. inflected words.

本研究在概念上复制了Jacob等人（2018）对衍生词和屈折词的L2早期加工的比较。先前关于这一问题的研究主要集中在词形复杂的二语学习者身上，并且普遍显示二语对衍生词而非屈折词的分解加工。这项重复研究检验了先前关于衍生词和屈折词在二语早期加工中存在质的差异的说法是否可以推广到二语英语学习者身上，即从形态上孤立的、语域上的母语，即中国的二语英语学习者身上。在隐性启动词汇决策任务中，中国英语学习者在衍生词、屈折词和形式控制条件下的启动量在质量上是相同的，这表明衍生词和屈折词的早期加工都依赖于表面形式信息。本研究的结果补充了二语衍生词和屈折词早期加工的文献。

引用次数: 0

The Impact of L1 Speaking Style, Task Mode, and L2 Proficiency on L2 Fluency: A Within-subject Study of Monologic and Dialogic Speech 母语说话风格、任务模式和二语熟练程度对二语流利性的影响：一项单语和对话语的主题内研究

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101289

Pauliina Peltonen, Sandra Götz, Pekka Lintunen

Fluency is an essential aspect of second language (L2) oral proficiency. Recent studies have demonstrated that L1 individual speaking style is connected to L2 fluency, suggesting that L2 speech fluency does not solely represent L2-specific skills. Furthermore, task mode (monologue vs. dialogue) has been shown to influence fluency. The present study examines the extent to which these two factors (L1 speaking style and task mode) can predict L2 speech fluency, and how such connections are modified by the learners’ L2 proficiency level. The data consist of monologic and dialogic speech samples from 50 advanced students of English in their L1 (Finnish) and L2 (English). The samples were analyzed for speed, breakdown, repair, and composite fluency. The results of multiple linear regressions demonstrated high predictive power for speed, breakdown, and composite fluency dimensions, while the model for repair fluency showed weak predictive power. The results have implications for L2 fluency research.

流利是第二语言（L2）口语能力的一个重要方面。最近的研究表明，第一语言的个人说话风格与第二语言的流利程度有关，这表明第二语言的流利程度并不仅仅代表第二语言的特定技能。此外，任务模式（独白vs.对话）已被证明会影响流利程度。本研究考察了这两个因素（母语说话风格和任务模式）在多大程度上可以预测第二语言流利性，以及学习者的第二语言熟练程度如何改变这种联系。数据包括来自50名英语高级学生的第一语言（芬兰语）和第二语言（英语）的单语态和对话语态样本。对样品进行速度、分解、修复和合成流畅性分析。多元线性回归结果显示，速度、故障和复合流畅度维度的预测能力较强，而修复流畅度模型的预测能力较弱。研究结果对二语流利性研究具有启示意义。

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The love factor in variationist SLA 变分主义二语习得中的爱因素

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101320

Mason A. Wirtz

The love factor in the field of second language acquisition has gained considerable traction since the turn of the century. This article is the first to take a variationist perspective to investigate how multilingual coupledom affects sociolinguistic development in the second language (L2). Participants were 76 users of L2 German living in Austria, all of whom were in a romantic relationship with an Austrian partner. We analyzed the effects of multilingual coupledom on self-reported changes in learners’ use of, attitudes toward, and proficiency in standard German, the Austrian dialect variety, and first language(s), and whether (psycho-)social variables moderate this relationship. Individual differences in psychological and social variables (e.g., adaptability, Open-mindedness, length of residence, orientation toward the Austrian dialect) predicted reported changes in the sociolinguistic repertoire. Qualitative analysis revealed a blended operation of socioaffective and exposure-related factors, which helped explain why, how, and for whom multilingual coupledom affects (socio-)linguistic development.

自世纪之交以来，爱情因素在二语习得领域得到了相当大的关注。本文首次从变异论的角度来研究多语夫妇如何影响第二语言（L2）的社会语言学发展。参与者是76名生活在奥地利的L2德语使用者，他们都与奥地利伴侣有恋爱关系。我们分析了多语言夫妻关系对学习者对标准德语、奥地利方言和第一语言的使用、态度和熟练程度的自我报告变化的影响，以及（心理）社会变量是否调节了这种关系。心理和社会变量的个体差异（如适应性、开放性、居住时间长短、对奥地利方言的倾向）预测了社会语言学曲目的报告变化。定性分析揭示了社会情感和接触相关因素的混合作用，这有助于解释多语言夫妇为什么、如何以及为谁影响（社会）语言发展。

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Timing matters for interactive task-based learning 时间对于互动式任务学习很重要

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101290

Yuichi Suzuki, Takayuki Nozawa, Takumi Uchihara, Sachiko Nakamura, Atsuko Miyazaki, Hyeonjeong Jeong

To investigate the effects of vocabulary practice timing on lexical learning and neural processing during communication tasks, we engaged 80 Japanese learners of English (40 pairs) in information-gap tasks with vocabulary practice in the pre-task or post-task phase. Learning of verb-noun combinations was orally assessed through translation and narrative tasks one week later. To quantify neural coupling between participants during task-based interaction, hyperscanning with fNIRS was used to measure inter-brain synchronization (IBS). Results showed that pre-task vocabulary practice led to greater learning, while post-task practice resulted in higher IBS in the brain region underlying language processing. Better vocabulary practice performance predicted more automatic use of multiword expressions in the post-task condition. IBS in the brain regions underlying social cognition and language processing predicted multiword learning. These findings reveal how practice timing influences neural synchronization and language acquisition, highlighting the importance of balancing lexical learning with communication processes in task-based language teaching.

为了探讨词汇练习时间对交际任务中词汇学习和神经加工的影响，我们让80名日本英语学习者（40对）在信息缺口任务中进行了任务前和任务后阶段的词汇练习。一周后通过翻译和叙述任务口头评估动名词组合的学习情况。为了量化任务交互过程中参与者之间的神经耦合，使用fNIRS超扫描测量脑间同步（IBS）。结果表明，任务前的词汇练习可以提高学习效果，而任务后的练习可以提高大脑语言处理区域的IBS。较好的词汇练习表现预示着任务后条件下更多的多词表达的自动使用。大脑中社会认知和语言处理区域的IBS预测了多词学习。这些发现揭示了练习时间如何影响神经同步和语言习得，强调了在任务型语言教学中平衡词汇学习和交流过程的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

The role of statistical learning in the L2 acquisition and use of nonadjacent predicate-argument constructions 统计学习在二语非相邻谓词-论证结构习得和使用中的作用

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101307

Jiaqi Feng Guo, Pascual Pérez-Paredes

While statistical learning of adjacent constructions is well-documented in SLA, our knowledge of this cognitive mechanism concerning nonadjacent constructions remains limited. To address this, we investigated the acquisition of Mandarin predicate-argument constructions containing the preposition duì. Specifically, via a corpus-based approach, we probed whether learners’ core predicate use within these nonadjacent constructions mirrors the patterns of frequency and contingency in their natural language input. Our findings show that learners’ usage aligns with target language distributional regularities, which is consistent with statistical learning. However, our study underscores the necessity of going beyond a sole focus on distributional factors within learners’ input to more fully comprehend L2 production choices and the intricacies of statistical learning. This includes examining variables that shape learners’ exposure to input, such as input accessibility, proficiency, and prototypicality. Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of mixed-effects negative binomial regression to effectively address non-normality and overdispersion in linguistic data.

虽然相邻结构的统计学习在二语习得中有很好的文献记载，但我们对这种关于非相邻结构的认知机制的了解仍然有限。为了解决这个问题，我们调查了包含介词duì的汉语谓语论证结构的习得。具体而言，通过基于语料库的方法，我们探讨了学习者在这些非相邻结构中的核心谓词使用是否反映了他们自然语言输入中的频率和偶然性模式。我们的研究结果表明，学习者的使用符合目标语言的分布规律，这与统计学习是一致的。然而，我们的研究强调有必要超越对学习者输入中的分布因素的单一关注，以更全面地理解第二语言生产选择和统计学习的复杂性。这包括检查影响学习者接触输入的变量，如输入可访问性、熟练程度和原型性。最后，我们证明了混合效应负二项回归的适用性，可以有效地解决语言数据中的非正态性和过度分散。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the link between second-language sound identification and word recognition with an eye on methodological similarity 从方法相似性的角度重新审视第二语言语音识别与单词识别之间的联系

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101113

Miquel Llompart, Celia Gorba, Pilar Prieto

This study revisits the relationship between second-language (L2) learners’ ability to distinguish sounds in non-native phonological contrasts and to recognize spoken words when recognition depends on these sounds, while addressing the role of methodological similarity. Bilingual Catalan/Spanish learners of English were tested on the identification of two vowel contrasts (VI) of diverging difficulty, /i/-/ɪ/ (difficult) and /ɛ/-/æ/ (easy), in monosyllabic minimal pairs, and on their recognition of the same pairs in a word-picture matching task (WPM). Learners performed substantially better with /i/-/ɪ/ in VI than in WPM, and individual scores were only weakly correlated. By replicating previous findings through a more symmetrical design, we show that an account of prior work rooted in methodological dissimilarity is improbable and provide additional support for the claim that accuracy in sound identification does not guarantee improvements in word recognition. This has implications for our understanding of L2-speech acquisition and L2 pronunciation training.

本研究回顾了第二语言（L2）学习者在非母语语音对比中区分声音的能力和在识别依赖于这些声音时识别口语单词的能力之间的关系，同时解决了方法相似性的作用。测试了双语加泰罗尼亚语/西班牙语英语学习者在单音节最小对中识别难度不同的两个元音对比（VI）， /i/-/ / / / /（困难）和/ / /-/æ/（容易），以及在单词-图片匹配任务（WPM）中识别相同对。学习者在VI中使用/i/-/ / /时的表现明显好于在WPM中的表现，而且个人得分只是弱相关。通过更对称的设计复制先前的研究结果，我们表明，基于方法差异的先前工作的解释是不可能的，并为声音识别的准确性并不能保证单词识别的改进这一说法提供了额外的支持。这对我们理解二语语音习得和二语发音训练具有启示意义。

引用次数: 0

Learning morphology from cross-situational statistics 从跨情景统计中学习形态学

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1017/s027226312510106x

Liuqi Zhu, Patrick Rebuschat, Jessie S. Nixon, Padraic Monaghan

Non-native languages tend to be acquired through a combination of explicit and implicit learning, where implicit learning requires coordination of language information with referents in the environment. In this study, we examined how learners use both language input and environmental cues to acquire vocabulary and morphology in a novel language and how their language background influences this process. We trained 105 adults with native languages (L1s) varying in morphological richness (English, German, Mandarin) on an artificial language comprising nouns and verbs with morphological features (number, tense, and subject-verb [SV] agreement) appearing alongside referential visual scenes. Participants were able to learn both word stems and morphological features from cross-situational statistical correspondences between language and the environment, without any instruction. German-speakers learned SV agreement worse than other morphological features, which were acquired equally effectively by English or Mandarin speakers, indicating the subtle and varied influence of L1 morphological richness on implicit non-native language learning.

非母语往往是通过外显和内隐学习相结合的方式习得的，其中内隐学习需要语言信息与环境中的参照物进行协调。在本研究中，我们考察了学习者如何使用语言输入和环境线索来习得新语言中的词汇和词法，以及他们的语言背景如何影响这一过程。我们用一种人工语言训练了105名母语（英语、德语、普通话）丰富程度各异的成年人，该人工语言由具有形态特征（数、时态和主谓一致性）的名词和动词组成，与参考视觉场景一起出现。参与者能够在没有任何指导的情况下，从语言和环境之间的跨情境统计对应中学习词干和词形特征。德语使用者对SV一致性的习得较差，而其他形态特征的习得效果与英语或普通话使用者相同，这表明母语形态丰富度对内隐非母语学习的影响是微妙而多样的。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding proficiency assessment practices in SLA research: Insights from researcher beliefs and practices 理解二语习得研究中的熟练程度评估实践：来自研究者信念和实践的见解

IF 4.1 1区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1017/s0272263125101058

Hae In Park, Megan Solon, Kwangmin Lee

While much discussion has focused on what researchers do and should do in second language proficiency assessment, less attention has been given to why persistent trends continue. This study investigated second language acquisition (SLA) researchers’ beliefs, reported practices, and decision-making rationales regarding proficiency assessment. Using an online survey, we collected responses from 111 SLA researchers. Findings revealed that while researchers generally endorsed recommended methodological standards, practical constraints—such as time, accessibility, and ease of administration—frequently influenced their reported practices. A consistent belief–practice gap emerged across several key areas. Notably, reduced redundancy tests were rated favorably for both validity and practicality, reflecting a growing shift toward efficient, validated tools. These findings suggest that although methodological awareness is high, practical barriers continue to challenge the adoption of more rigorous proficiency assessment practices in SLA research.

虽然很多讨论都集中在研究人员在第二语言能力评估中做什么和应该做什么，但很少有人关注为什么持续的趋势会持续下去。本研究调查了二语习得研究者对二语习得水平评估的看法、实践报告和决策依据。通过在线调查，我们收集了111名SLA研究人员的反馈。研究结果显示，虽然研究人员普遍认可推荐的方法标准，但实际限制——如时间、可及性和管理的便利性——经常影响他们报告的实践。在几个关键领域出现了一致的信念与实践差距。值得注意的是，减少冗余的测试在有效性和实用性方面都得到了好评，这反映了向高效、经过验证的工具的转变。这些发现表明，尽管方法论意识很高，但在二语习得研究中采用更严格的熟练程度评估实践仍然存在实际障碍。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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Studies in Second Language Acquisition

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