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There's an App for That: Exploring the Market for Contraceptive Fertility Tracking Apps in the Philippines. 菲律宾避孕生育跟踪应用程序市场探索探索菲律宾避孕生育跟踪应用程序市场。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12265
Kendal Danna, Danielle M Harris, Claire W Rothschild, Beth Brogaard, Elizabeth LaCroix, Mahesh Paudel

For generations, women have relied on fertility awareness methods to plan and prevent pregnancy, for over a decade, many have been aided by digital tools to do so. New contraceptive fertility tracking apps (CFTAs)-that are backed by clinical efficacy trials to support their effectiveness as contraception-have the potential to enhance method choice and offer users a unique contraceptive option, but there is little evidence to inform the decisions around expanding access, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. We conducted a mixed methods study with quantitative online surveys (n = 1600) and qualitative interviews (n = 36) to explore the potential appeal of and demand for a hypothetical CFTA in one such market, the Philippines. Interest in using a CFTA was high among our Internet-engaged, urban study population, with 83.9% "definitely" or "probably" interested in using it. Across demographic profiles, respondents perceived the appeal of the method as "natural" and "convenient." A majority were willing to pay for the method, though notably at a price (5.20 USD) below that of currently available CFTAs. We discuss various important factors to be considered before bringing a method like this to new markets, including the potential implications of equity constraints in reaching a wider market and the unexpected prevalence of other period-tracking apps not intended as contraception being used in this market that could complicate any future roll-out. These issues could be explored further with additional research.

几代人以来,妇女一直依靠生育意识方法来计划和预防怀孕,十多年来,许多妇女在数字工具的帮助下实现了这一目标。新的避孕生育跟踪应用程序(CFTAs)有临床疗效试验支持其避孕效果,有可能增加避孕方法的选择,并为用户提供独特的避孕选择,但几乎没有证据为扩大使用范围的决策提供依据,尤其是在中低收入国家。我们开展了一项混合方法研究,通过定量在线调查(n = 1600)和定性访谈(n = 36)来探讨假设的 CFTA 在菲律宾这一市场的潜在吸引力和需求。在我们的研究对象中,有 83.9% 的人 "肯定 "或 "可能 "有兴趣使用 CFTA。从不同的人口统计学特征来看,受访者认为这种方法的吸引力在于 "自然 "和 "方便"。大多数人愿意为这种方法付费,但价格(5.20 美元)明显低于目前可用的 CFTA。我们讨论了将这种方法推向新市场之前需要考虑的各种重要因素,包括在进入更广泛的市场时可能受到的公平性限制的影响,以及在该市场上使用的其他非避孕目的的月经跟踪应用程序的意外普遍性,这可能会使未来的推广工作复杂化。这些问题可以通过更多的研究来进一步探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Continuation of Reversible Contraception Following Enrollment in the Zika Contraception Access Network (Z‐CAN) in Puerto Rico, 2016–2020 2016-2020 年波多黎各加入寨卡避孕普及网络 (Z-CAN) 后继续使用可逆避孕药具的情况
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12262
Lauren B. Zapata, Katherine Kortsmit, Kathryn M. Curtis, Lisa Romero, Stacey Hurst, Eva Lathrop, Edna Acosta Perez, Marizaida Sánchez Cesáreo, Maura K. Whiteman
The Zika Contraception Access Network (Z‐CAN) provided access to high‐quality client‐centered contraceptive services across Puerto Rico during the 2016–2017 Zika virus outbreak. We sent online surveys during May 2017–August 2020 to a subset of Z‐CAN patients at 6, 24, and 36 months after program enrollment (response rates: 55–60 percent). We described contraceptive method continuation, method satisfaction, and method switching, and we identified characteristics associated with discontinuation using multivariable logistic regression. Across all contraceptive methods, continuation was 82.5 percent, 64.2 percent, and 49.9 percent at 6, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Among continuing users, method satisfaction was approximately ≥90 percent. Characteristics associated with decreased likelihood of discontinuation included: using an intrauterine device or implant compared with a nonlong‐acting reversible contraceptive method (shot, pills, ring, patch, or condoms alone); wanting to prevent pregnancy at follow‐up; and receiving as their baseline method the same method primarily used before Z‐CAN. Other associated characteristics included: receiving the method they were most interested in postcounseling (6 and 24 months) and being very satisfied with Z‐CAN services at the initial visit (6 months). Among those wanting to prevent pregnancy at follow‐up, about half reported switching to another method. Ongoing access to contraceptive services is essential for promoting reproductive autonomy, including supporting patients with continued use, method switching, or discontinuation.
在 2016-2017 年寨卡病毒爆发期间,寨卡避孕网络(Z-CAN)在波多黎各各地提供了以客户为中心的高质量避孕服务。我们在 2017 年 5 月至 2020 年 8 月期间向 Z-CAN 患者子集发送了在线调查,调查时间为项目注册后的 6、24 和 36 个月(回复率:55%-60%)。我们对避孕方法的持续性、方法满意度和方法转换进行了描述,并使用多变量逻辑回归确定了与停止使用相关的特征。在所有避孕方法中,6 个月、24 个月和 36 个月的持续率分别为 82.5%、64.2% 和 49.9%。在持续使用者中,避孕方法满意度约为≥90%。与中止使用避孕方法的可能性降低相关的特征包括:使用宫内节育器或皮下埋植避孕药与使用非长效可逆避孕方法(针剂、药片、避孕环、避孕贴或单独使用避孕套)相比;希望在随访时避孕;基线使用的方法与 Z-CAN 使用前主要使用的方法相同。其他相关特征包括:在咨询后(6 个月和 24 个月)接受了她们最感兴趣的避孕方法,以及在初次就诊时(6 个月)对 Z-CAN 服务非常满意。在随访时希望避孕的人群中,约有一半人表示改用了其他避孕方法。持续获得避孕服务对于促进生殖自主权至关重要,包括支持患者继续使用、更换或停止使用避孕方法。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of performance‐based financing on availability, quality, and use of family planning services in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Impact Evaluation 基于绩效的融资对刚果民主共和国计划生育服务的可用性、质量和使用的影响:影响评估
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12264
Salomé Henriette Paulette Drouard, Stephan Brenner, Delphin Antwisi, Ndeye Khady Toure, Supriya Madhavan, Günther Fink, Gil Shapira
Access to high‐quality family planning services remains limited in many low‐ and middle‐income countries, resulting in a high burden of unintended pregnancies and adverse health outcomes. We used data from a large randomized controlled trial in the Democratic Republic of Congo to test whether performance‐based financing (PBF) can increase the availability, quality, and use of family planning services. Starting at the end of 2016, 30 health zones were randomly assigned to a PBF program, in which health facilities received financing conditional on the quantity and quality of offered services. Twenty‐eight health zones were assigned to a control group in which health facilities received unconditional financing of a similar magnitude. Follow‐up data collection took place in 2021–2022 and included 346 health facility assessments, 476 direct clinical observations of family planning consultations, and 9,585 household surveys. Findings from multivariable regression models show that the PBF program had strong positive impacts on the availability and quality of family planning services. Specifically, the program increased the likelihood that health facilities offered any family planning services by 20 percentage points and increased the likelihood that health facilities had contraceptive pills, injectables, and implants available by 23, 24, and 20 percentage points, respectively. The program also improved the process quality of family planning consultations by 0.59 standard deviations. Despite these improvements, and in addition to reductions in service fees, the program had a modest impact on contraceptive use, increasing the modern method use among sexually active women of reproductive age by 4 percentage points (equivalent to a 37 percent increase), with no significant impact on adolescent contraceptive use. These results suggest that although PBF can be an effective approach for improving the supply of family planning services, complementary demand‐side interventions are likely needed in a setting with very low baseline utilization.
在许多中低收入国家,获得高质量计划生育服务的机会仍然有限,导致意外怀孕和不良健康后果的负担沉重。我们利用刚果民主共和国一项大型随机对照试验的数据,检验了基于绩效的融资(PBF)能否提高计划生育服务的可用性、质量和使用率。从 2016 年底开始,30 个卫生区被随机分配到一个 PBF 项目中,在该项目中,卫生设施获得资助的条件是所提供服务的数量和质量。28 个卫生区被分配到对照组,在对照组中,医疗机构获得类似规模的无条件资助。后续数据收集工作于 2021-2022 年进行,包括 346 次医疗机构评估、476 次计划生育咨询的直接临床观察和 9585 次家庭调查。多变量回归模型的研究结果表明,"计划生育家庭基金 "项目对计划生育服务的可用性和质量产生了巨大的积极影响。具体而言,该计划将医疗机构提供任何计划生育服务的可能性提高了 20 个百分点,将医疗机构提供避孕药、注射剂和皮下埋植剂的可能性分别提高了 23、24 和 20 个百分点。该计划还将计划生育咨询的过程质量提高了 0.59 个标准差。尽管有了这些改进,而且服务费也有所降低,但该计划对避孕药具使用率的影响不大,育龄性活跃妇女的现代避孕方法使用率提高了 4 个百分点(相当于提高了 37%),但对青少年避孕药具使用率的影响不大。这些结果表明,尽管 PBF 是改善计划生育服务供应的有效方法,但在基线使用率非常低的情况下,很可能需要辅助性的需求方干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation of the Sexual and Reproductive Empowerment Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults in Kenya 肯尼亚青少年性与生殖赋权量表的确认因素分析与验证
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12263
Yasaman Zia, Ushma Upadhyay, Isaac Rhew, Syovata Kimanthi, Ouma Congo, Maricianah Onono, Ruanne Barnabas, Nelly Mugo, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, Elizabeth K. Harrington
Understanding the levels of power that adolescent girls and young women exercise in their sexual and reproductive lives is imperative to inform interventions to help them meet their goals. We implemented an adapted version of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Empowerment (SRE) Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults among 500 adolescent girls and young women aged 15–20 in Kisumu, Kenya. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess factor structure, and logistic regression to examine construct validity through the relationship between empowerment scores and ability to mitigate risk of undesired pregnancy through consistent contraceptive use. Participants had a mean age of 17.5, and most were students (61 percent), were currently partnered (94 percent), and reported having sex in the past 3 months (70 percent). The final, 26‐item CFA model had acceptable fit. All subscales had Cronbach's alpha scores >0.7, and all items had rotated factor loadings >0.5, indicating good internal consistency and robust factor‐variable associations. The total SRE‐Kenya (SRE‐K) score was associated with increased odds of the consistent method used in the past three months (adjusted odds ratio: 1.98, 95 percent CI: 1.29–3.10). The SRE‐K scale is a newly adapted and valid measure of sexual and reproductive empowerment specific to adolescent girls and young women in an East African setting.
了解少女和年轻女性在其性生活和生育生活中的权力水平,对于采取干预措施帮助她们实现目标至关重要。我们在肯尼亚基苏木 500 名 15-20 岁的少女和年轻女性中实施了经过改编的青少年和年轻成年人性与生殖健康赋权(SRE)量表。我们采用确证因子分析(CFA)来评估因子结构,并通过逻辑回归来检验赋权得分与通过坚持使用避孕药具来降低意外怀孕风险的能力之间的建构效度。参与者的平均年龄为 17.5 岁,大多数是学生(61%),目前有伴侣(94%),并报告在过去 3 个月内有过性行为(70%)。最终的 26 项 CFA 模型的拟合度可以接受。所有子量表的 Cronbach's alpha 得分均为 0.7,所有项目的旋转因子载荷均为 0.5,表明具有良好的内部一致性和稳健的因子变量关联。SRE-K(SRE-K)总分与过去三个月中使用一致方法的几率增加有关(调整后的几率比:1.98,95% CI:1.29-3.10)。SRE-K量表是针对东非地区少女和年轻妇女的性与生殖赋权的一种新的有效测量方法。
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引用次数: 0
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 致谢。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12261
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引用次数: 0
The Relationships between Drought Exposure, Fertility Preferences, and Contraceptive Behaviors: A Multicountry Study. 干旱暴露、生育偏好和避孕行为之间的关系:一项多国研究。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12258
Oluwaseyi Somefun, Boladé Hamed Banougnin, Emily Smith-Greenaway

The interplay between population dynamics and the environment has long interested demographers. Although studies have explored how climate patterns affect macrolevel population processes, such as mortality and migration, little is known about their impact on individual-level demographic behaviors. This study fills this research gap by examining the linkages between exposure to drought and women's fertility preferences and contraceptive behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyze data from the Demographic and Health Surveys Program, focusing on 17 countries in East, Southern, and West Africa. We investigate whether women's recent exposure to drought episodes in their community affects their fertility preferences and modern contraceptive use. Generally, the findings show that drought is relevant to understanding women's fertility preferences and behaviors in the vast majority of countries; however, drought exposure has variable impacts. Moreover, whereas in some countries, drought exposure encourages contraceptive behaviors that align with women's preferences, in select countries it is associated with behavior that is misaligned with women's stated preferences. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of examining climate events as complex forces that have localized meanings for demographic outcomes.

长期以来,人口学家一直对人口动态与环境之间的相互作用很感兴趣。尽管已有研究探讨了气候模式如何影响死亡率和迁移等宏观层面的人口进程,但对气候模式对个体层面人口行为的影响却知之甚少。本研究通过考察干旱与撒哈拉以南非洲妇女的生育偏好和避孕行为之间的联系,填补了这一研究空白。我们分析了人口与健康调查项目的数据,重点关注东非、南部非洲和西非的 17 个国家。我们调查了妇女最近在其所在社区遭遇的干旱是否会影响她们的生育偏好和现代避孕药具的使用。总体而言,研究结果表明,在绝大多数国家,干旱与了解妇女的生育偏好和行为息息相关;但是,干旱对妇女的影响各不相同。此外,在一些国家,干旱会鼓励符合妇女偏好的避孕行为,而在某些国家,干旱则会导致与妇女声明的偏好不一致的行为。总之,这项研究强调了将气候事件视为对人口结果具有局部意义的复杂力量的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Emergency Contraceptive Pill Use with Health Management Information Systems Data in Pakistan. 利用巴基斯坦卫生管理信息系统数据评估紧急避孕药的使用情况。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12260
Shiza Farid, Khan Mohammed, Kristin Bietsch, Priya Emmart

According to the WHO, all clients should have access to a range of contraceptive methods, including at least one short-term, one long-term, one permanent, and one emergency method of contraception. While there are data on the contraceptive method mix available for many low- and middle-income countries, there are limited data on emergency contraception (EC). This is likely due to some surveys not routinely collecting this information, how survey questions are asked, dual method use, and/or low levels of reported use of EC pill (ECP). Even with low reported use in surveys, contraceptive social marketing statistics from DKT International. show a trend in recent years of increasing product sales of ECPs. To understand a more complete scope of ECP use, we use Pakistan as a case study and analyze Pakistan's Demographic Health Survey (DHS) surveys and Pakistan's Contraceptives Logistics Management Systems. Based on commodities dispensed data for ECPs in 2021, about 0.4 percent of all married women in Pakistan use ECPs. While there is currently a small proportion of women, it is growing and the use of ECPs is not zero as indicated by the DHS. Therefore, where available, countries should review their health management information systems data alongside survey data for ECP use.

世卫组织认为,所有客户都应获得一系列避孕方法,包括至少一种短期避孕方法、一种长期避孕方法、一种永久避孕方法和一种紧急避孕方法。虽然许多中低收入国家都有关于避孕方法组合的数据,但关于紧急避孕的数据却很有限。这可能是由于一些调查没有例行收集这一信息、调查问题的提问方式、双重方法的使用和/或报告的紧急避孕药(ECP)使用率较低等原因造成的。即使调查中报告的使用率较低,DKT 国际公司提供的避孕药具社会营销统计数据显示,近年来 ECP 产品的销售量呈上升趋势。为了更全面地了解 ECP 的使用情况,我们以巴基斯坦为例,分析了巴基斯坦人口健康调查 (DHS) 和巴基斯坦避孕药具物流管理系统。根据 2021 年 ECP 的商品配发数据,巴基斯坦约有 0.4% 的已婚妇女使用 ECP。虽然目前这一比例较小,但却在不断增长,而且人口与健康调查显示,使用 ECPs 的比例并非为零。因此,在有条件的情况下,各国应在审查其卫生管理信息系统数据的同时,审查 ECP 使用情况的调查数据。
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引用次数: 0
Child Fostering and Family Size Preferences in Uganda. 乌干达的儿童寄养和家庭规模偏好。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12259
Cassandra Cotton

Mothers who exceed their ideal family size (IFS) may find themselves caring for more children than desired. In the absence of reliable and desirable prenatal controls of family size, mothers may foster-out children to reduce burdens of childrearing, particularly in contexts where fostering is common. Using six rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys collected in Uganda between 1988 and 2016, I explore the relationship between exceeding IFS and child out-fostering, proposing that fostering-out may serve to manage excess fertility and that this relationship may change as actual and desired fertility declines. Models are run separately for mothers and children aged 0-17 to explore mothers' overall out-fostering behavior versus out-fostering strategies for children. Results at the mother level suggest a strong positive relationship between exceeding IFS and out-fostering that remains relatively stable over time, but results at the child level indicate children's age explains the relationship between mothers' exceeding IFS and being fostered-out, demonstrating the nuances of how family size preferences might impact family life in practice. Though mothers report a desire for smaller families over time, childbearing and childrearing behaviors, including high fertility and child out-fostering, remain consistent over the course of Uganda's fertility transition, signifying the central role out-fostering plays in Ugandan families.

超过理想家庭规模(IFS)的母亲可能会发现自己照顾的孩子比期望的要多。在缺乏可靠、理想的产前家庭规模控制的情况下,母亲可能会将孩子寄养出去,以减轻抚养孩子的负担,尤其是在寄养现象普遍的情况下。利用 1988 年至 2016 年期间在乌干达收集的六轮人口与健康调查,我探讨了超过综合家庭战略与寄养儿童之间的关系,提出寄养儿童可能有助于管理过高的生育率,而且这种关系可能会随着实际生育率和期望生育率的下降而改变。模型分别针对母亲和 0-17 岁的儿童运行,以探讨母亲的整体寄养行为和针对儿童的寄养策略。母亲层面的研究结果表明,超过综合家庭筹资战略与寄养之间存在着很强的正相关关系,而且这种关系随着时间的推移保持相对稳定,但儿童层面的研究结果表明,儿童的年龄解释了母亲超过综合家庭筹资战略与被寄养之间的关系,这表明了家庭规模偏好在实践中可能对家庭生活产生的细微影响。虽然随着时间的推移,母亲们表示希望家庭规模缩小,但在乌干达的生育转型过程中,包括高生育率和将儿童送出寄养在内的生育和育儿行为仍然保持一致,这表明送出寄养在乌干达家庭中发挥着核心作用。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying Profiles of Support for Legal Abortion Services in Zambia: A Latent Class Analysis. 识别赞比亚合法堕胎服务的支持特征:潜类分析。
IF 1.9 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12257
Joseph G Rosen, Michael T Mbizvo, Nachela Chelwa, Lyson Phiri, Jenny A Cresswell, Veronique Filippi, Nkomba Kayeyi

Relative to neighboring countries, Zambia has among the most progressive abortion policies, but numerous sociopolitical constraints inhibit knowledge of pregnancy termination rights and access to safe abortion services. Multistage cluster sampling was used to randomly select 1,486 women aged 15-44 years from households in three provinces. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to partition women into discrete groups based on patterns of endorsed support for legalized abortion on six socioeconomic and health conditions. Predictors of probabilistic membership in latent profiles of support for legal abortion services were identified through mixture modeling. A three-class solution of support patterns for legal abortion services emerged from LCA: (1) legal abortion opponents (∼58 percent) opposed legal abortion across scenarios; (2) legal abortion advocates (∼23 percent) universally endorsed legal protections for abortion care; and (3) conditional supporters of legal abortion (∼19 percent) only supported legal abortion in circumstances where the pregnancy threatened the fetus or mother. Advocates and Conditional supporters reported higher exposure to family planning messages compared to opponents. Relative to opponents, advocates were more educated, and Conditional supporters were wealthier. Findings reveal that attitudes towards abortion in Zambia are not monolithic, but women with access to financial/social assets exhibited more receptive attitudes towards legal abortion.

与邻国相比,赞比亚的堕胎政策最为进步,但众多社会政治限制因素阻碍了人们对终止妊娠权利的了解和安全堕胎服务的获得。我们采用多阶段聚类抽样法从三个省的家庭中随机抽取了 1486 名 15-44 岁的女性。我们采用潜类分析法(LCA),根据六项社会经济和健康条件对合法堕胎的认可支持模式,将妇女划分为不同的群体。通过混合建模,确定了支持合法堕胎服务的潜在特征中的概率成员预测因素。从 LCA 中得出了合法堕胎服务支持模式的三类解决方案:(1)合法堕胎反对者(58%)在各种情况下都反对合法堕胎;(2)合法堕胎倡导者(23%)普遍支持堕胎护理的法律保护;(3)合法堕胎有条件支持者(19%)仅在怀孕威胁到胎儿或母亲的情况下支持合法堕胎。与反对者相比,倡导者和有条件支持者表示接触过更多的计划生育信息。与反对者相比,支持者受教育程度更高,有条件支持者更富有。研究结果表明,在赞比亚,人们对堕胎的态度并不是一成不变的,但拥有经济/社会资产的妇女对合法堕胎表现出更容易接受的态度。
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引用次数: 0
Adjusting Injectable Contraceptive Use for Months Since the Last Injection. 根据上次注射后的月份调整注射避孕药的使用。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12256
Mahesh Karra, David Canning

Injectables are one of the most popular methods of contraception worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. An advantage of injectables over shorter-acting methods is that they provide additional flexibility by not requiring re-supply as frequently. However, there is a risk that injectable users may delay their next injection and may therefore have reduced or no protection from pregnancy. In surveys, women may report that they are using contraception in the form of injectables when the time since they had their last injection (more than four months) would imply that they have reduced protection against the risk of pregnancy. We carried out two field studies in urban Malawi, and we record reported injectable contraceptive use while also asking the number of months since women received their last injection. We observe that 13.8 percent of women who report using injectables also report that they received their last injection more than four months ago, and 11 percent report that they received their last injection more than six months ago. Our analysis highlights the need for additional follow-up with women who report using injectables in surveys to confirm whether they are, in fact, using the method effectively.

注射剂是世界上最流行的避孕方法之一,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲。与短效避孕方法相比,注射剂的优点是不需要经常补给,因而具有更大的灵活性。然而,注射式避孕法使用者可能会推迟下一次注射,因此可能会减少或没有避孕保护。在调查中,妇女可能会报告说她们正在使用注射式避孕药具,而距离上次注射(超过四个月)的时间意味着她们对怀孕风险的保护程度降低了。我们在马拉维城市开展了两项实地研究,在记录所报告的注射式避孕药具使用情况的同时,还询问了妇女距上次注射的时间有多少个月。我们发现,13.8% 报告使用注射式避孕药的妇女还报告说,她们最后一次注射是在四个多月前,11% 的妇女报告说,她们最后一次注射是在六个月前。我们的分析突出表明,有必要对在调查中报告使用注射法的女性进行额外的跟踪,以确认她们是否确实有效地使用了这种方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Studies in Family Planning
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