Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0033
Vesna Davidović, Zoran Popović, V. Lavadinović
Summary This paper presents a physiological, hematological, and biochemical study of the impact of different rearing conditions on pheasant production outcomes and mortality rates in both the pheasant parent flock and pheasant chicks up to 6 weeks old. Pheasant breeding holds significance within hunting activities and meat production for the food market due to its high biological and nutritive value. Pheasant meat contains high-quality proteins, minerals, essential unsaturated fatty acids, and boasts a low-fat percentage. The quality of pheasant meat derived from natural habitats holds a higher biological value compared to that of pheasants raised on farms, featuring higher water, protein, and calcium contents, and a lower fat percentage. The dry mass of breast muscles from farm-reared birds contains more protein and less fat when compared to drumstick muscles. Notably, during the egg-laying period, alterations in hematological parameters linked to oxygen transport, decreased erythropoiesis, and increased values in white blood cell parameters were observed. Changes in blood biochemical parameters signify increased energy requirements in pheasant hens during egg laying, as well as heightened transportation of minerals, proteins, and cholesterol, which accumulate in the eggshell, albumen, and yolk. The elevated metabolic requirements in pheasant hens manifest significantly through increased levels of cholesterol, uric acid, lactates, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), calcium, and phosphorus. Simultaneously, there is a noteworthy decrease in plasma total proteins, albumins, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations. Several challenges persist throughout all production stages, leading to reduced egg yield, compromised egg quality and fertility, as well as increased mortality rates. These issues stem from factors such as high population density, an inappropriate male-to-female sex ratio, inadequate nutrition, and insufficient assessment of the biological quality of hatching eggs.
{"title":"Physiological, Haematological And Production Characteristics Of Pheasants In Different Rearing Conditions","authors":"Vesna Davidović, Zoran Popović, V. Lavadinović","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This paper presents a physiological, hematological, and biochemical study of the impact of different rearing conditions on pheasant production outcomes and mortality rates in both the pheasant parent flock and pheasant chicks up to 6 weeks old. Pheasant breeding holds significance within hunting activities and meat production for the food market due to its high biological and nutritive value. Pheasant meat contains high-quality proteins, minerals, essential unsaturated fatty acids, and boasts a low-fat percentage. The quality of pheasant meat derived from natural habitats holds a higher biological value compared to that of pheasants raised on farms, featuring higher water, protein, and calcium contents, and a lower fat percentage. The dry mass of breast muscles from farm-reared birds contains more protein and less fat when compared to drumstick muscles. Notably, during the egg-laying period, alterations in hematological parameters linked to oxygen transport, decreased erythropoiesis, and increased values in white blood cell parameters were observed. Changes in blood biochemical parameters signify increased energy requirements in pheasant hens during egg laying, as well as heightened transportation of minerals, proteins, and cholesterol, which accumulate in the eggshell, albumen, and yolk. The elevated metabolic requirements in pheasant hens manifest significantly through increased levels of cholesterol, uric acid, lactates, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), calcium, and phosphorus. Simultaneously, there is a noteworthy decrease in plasma total proteins, albumins, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations. Several challenges persist throughout all production stages, leading to reduced egg yield, compromised egg quality and fertility, as well as increased mortality rates. These issues stem from factors such as high population density, an inappropriate male-to-female sex ratio, inadequate nutrition, and insufficient assessment of the biological quality of hatching eggs.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138993180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0028
Denise Böheim, N. Veličković, M. Djan, Milomir Stefanović, Dragan Žikić, F. Suchentrunk
Summary The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent wild boars, Sus scrofa, from Vojvodina, Serbia, exhibited pig-typical gene pool characteristics. We used 16 microsatellite markers that have already been proven to distinguish between wild boars from eastern Austria and pigs. We screened genotypes of 21 wild boars from Vojvodina, 20 Mangulica (Serbian Managaliza) and 4 Hungarian Mangaliza as well as 48 commercial slaughter pig (CSP) samples. The wild boars exhibited relatively high genetic diversity, but no significant spatial structuring across Vojvodina. Our analyses of factorial correspondence, Bayesian assignment, as well as genetic structure and admixture demonstrated a clear distinction between wild boars, Mangulica, Hungarian Mangaliza, and CSPs. The latter were characterized by admixture of variable portions of six genetic clusters, while wild boars, Mangulica, and Hungarian Mangaliza were characterized largely by single genetic clusters, respectively; that finding was in strong contrast to earlier results showing presence of several genetic clusters in Austrian wild boars but only one cluster in CSPs. Two (9.5%) of the wild boar samples were massively introgressed by CSPs (or represented pig samples, possibly due to sample confusion). All wild boars harbored at least very small portions of pig-typical gene pool characteristics, supposedly representing signals of historical introgressions or incomplete gene pool differentiation during domestication. Mangulica-typical signals were also found in the wild boars, but at a significantly lower level than CSP-signals. A more comprehensive data set may reveal possible hot spots of introgression by Mangulica or CSPs in wild boars from Vojvodina, particularly when accompanied by other molecular markers, such as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences or SNPs.
{"title":"Pig-Typical Gene Pool Characteristics in Wild Boars from Vojvodina, Serbia: A Study of Genetic Diversity, Differentiation, Assignment, and Admixture","authors":"Denise Böheim, N. Veličković, M. Djan, Milomir Stefanović, Dragan Žikić, F. Suchentrunk","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent wild boars, Sus scrofa, from Vojvodina, Serbia, exhibited pig-typical gene pool characteristics. We used 16 microsatellite markers that have already been proven to distinguish between wild boars from eastern Austria and pigs. We screened genotypes of 21 wild boars from Vojvodina, 20 Mangulica (Serbian Managaliza) and 4 Hungarian Mangaliza as well as 48 commercial slaughter pig (CSP) samples. The wild boars exhibited relatively high genetic diversity, but no significant spatial structuring across Vojvodina. Our analyses of factorial correspondence, Bayesian assignment, as well as genetic structure and admixture demonstrated a clear distinction between wild boars, Mangulica, Hungarian Mangaliza, and CSPs. The latter were characterized by admixture of variable portions of six genetic clusters, while wild boars, Mangulica, and Hungarian Mangaliza were characterized largely by single genetic clusters, respectively; that finding was in strong contrast to earlier results showing presence of several genetic clusters in Austrian wild boars but only one cluster in CSPs. Two (9.5%) of the wild boar samples were massively introgressed by CSPs (or represented pig samples, possibly due to sample confusion). All wild boars harbored at least very small portions of pig-typical gene pool characteristics, supposedly representing signals of historical introgressions or incomplete gene pool differentiation during domestication. Mangulica-typical signals were also found in the wild boars, but at a significantly lower level than CSP-signals. A more comprehensive data set may reveal possible hot spots of introgression by Mangulica or CSPs in wild boars from Vojvodina, particularly when accompanied by other molecular markers, such as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences or SNPs.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139012524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0025
M. Zorc, P. Dovč, Ljuba Štrbac, Momčilo Šaran, S. Trivunović
Summary The Lipizzan horse breed was established in the 16th century in Lipica and later spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to six classical stallion lines, 17 classical mare family lines were established in the old Lipica stud. Additional 44 mare family lines, including local lines, were established in other Lipizzan studs. The founders of the classical Lipizzan mare family lines date back to the period between the 18th and 20th century and came from various breeds, including the Karst, Spanish, Italian, Kladruber and Arabian horses. The history of the Lipizzan mare family lines is well described and supported by the availability of 44 nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA control region. In this study, the mtDNA control region of 23 Serbian Lipizzans, representing the established Lippizan mare family lines, as well as the local mare family line Zora, have been sequenced. The objective of this study was to test whether the Zora mare family line could be distinguished from other Lipizzan mare family lines according to the mtDNA sequence. Sequences were aligned to the entire set of mtDNA control region sequences representing 44 Lipizzan mtDNA haplotypes. Based on the alignment, a median-joining network was constructed. The individuals in this study formed a cluster with the existing Lipizzan mare family lines. However, a total of ten individuals belonging to the local Zora mare family line formed a compact cluster close to the mtDNA haplotypes, representing the classical mare family lines Wera, Betalka, and Monteaura. Additional pedigree data are needed to clarify the origin of the mtDNA haplotype variant identified in this study.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Mare Families in the Serbian Population of the Lipizzan Horse","authors":"M. Zorc, P. Dovč, Ljuba Štrbac, Momčilo Šaran, S. Trivunović","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The Lipizzan horse breed was established in the 16th century in Lipica and later spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to six classical stallion lines, 17 classical mare family lines were established in the old Lipica stud. Additional 44 mare family lines, including local lines, were established in other Lipizzan studs. The founders of the classical Lipizzan mare family lines date back to the period between the 18th and 20th century and came from various breeds, including the Karst, Spanish, Italian, Kladruber and Arabian horses. The history of the Lipizzan mare family lines is well described and supported by the availability of 44 nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA control region. In this study, the mtDNA control region of 23 Serbian Lipizzans, representing the established Lippizan mare family lines, as well as the local mare family line Zora, have been sequenced. The objective of this study was to test whether the Zora mare family line could be distinguished from other Lipizzan mare family lines according to the mtDNA sequence. Sequences were aligned to the entire set of mtDNA control region sequences representing 44 Lipizzan mtDNA haplotypes. Based on the alignment, a median-joining network was constructed. The individuals in this study formed a cluster with the existing Lipizzan mare family lines. However, a total of ten individuals belonging to the local Zora mare family line formed a compact cluster close to the mtDNA haplotypes, representing the classical mare family lines Wera, Betalka, and Monteaura. Additional pedigree data are needed to clarify the origin of the mtDNA haplotype variant identified in this study.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0030
Vukosav Golubović, D. Stanojević, M. Stanković, Dalibor Vukojević, Stefan Marjanović, R. Đedović, Zoran Marković
Summary The objective of this research is to assess the breeding value of male individuals and calculate heritability values for body weight and body length at 12 months of age in the rainbow trout population in the Republic of Serbia. The study utilized data on the physical development of trout obtained through the Center for Fisheries and Applied Hydrobiology “Mali Dunav”, Experimental Estate “Radmilovac” of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade (CEFAH) Breeding Program for rainbow trout in the Republic of Serbia. The fish were raised in individual tanks under tightly controlled conditions at the CEFAH, until they reached 5 months of age. At this point, the fish were marked (with PIT tags Norway) and transferred to commercial fish farms, where monitoring of their production results continued. To estimate the breeding value for body weight and body length of rainbow trout at 12 months of age, we analyzed data collected between 2016 and 2020, which included a total of 2014 individuals. The breeding values were estimated using a sire model. The mixed model incorporated fixed effects (spawning year and sex) and a random effect for the individual sire. The heritability estimate at 12 months of age was 0.44 for body weight, and 0.45 for body length. The breeding values were estimated for 107 sires, with body weight values ranging from −37.83 to +37.83 g and body length values ranging from −14.00 to +14.00 mm. The substantial variation observed within the studied rainbow trout population suggests the potential for further genetic improvement. The high heritability values confirm that further selection can be based on the phenotype. The inclusion of high-quality and validated males in breeding programs will contribute to the enhancement of production characteristics within the existing rainbow trout population in Serbia.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Breeding Value of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykkiss) for Body Development Traits Using a Linear Model","authors":"Vukosav Golubović, D. Stanojević, M. Stanković, Dalibor Vukojević, Stefan Marjanović, R. Đedović, Zoran Marković","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The objective of this research is to assess the breeding value of male individuals and calculate heritability values for body weight and body length at 12 months of age in the rainbow trout population in the Republic of Serbia. The study utilized data on the physical development of trout obtained through the Center for Fisheries and Applied Hydrobiology “Mali Dunav”, Experimental Estate “Radmilovac” of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade (CEFAH) Breeding Program for rainbow trout in the Republic of Serbia. The fish were raised in individual tanks under tightly controlled conditions at the CEFAH, until they reached 5 months of age. At this point, the fish were marked (with PIT tags Norway) and transferred to commercial fish farms, where monitoring of their production results continued. To estimate the breeding value for body weight and body length of rainbow trout at 12 months of age, we analyzed data collected between 2016 and 2020, which included a total of 2014 individuals. The breeding values were estimated using a sire model. The mixed model incorporated fixed effects (spawning year and sex) and a random effect for the individual sire. The heritability estimate at 12 months of age was 0.44 for body weight, and 0.45 for body length. The breeding values were estimated for 107 sires, with body weight values ranging from −37.83 to +37.83 g and body length values ranging from −14.00 to +14.00 mm. The substantial variation observed within the studied rainbow trout population suggests the potential for further genetic improvement. The high heritability values confirm that further selection can be based on the phenotype. The inclusion of high-quality and validated males in breeding programs will contribute to the enhancement of production characteristics within the existing rainbow trout population in Serbia.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0023
N. Tešin, M. Radinović, D. Tomanić, Z. Ružić, J. Stanojević, Ivan Galić, Z. Kovačević
Summary Somatic cells (SCs) in milk, which include epithelial cells from the gland and blood cells, are present in milk during the normal course of milking. Increase in SCs is found in mastitis-affected dairy cows and can be a useful indicator for estimating mammary health and milk quality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a pattern of somatic cell count (SCC) in mastitis-affected cows on three different farms. The study was conducted on three dairy farms of high milk-producing cattle breeds in Vojvodina during 2021. Samples were taken from 15 cows from each farm, all of the cows being diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The SCC in milk samples was determined by the microscopic reference method according to the standard (SRPS EN ISO 13366-1:2010) of the Institute for Standardization of Serbia. The value of SCC was considered as high if >200.000 cells/mL, as this is the threshold indicating secretion disorder. In order to examine the differences between the observed three farms, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, while a post-hoc LSD test was used for determination of statistically significant differences between the SCC in cows on three different farms. The mean values of the SCC on Farms 1, 2 and 3 were 7,055,266.67, 2,619,893.33 and 552,000 cells/mL, respectively. Based on the results, a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was established between Farms 1 and 2, as well as between Farms 1 and 3, while there was no statistically significant difference between Farms 2 and 3. Apart from mastitis, differences in the SCC on the farms could also be influenced by the cows’ productivity, parity, lactation stage and breed, as well as poor management practices. Besides mastitis control, better hygiene and proper nutrition can help in reducing SCs in milk. In conclusion, establishing SCs pattern can provide useful information that may contribute to reducing SCs and developing differential SCs standards to help obtain milk with low SCs and consequently better dairy products with a longer shelf life.
{"title":"Analysis of the Somatic Cell Pattern in Mastitis - Affected Cows on Three Dairy Farms in Vojvodina","authors":"N. Tešin, M. Radinović, D. Tomanić, Z. Ružić, J. Stanojević, Ivan Galić, Z. Kovačević","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Somatic cells (SCs) in milk, which include epithelial cells from the gland and blood cells, are present in milk during the normal course of milking. Increase in SCs is found in mastitis-affected dairy cows and can be a useful indicator for estimating mammary health and milk quality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a pattern of somatic cell count (SCC) in mastitis-affected cows on three different farms. The study was conducted on three dairy farms of high milk-producing cattle breeds in Vojvodina during 2021. Samples were taken from 15 cows from each farm, all of the cows being diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The SCC in milk samples was determined by the microscopic reference method according to the standard (SRPS EN ISO 13366-1:2010) of the Institute for Standardization of Serbia. The value of SCC was considered as high if >200.000 cells/mL, as this is the threshold indicating secretion disorder. In order to examine the differences between the observed three farms, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, while a post-hoc LSD test was used for determination of statistically significant differences between the SCC in cows on three different farms. The mean values of the SCC on Farms 1, 2 and 3 were 7,055,266.67, 2,619,893.33 and 552,000 cells/mL, respectively. Based on the results, a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was established between Farms 1 and 2, as well as between Farms 1 and 3, while there was no statistically significant difference between Farms 2 and 3. Apart from mastitis, differences in the SCC on the farms could also be influenced by the cows’ productivity, parity, lactation stage and breed, as well as poor management practices. Besides mastitis control, better hygiene and proper nutrition can help in reducing SCs in milk. In conclusion, establishing SCs pattern can provide useful information that may contribute to reducing SCs and developing differential SCs standards to help obtain milk with low SCs and consequently better dairy products with a longer shelf life.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0027
D. Nakov, A. Kuzelov, S. Hristov, V. V. Nakova, B. Stanković, J. Miočinović
Summary The beginning of lactation in dairy cows is a challenging period when cows experience oxidative stress followed by an increased risk of mastitis. This study aimed to establish a correlation between mastitis pathogens and the activity of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) – in milk collected from cows with mastitis compared with their healthy counterparts. During the two-year survey, the udder health status was followed and the changes in SOD and GPX activity in milk were assessed in the period to 42nd day of lactation. The quarter milk samples were screened for detection of abnormal milk secretion (AMS) and intramammary infections (IMI). The spectrophotometric methods were used for detection of antioxidant enzyme activity in milk serum. The prevalence of IMIs from AMS was 43.83% while the isolated mastitis pathogens were grouped as contagious: Streptococcus agalactiae (19.14%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.17%); or environmental: Enterococcus spp. (8.02%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.41%), Escherichia coli (1.85%), and Aspergillus niger (1.23%). IMI showed statistically significant influence on SOD and GPX activity in milk serum (p<0.05). Contagious bacteria lead to increased activity of GPX, while environmental pathogens more drastically increase SOD activity. Providing a balanced diet with adequate antioxidants and managing environmental stressors can help reduce oxidative stress during the transition period and decrease the risk of mastitis in early lactation.
{"title":"The Impact of Mastitis Pathogens on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Cows’ Milk","authors":"D. Nakov, A. Kuzelov, S. Hristov, V. V. Nakova, B. Stanković, J. Miočinović","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The beginning of lactation in dairy cows is a challenging period when cows experience oxidative stress followed by an increased risk of mastitis. This study aimed to establish a correlation between mastitis pathogens and the activity of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) – in milk collected from cows with mastitis compared with their healthy counterparts. During the two-year survey, the udder health status was followed and the changes in SOD and GPX activity in milk were assessed in the period to 42nd day of lactation. The quarter milk samples were screened for detection of abnormal milk secretion (AMS) and intramammary infections (IMI). The spectrophotometric methods were used for detection of antioxidant enzyme activity in milk serum. The prevalence of IMIs from AMS was 43.83% while the isolated mastitis pathogens were grouped as contagious: Streptococcus agalactiae (19.14%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.17%); or environmental: Enterococcus spp. (8.02%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.41%), Escherichia coli (1.85%), and Aspergillus niger (1.23%). IMI showed statistically significant influence on SOD and GPX activity in milk serum (p<0.05). Contagious bacteria lead to increased activity of GPX, while environmental pathogens more drastically increase SOD activity. Providing a balanced diet with adequate antioxidants and managing environmental stressors can help reduce oxidative stress during the transition period and decrease the risk of mastitis in early lactation.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0024
L. Tarjan, I. Šenk, Doni Pracner, Ljuba Štrbac, Momčilo Šaran, Mirko Ivković, N. Dedovic
Summary This paper presents a deep neural network (DNN) approach designed to estimate the milk yield of Holstein-Friesian cattle. The DNN comprised stacked dense (fully connected) layers, each hidden layer followed by a dropout layer. Various configurations of the DNN were tested, incorporating 2 and 3 hidden layers containing 8 to 54 neurons. The experiment involved testing the DNN with different activation functions such as the sigmoid, tanh, and rectified linear unit (ReLU). The dropout rates ranging from 0 to 0.3 were employed, with the output layer using a linear activation function. The DNN models were trained using the Adam, SGD, and RMSprop optimizers, with the root mean square error serving as the loss metric. The training dataset comprised information from a unique database containing records of dairy cows in the Republic of Serbia, totaling 3,406 cows. The input parameters (a total of 27) for the DNN included breeding and milk yield data from the cow’s mother, as well as the father’s ID, whereas the output parameters (a total of 8) consisted of milk yield parameters (a total of 3) and breeding parameters of the cow (a total of 5). Training iterations were conducted using a batch size of 8 over 500, 1000, and 5000 epochs.
{"title":"Application of Machine Learning in Estimating Milk Yield According to the Phenotypic and Pedigree Data of Holstein-Friesian Cattle in Serbia","authors":"L. Tarjan, I. Šenk, Doni Pracner, Ljuba Štrbac, Momčilo Šaran, Mirko Ivković, N. Dedovic","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This paper presents a deep neural network (DNN) approach designed to estimate the milk yield of Holstein-Friesian cattle. The DNN comprised stacked dense (fully connected) layers, each hidden layer followed by a dropout layer. Various configurations of the DNN were tested, incorporating 2 and 3 hidden layers containing 8 to 54 neurons. The experiment involved testing the DNN with different activation functions such as the sigmoid, tanh, and rectified linear unit (ReLU). The dropout rates ranging from 0 to 0.3 were employed, with the output layer using a linear activation function. The DNN models were trained using the Adam, SGD, and RMSprop optimizers, with the root mean square error serving as the loss metric. The training dataset comprised information from a unique database containing records of dairy cows in the Republic of Serbia, totaling 3,406 cows. The input parameters (a total of 27) for the DNN included breeding and milk yield data from the cow’s mother, as well as the father’s ID, whereas the output parameters (a total of 8) consisted of milk yield parameters (a total of 3) and breeding parameters of the cow (a total of 5). Training iterations were conducted using a batch size of 8 over 500, 1000, and 5000 epochs.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139020744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0032
S. Knežević, Jelena Vranešević, Diana Lupulović, B. Kartalović, S. Knežević, Marija Pajić
Summary Donkey milk is usually sold for human consumption directly at farms and agricultural households and it is used in the raw state because of its well-known medicinal properties. Sometimes, however, such milk has poor microbiological status due to inappropriate conditions during hand milking and storage. The aim of this paper was to examine the microbiological status of donkey milk exposed to different temperature treatments (refrigerated at 4 ℃ for 3 h, frozen at −18 ℃ for 1 day, and pasteurized at 80 ℃ for 10 minutes). The number of molds and yeasts, total viable count, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, and the presence of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter spp. were evaluated to estimate the microbiological status of donkey milk. As expected, freezing and pasteurization reduced the number of tested microorganisms, and no examined foodborne pathogens were detected. The total viable count was reduced by 0.64 log CFU/mL by freezing and by 2.23 log CFU/mL by pasteurization. The total molds and yeasts and total Enterobacteriaceae count were significantly reduced by pasteurization. In conclusion, frozen and pasteurized donkey milk is safer than raw milk. In order to be able to recommend the best temperature treatment before consumption, the effects of freezing and pasteurization on the quality and antibacterial properties of donkey milk have to be further investigated.
{"title":"Effect of Different Temperatures on the Microbiological Status of Donkey Milk","authors":"S. Knežević, Jelena Vranešević, Diana Lupulović, B. Kartalović, S. Knežević, Marija Pajić","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Donkey milk is usually sold for human consumption directly at farms and agricultural households and it is used in the raw state because of its well-known medicinal properties. Sometimes, however, such milk has poor microbiological status due to inappropriate conditions during hand milking and storage. The aim of this paper was to examine the microbiological status of donkey milk exposed to different temperature treatments (refrigerated at 4 ℃ for 3 h, frozen at −18 ℃ for 1 day, and pasteurized at 80 ℃ for 10 minutes). The number of molds and yeasts, total viable count, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, and the presence of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter spp. were evaluated to estimate the microbiological status of donkey milk. As expected, freezing and pasteurization reduced the number of tested microorganisms, and no examined foodborne pathogens were detected. The total viable count was reduced by 0.64 log CFU/mL by freezing and by 2.23 log CFU/mL by pasteurization. The total molds and yeasts and total Enterobacteriaceae count were significantly reduced by pasteurization. In conclusion, frozen and pasteurized donkey milk is safer than raw milk. In order to be able to recommend the best temperature treatment before consumption, the effects of freezing and pasteurization on the quality and antibacterial properties of donkey milk have to be further investigated.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The dairy industry acknowledges the seasonal nature of milk production and the fluctuations in milk component concentrations throughout the year. This variability in milk components, influenced by seasonal changes, assumes critical importance in light of the projected global population increase to 9.7 billion people within the next 20–50 years. Addressing the imminent need for major alterations in agricultural and livestock practices to accommodate this growth necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of all stages within the food production chain. An essential aspect of achieving sustainable agriculture involves identifying opportunities to reduce gaseous pollutants. This study aims to investigate how seasonal variations impact the specific properties of Holstein milk, with a focus on the daily milk yield, daily milk protein, daily milk fat, and urea content. Test-day records from Holstein dairy cows in Croatia, collected during routine milk assessments from January 2005 to December 2022, form the basis of this research. A meticulous process of logical scrutiny of milk recording data, compliant with the ICAR standards, and rectification of non-logical variable values ensured the inclusion of 5,164,920 Holstein test-day records in the refined database. Our analysis centers on the annual number of samples and the primary parameters of milk content (namely fat, protein, and urea). The examination of Holstein milk samples revealed recurring cyclical patterns, indicating higher values during winter and lower values in summer. These distinct variations likely correlate with the annual climatic fluctuations in Croatia. The implications of these findings warrant future research to monitor trends in the raw milk quality and assess the potential adverse effects of the identified changes on the milk properties.
{"title":"Seasonal Trends in Holstein Milk Traits","authors":"Mirna Gavran, Dragan Solić, Vesna Gantner, Siniša Bjedov","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The dairy industry acknowledges the seasonal nature of milk production and the fluctuations in milk component concentrations throughout the year. This variability in milk components, influenced by seasonal changes, assumes critical importance in light of the projected global population increase to 9.7 billion people within the next 20–50 years. Addressing the imminent need for major alterations in agricultural and livestock practices to accommodate this growth necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of all stages within the food production chain. An essential aspect of achieving sustainable agriculture involves identifying opportunities to reduce gaseous pollutants. This study aims to investigate how seasonal variations impact the specific properties of Holstein milk, with a focus on the daily milk yield, daily milk protein, daily milk fat, and urea content. Test-day records from Holstein dairy cows in Croatia, collected during routine milk assessments from January 2005 to December 2022, form the basis of this research. A meticulous process of logical scrutiny of milk recording data, compliant with the ICAR standards, and rectification of non-logical variable values ensured the inclusion of 5,164,920 Holstein test-day records in the refined database. Our analysis centers on the annual number of samples and the primary parameters of milk content (namely fat, protein, and urea). The examination of Holstein milk samples revealed recurring cyclical patterns, indicating higher values during winter and lower values in summer. These distinct variations likely correlate with the annual climatic fluctuations in Croatia. The implications of these findings warrant future research to monitor trends in the raw milk quality and assess the potential adverse effects of the identified changes on the milk properties.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0012
L. Nikolić, S. Šeremešić, D. Džigurski, B. Vojnov, M. Vasiljević
Summary The obtained results indicate the possibility of weed control in organic intercropping production systems of carrots and onions with the application of corn gluten, together with the ecological assessment of habitat based on bioindicator values of weed species. A total of 29 weed taxons are present in the intercoped and pure crops of carrots and onions, grown without (CO) and with the application of corn gluten (CO-G). Although floristically uniformed, 24 taxons (CO) and 23 taxons (CO-G), the total weediness on the CO-G variants was 24% higher. The highest value of fresh weed biomass was recorded on the treatment of pure onion crop with gluten application (2844.85 g/m2), while the lowest value was recorded on the treatment of intercropped carrot and onion (1004.99 g/m2). Ecological assessment of habitat, based on indicator values and abundance of weed species, indicates favorable climatic conditions with favorable temperature (Tx̄ - 4) and light (Lx̄ - 4) regime, which refers to temperate continental climate conditions (Kx̄ - 2,7). Soil indicators indicate slightly drier conditions (Fx̄ – 2,6), slightly acidic to neutral pH (Rx̄ – 3,3), rich in nutrients (Nx̄ – 4), with moderate humus content (Hx̄ – 3), moderate aeration (Dx̄ – 2,8) and locally salted (s) with the participation of salinity indicators in the amount of 54% (CO) and 40% (CO-G). The presence of heavy metals tolerance (m) indicators in the amount of 46% (CO-G) and 41% (CO) should not be neglected, which imposes the need for additional analysis of soil for heavy metal content. Based on the analysis of obtained indicator values, it can be concluded that these ecological conditions correspond to the development of carrots and onions and that the lowest values of fresh weed biomass were recorded on the treatment of intercropping of carrots and onions, without application of corn gluten.
{"title":"Weeds as Bioindicators of Ecological Conditions in Organic Carrot and Onion Crop","authors":"L. Nikolić, S. Šeremešić, D. Džigurski, B. Vojnov, M. Vasiljević","doi":"10.2478/contagri-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The obtained results indicate the possibility of weed control in organic intercropping production systems of carrots and onions with the application of corn gluten, together with the ecological assessment of habitat based on bioindicator values of weed species. A total of 29 weed taxons are present in the intercoped and pure crops of carrots and onions, grown without (CO) and with the application of corn gluten (CO-G). Although floristically uniformed, 24 taxons (CO) and 23 taxons (CO-G), the total weediness on the CO-G variants was 24% higher. The highest value of fresh weed biomass was recorded on the treatment of pure onion crop with gluten application (2844.85 g/m2), while the lowest value was recorded on the treatment of intercropped carrot and onion (1004.99 g/m2). Ecological assessment of habitat, based on indicator values and abundance of weed species, indicates favorable climatic conditions with favorable temperature (Tx̄ - 4) and light (Lx̄ - 4) regime, which refers to temperate continental climate conditions (Kx̄ - 2,7). Soil indicators indicate slightly drier conditions (Fx̄ – 2,6), slightly acidic to neutral pH (Rx̄ – 3,3), rich in nutrients (Nx̄ – 4), with moderate humus content (Hx̄ – 3), moderate aeration (Dx̄ – 2,8) and locally salted (s) with the participation of salinity indicators in the amount of 54% (CO) and 40% (CO-G). The presence of heavy metals tolerance (m) indicators in the amount of 46% (CO-G) and 41% (CO) should not be neglected, which imposes the need for additional analysis of soil for heavy metal content. Based on the analysis of obtained indicator values, it can be concluded that these ecological conditions correspond to the development of carrots and onions and that the lowest values of fresh weed biomass were recorded on the treatment of intercropping of carrots and onions, without application of corn gluten.","PeriodicalId":221412,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139301721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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