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Status of Agricultural Farmers in the Republic of Serbia in Relation to Banking Institutions 塞尔维亚共和国农民与银行机构的关系状况
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0020
Dejan Mirč, Dragan Milić, N. Tica
Summary This paper examines the registered agricultural holdings (RAHs) in the Republic of Serbia. The present research aims to assess the current condition of RAHs in Serbia and highlight the considerable opportunities that banks and insurance companies possess to promote loans and insurance to small-scale farms. The data on Serbian RAHs were collected for the period 2018–2021. Descriptive statistics served as the primary tool for data analysis. The findings obtained indicate that the small-scale producers in Serbia face restricted access to financial services from banks, which in turn hampers their operational and investment capacities.
摘要 本文对塞尔维亚共和国的注册农业控股(RAHs)进行了研究。本研究旨在评估塞尔维亚注册农业控股的现状,并强调银行和保险公司在促进向小型农场提供贷款和保险方面所拥有的大量机会。研究收集了 2018-2021 年期间塞尔维亚长臂猿养殖场的数据。描述性统计是数据分析的主要工具。研究结果表明,塞尔维亚小规模生产者从银行获得金融服务的机会有限,这反过来又阻碍了他们的经营和投资能力。
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引用次数: 0
Conversion of Potato Fields into Small Tea Plantations at Bhotepatty, Mainaguri: Consequences of This Shifting Agriculture Through Survey and Soil Analysis 马伊纳古里 Bhotepatty 的马铃薯田转变为小型茶园:通过调查和土壤分析了解农业转移的后果
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0013
Dipankar Das, Soumya Majumder, S. Sarkar, A. Ghosh, Sudeshna Nandi, Preeti Subba, S. Saha, S. Acharyya, Baishakhi Ghosh, Sourav Chakraborty, M. Bhattacharya
Summary Over the past years, the tea industry in India has started to suffer from various drawbacks, i.e. issues regarding low productivity and rising input costs (namely the uneconomic age profile of tea bushes across the tea estates of North Bengal), leading to a decline in the industry and dramatic expansion of small tea growers. Accordingly, the vast expansion of small tea plantations in North Bengal prompted this study to examine the purpose and outcome of such an expansion concept. In the present study, Bhotepatty, Maynaguri (the Jalpaiguri district), was considered due to an immense conversion of agricultural land into numerous small tea plantations in the region. The study focuses on the agricultural shift from potato fields to small tea gardens. Initially, a cumulative approach encompassing the preliminary survey work and analysis of soil physicochemical characteristics was adopted to assess the adequacy of this agricultural shift. The survey conducted revealed the lack of proper land preparation, land rehabilitation before planting, sound soil nutrient management, and soil testing programs after shifting (responsible for the depletion of major nutrients such as potassium and phosphorus in the tea soil, which can be resolved with proper and timely manuring practices). Sulphur and the organic matter, organic carbon and available nitrogen of the top soil were detected in huge amounts compared to the optimum values suggested by the Tea Board of India.
摘要 在过去几年中,印度的茶叶产业开始受到各种弊端的影响,即生产率低下和投入成本上升(即整个北孟加拉邦茶园的茶树树龄不经济),导致产业衰退和小型茶叶种植者的急剧扩张。因此,北孟加拉邦小型茶园的大规模扩张促使本研究探讨这种扩张概念的目的和结果。在本研究中,梅纳古里(Jalpaiguri 区)的博特帕蒂被视为研究对象,因为该地区的农业用地大量转变为众多小型茶园。研究的重点是农业从马铃薯田向小茶园的转变。最初,采用了一种包括初步调查工作和土壤理化特征分析在内的累积方法来评估这种农业转变的适当性。调查显示,缺乏适当的土地整理、种植前的土地复垦、健全的土壤养分管理和转移后的土壤检测计划(造成茶叶土壤中钾和磷等主要养分的消耗,可以通过适当和及时的培肥措施解决)。与印度茶叶委员会建议的最佳值相比,表层土壤中的硫和有机质、有机碳以及可利用氮的含量都很高。
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引用次数: 0
Physico-Mechanical Properties of Dupska Pramenka Wool as Breed Characterization Descriptors 杜普斯卡普拉门卡羊毛的物理机械特性作为品种特性描述符
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0019
B. Važić, Biljana Rogić, I. Pihler, Z. Steiner, Vesna Gantner
Summary The characterization of animal genetic resources includes morphometric, production and genetic characterization. This paper aims to determine the annual yield, staple length, and physico-mechanical properties of the wool of the Dupska Pramenka sheep. The average annual wool yields of a total of 130 ewes and 14 rams enrolled in the study were 2.120 kg and 3.340 kg, respectively. Wool samples were taken from the left shoulder, posterior rib, and pelvis of a total of 50 sheep (36 ewes and 14 rams). The lengths of wool staples collected from three body sites of the ewes were 20.92 cm, 21.75 cm, and 22.25 cm, respectively. The lengths of wool staples collected from three body sites of rams were 23.50 cm, 22.14 cm, and 23.64 cm, respectively. The height and length of wool fibers of the ewes were 21.97 cm and 22.85 cm on the shoulder, 22.38 cm and 23.10 cm on the posterior rib, and 23.06 cm and 23.77 cm on the pelvis. The height and length of wool fibers of the rams were 22.00 cm and 22.89 cm on the shoulder, 22.54 cm and 23.26 cm on the posterior rib, and 22.61 cm and 23.40 cm on the pelvis. The average fineness of wool fibers of the ewes was 43.08 µ, whereas the fineness of wool fibers of the rams was 45.43 µ. The Dupska Pramenka sheep were found to have mixed fibers: axillary (over 45µ), accounting for51.64% in the ewes and 54.91% in the rams, and transitional (30–45µ), accounting for 28.76% in the ewes and 32.80% in the rams. Fiber fluff (10–30µ) accounted for 19.83% and 12.98% in the fleeces of ewes and rams considered, respectively.
摘要 动物遗传资源的特征描述包括形态计量、产量和遗传特征描述。本文旨在确定 Dupska Pramenka 羊的年产量、短绒长度和羊毛的物理机械特性。参与研究的 130 只母羊和 14 只公羊的平均年产毛量分别为 2.120 公斤和 3.340 公斤。羊毛样本取自 50 只绵羊(36 只母羊和 14 只公羊)的左肩、后肋和骨盆。从母羊身体三个部位采集的羊毛长度分别为 20.92 厘米、21.75 厘米和 22.25 厘米。从公羊三个身体部位采集的羊毛短纤维长度分别为 23.50 厘米、22.14 厘米和 23.64 厘米。母羊肩部的羊毛纤维高度和长度分别为 21.97 厘米和 22.85 厘米,后肋部的羊毛纤维高度和长度分别为 22.38 厘米和 23.10 厘米,骨盆的羊毛纤维高度和长度分别为 23.06 厘米和 23.77 厘米。公羊羊毛纤维的高度和长度分别为:肩部 22.00 厘米和 22.89 厘米,后肋部 22.54 厘米和 23.26 厘米,骨盆部 22.61 厘米和 23.40 厘米。母羊的羊毛纤维平均细度为 43.08 微米,而公羊的羊毛纤维平均细度为 45.43 微米。Dupska Pramenka 绵羊的纤维混杂:腋毛(45 微米以上)占母羊的 51.64%,占公羊的 54.91%;过渡纤维(30-45 微米)占母羊的 28.76%,占公羊的 32.80%。纤维绒(10-30µ)在母羊和公羊的绒毛中分别占 19.83% 和 12.98%。
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引用次数: 0
Non-Destructive Assessment of Leaf Chlorophyll and Epidermal Flavonoids in Two Tomato Cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown Under Different Trichoderma Spp. Treatments 两种番茄栽培品种(Solanum lycopersicum L.)在不同毛霉菌属(Trichoderma Spp.处理
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0018
Mirjana Bojović, Zorica Mrkonjić, Zorana Srećkov, Gordana Racić, Vedrana Prorok, D. Radić, D. Panković
Summary The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different Trichoderma spp. treatments (T1: Trichoderma harzianum, T2: Trichoderma brevicompactum, and T3: T1 + T2) on two tomato cultivars (‘Narvik’ and ‘Gružanski zlatni’) by the non-destructive monitoring of chlorophyll (Chl) and epidermal flavonol (Flav) indices and nitrogen balance index (NBI) in their leaves. The main objectives were to compare the responses of tomato cultivars considered (grown in a greenhouse) to different Trichoderma strains and a combination of Trichoderma strains. Variations in the Chl, Flav, and NBI values obtained were significantly influenced by nearly all the factors examined (namely the tomato cultivar, experimental week, and treatment), the interaction of which was found significant for all the parameters analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the combinations of strains in the T3 treatment markedly enhanced the Chl content in the ‘Narvik’ cultivar in some experimental weeks. Moreover, reduced NBI values were determined in the Trichoderma-treated ‘Narvik’ plants due to the increased flavonol content, which indicates a shift from primary to secondary metabolism. Further research, including the same cultivars and treatments, is warranted under field conditions to evaluate the physiological responses of the ‘Narvik’ and ‘Gružanski zlatni’ tomato cultivars in a multiple-stressor environment.
摘要 本研究的目的是通过对两个番茄品种("Narvik "和 "Gružanski zlatni")叶片的叶绿素(Chl)和表皮黄酮醇(Flav)指数以及氮平衡指数(NBI)进行非破坏性监测,研究不同的毛霉菌处理(T1:Trichoderma harzianum;T2:Trichoderma brevicompactum;T3:T1 + T2)对这两个番茄品种的影响。主要目的是比较番茄栽培品种(在温室中种植)对不同毛霉菌株和毛霉菌株组合的反应。所获得的 Chl 值、Flav 值和 NBI 值的变化几乎受所有考察因素(即番茄栽培品种、实验周和处理)的显著影响,其中交互作用对所有分析参数都有显著影响。结果表明,T3 处理中的菌株组合在某些实验周明显提高了 "Narvik "栽培品种的 Chl 含量。此外,由于黄酮醇含量增加,经毛霉处理的'Narvik'植株的 NBI 值降低,这表明新陈代谢已从初级代谢转向次级代谢。有必要在田间条件下开展进一步研究,包括相同的栽培品种和处理方法,以评估'Narvik'和'Gružanski zlatni'番茄栽培品种在多重胁迫环境下的生理反应。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of Colour Characteristics of Microwave-Dried Tomato Slices Using Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems 利用人工神经网络和自适应神经模糊推理系统预测微波干燥番茄片的颜色特征
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0014
Jelili Babatunde Hussein, M. Oke, F.F. Agboola, M. Sanusi
Summary Variation in the colour of dried tomatoes is frequently a problem for both consumers and processors. This study investigated digital imaging and applied soft-computational modelling using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to evaluate the surface colour of microwave-dried tomato slices. The tomatoes were pretreated with water blanching, ascorbic acid, and sodium metabisulphite, then cut into slices of 4, 6, and 8 mm thickness. The slices were then dried in a microwave oven at power levels of 90, 180, and 360 W. The colour characteristics of the dried tomato slices (L*, a*, b*, colour change, browning index, hue, and chroma) were determined. The response variables were modelled and optimised using ANN and ANFIS. The efficiency and performance of the model were assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2), the root means square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE). The results revealed the ranges of 36.70 – 48.83, 36.81 – 44.56, 31.03 – 40.34, 8.43 – 21.24, 11.78 – 39.82, 48.15 – 60.11, and 0.82 – 0.87 for the colour characteristics of L*, a*, b*, colour change, browning index, hue, and chroma, respectively. The outcomes showed that ANN and ANFIS models could make more accurate predictions. The predictive models were experimentally validated and agreed with the experimentally obtained values. However, the ANFIS model gave better performance, with higher values for R2 (1.000) and lower values for RMSE (0.02952) and MAE (0.02209). These findings will be helpful to processors and can be scaled up and adjusted for the bulk colour characteristics of microwave-dried tomatoes.
摘要 蕃茄干颜色的变化经常是消费者和加工者面临的问题。本研究利用人工神经网络(ANN)和自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)对数字成像和软计算建模进行了研究,以评估微波干燥番茄片的表面颜色。番茄经水焯、抗坏血酸和焦亚硫酸钠预处理,然后切成 4、6 和 8 毫米厚的薄片。然后在功率分别为 90、180 和 360 瓦的微波炉中烘干。测定烘干番茄片的颜色特征(L*、a*、b*、颜色变化、褐变指数、色调和色度)。使用 ANN 和 ANFIS 对响应变量进行建模和优化。使用判定系数 (R2)、均方根误差 (RMSE) 和平均绝对误差 (MAE) 评估了模型的效率和性能。结果显示,L*、a*、b*、颜色变化、褐变指数、色调和色度的颜色特征范围分别为 36.70 - 48.83、36.81 - 44.56、31.03 - 40.34、8.43 - 21.24、11.78 - 39.82、48.15 - 60.11 和 0.82 - 0.87。结果表明,ANN 和 ANFIS 模型可以做出更准确的预测。预测模型经过实验验证,与实验得出的数值一致。不过,ANFIS 模型的性能更好,R2 值(1.000)更高,RMSE 值(0.02952)和 MAE 值(0.02209)更低。这些发现对加工者很有帮助,可根据微波烘干番茄的体积颜色特征进行放大和调整。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived Effects of Crop Diversification on Food Security of Farmers in Kwara State Nigeria 尼日利亚夸拉州农民对作物多样化对粮食安全影响的认识
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0016
L. Olatinwo, O. Yusuf, S. Komolafe, Mistura Omowumi Oganija
Summary This study was conducted to examine perceived effects of crop diversification on food security status of maize-based farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to obtain data from 183 maize-based farmers using an interview schedule. The data were analyzed using Herfindahl indexing, Food Consumption Score of the World Food Programme for determining household food security and Chi-square test. The results showed that the extent of crop diversification was moderate for slightly above half of the respondents (51.4%). The majority of the respondents (91.3%) had acceptable food consumption (>35), which corresponds to their food security situation. Crop diversification among the farmers indicated positive and significant influence of crop diversification on the food security status of the farmers at 1% level of significance using chi-square. More than half of the respondents perceived that crop diversification had strong effects on increased access to food preferences for an active and healthy life (56.3%), access to utilizable and digestible food (57.4%) and access to sufficient food (53.6%). The study concluded that crop diversification practices contributed to food security by increasing access to preferred sufficient, utilizable and digestible food for active and healthy life of maize-based farmers in Kwara State. Thus, extension agents should increase awareness of the importance of crop diversification for the farmers’ output in the study area.
摘要 本研究旨在探讨作物多样化对尼日利亚夸拉州玉米种植农粮食安全状况的影响。研究采用多阶段抽样技术,通过访谈表从 183 位以玉米为生的农民那里获得了数据。数据分析采用了赫芬达尔指数法、世界粮食计划署用于确定家庭粮食安全的食品消费评分法以及卡方检验法。结果显示,略高于一半的受访者(51.4%)的作物多样化程度为中等。大多数受访者(91.3%)的粮食消费量可以接受(大于 35),这与他们的粮食安全状况相符。农民的作物多样化表明,在 1%的显著性水平上,作物多样化对农民的粮食安全状况有积极和显著的影响。半数以上的受访者认为,作物多样化对增加获得积极健康生活所需的食物(56.3%)、获得可利用和可消化的食物(57.4%)以及获得充足的食物(53.6%)有很大影响。研究得出的结论是,作物多样化做法增加了夸拉州以玉米为生的农民获得充足、可利用和可消化的首选食物的机会,有助于他们过上积极健康的生活,从而促进了粮食安全。因此,推广人员应提高对作物多样化对研究地区农民产出重要性的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Single-Parent Families in Villages and Towns of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina: A Sociological Study 伏伊伏丁那自治省村镇中的单亲家庭:社会学研究
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0017
Marina Novakov
Summary Single-parent families have become increasingly prevalent in modern times, with approximately one in five children being raised in such households in the Republic of Serbia. The reasons behind the emergence of single-parent families have changed throughout history, and society has treated these families differently. Divorces occur more frequently in modern living conditions, and extramarital births are not as rare as they were in the past. This paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted in the AP Vojvodina on a sample of 200 single-parent families. The focus is on the analysis of the financial status of single-parent families, intergenerational relationships, parenting practices, and the potential for forming new, recombined families. The conclusion is that financial hardship is a significant issue for these families, with no significant difference in their status between rural and urban areas.
摘要 单亲家庭在现代社会越来越普遍,在塞尔维亚共和国,大约五分之一的儿童在这样的家庭中长大。单亲家庭出现的原因在历史长河中不断变化,社会对这些家庭的待遇也不尽相同。在现代生活条件下,离婚更加频繁,婚外生育也不像过去那样罕见。本文介绍了在伏伊伏丁那自治省对 200 个单亲家庭样本进行实证研究的结果。重点分析了单亲家庭的经济状况、代际关系、养育子女的做法以及组建新的重组家庭的可能性。得出的结论是,经济困难是这些家庭面临的一个重要问题,农村和城市地区的经济状况没有明显差别。
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引用次数: 0
Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Garden PEA Using Hydro- and Osmopriming 利用水力和渗透作用减轻园艺豌豆荚的盐度胁迫
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2023-0015
G. Tamindžić, J. Červenski, D. Milošević, Z. Nikolić, S. Vlajić, D. Jovičić, Maja Ignjatov
Summary Salinity is one of the greatest challenges of successful agricultural production worldwide. However, seed priming might be efficient practice for enhancing seed germination and initial plant growth and development. This experiment was undertaken with the aim of assessing the impact of different priming methods on seed quality parameters and early growth of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars under salinity stress. Pea seeds of three different cultivars were primed with water (hydropriming), KNO3 solution (0.5%), and PEG 6000 solution (-0.5 MPa) for 24h in the dark. Unprimed and primed seeds were germinated between filter papers saturated with 120 mM NaCl using the germination test. The results clearly showed that the examined parameters of primed pea seeds were substantially greater than the parameters of unprimed seeds under saline stress. Moreover, seed priming with KNO3 and PEG solutions were more effective in improving seed quality and initial growth in garden peas than hydropriming.
摘要 盐碱化是全球农业生产成功所面临的最大挑战之一。然而,种子处理可能是提高种子萌发和植物初期生长发育的有效方法。本实验旨在评估不同的催芽方法对盐胁迫下豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)栽培品种的种子质量参数和早期生长的影响。三种不同栽培品种的豌豆种子分别用水(水浸)、KNO3 溶液(0.5%)和 PEG 6000 溶液(-0.5 兆帕)在黑暗中浸种 24 小时。利用发芽试验,在饱和 120 mM NaCl 的滤纸间对未催芽和催芽的种子进行催芽。结果清楚地表明,在盐水胁迫下,经过催芽处理的豌豆种子的各项指标均大大高于未经过催芽处理的种子。此外,用 KNO3 和 PEG 溶液给种子打底比水打底更能有效地提高豌豆的种子质量和初期生长。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Crop Density and Pinching on Hemp Plant Architecture and Yield 种植密度和修剪对大麻植株结构和产量的影响
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2022-0029
V. Sikora, Anamarija Koren, M. Brdar-Jokanović, B. Ljevnaić-Mašić, Danica Glavaš-Trbić
Summary One-year experiments conducted with one hemp variety were established to determinate the cultivation practices (growth density and pinching) which could be used to optimize the technological process of hemp varieties production for different purposes. The results showed that reduced crop density and pinching result in development of shorter plants. In denser non-pinched crops, the stem is over 180 cm high, while the plants start branching in the upper 1/4-1/5 part. In the non-pinched treatment with a larger area available for individual plants, as well as in the pinched treatments, more productive branches of less thickness develop in the lower parts. The non-pinched treatments generally produce higher stem and fiber yields, which increase when crop density is reduced. The obtained results can serve as a basis for determining certain treatments during the evaluation of production technology for different varieties of hemp intended for specific purposes.
摘要通过对一个大麻品种进行为期一年的试验,确定了种植方式(生长密度和修剪),以优化不同用途大麻品种的生产工艺流程。结果表明,降低作物密度和掐枝会导致植株发育较矮。在密集的非挤压作物中,茎高超过180厘米,而植株在上部1/4-1/5部分开始分枝。在单株可用面积较大的非掐枝处理中,以及在掐枝处理中,下部发育出厚度较小的高产枝。不掐枝处理通常能产生较高的茎和纤维产量,当作物密度降低时,茎和纤维产量会增加。所得结果可作为特定用途的不同品种大麻生产技术评价中确定某些处理的依据。
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引用次数: 1
Application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Agriculture: A Case of Women Farmers in Sri Lanka 信息和通信技术(ICT)在农业中的应用:斯里兰卡女农民的案例
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/contagri-2022-0025
S. Rathnachandra, S. Malkanthi
Summary The role of women in the growth and development of agriculture in Sri Lanka has been increasing considerably. However, inadequate attention has been devoted to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by Sri Lankan women farmers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the application of ICT in agriculture by women farmers in the Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division in Sri Lanka. The primary data used in the study were collected from a total of 230 women farmers in the study area from March to July 2019, using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire survey. Moreover, focus group discussions and participatory observations were also conducted. The results obtained indicate that the majority of the women farmers considered were middle-aged and married, belonging to families with 4-6 members. Most of them had received education up to a junior secondary level. Their monthly total average income was 24,000 LKR. The below mentioned ICT equipment were commonly used by the women farmers for agricultural purposes: television (51.5%), the radio (43.9%) and mobile phones (52.1%). The use of personal computers, the internet and CD/DVDs was at lower levels. Although they were found to use ICT mostly for day-to-day activities, the application of ICT in their agricultural activities was fairly low. However, most of them expressed the desire to learn about ICT. According to the regression analysis conducted, a positive and statistically significant relationship was established between the farm size and respondents’ ICT literacy. Furthermore, a positive and moderately significant relationship was found between the respondents’ educational level and ICT use. High initial costs and the lack of comprehensive knowledge about ICT equipment maintenance were the major challenges they had encountered. Admittedly, as the women farmers considered apply ICT to a certain level, their use of ICT in agriculture should be further enhanced. Therefore, supplying useful ICT equipment to Sri Lankan women farmers at concession prices, accompanied by an awareness program on the use and maintenance of such equipment, would be highly beneficial.
妇女在斯里兰卡农业增长和发展中的作用已大大增强。然而,对斯里兰卡女农民使用信息和通信技术的关注不够。因此,本研究的目的是探讨斯里兰卡Imbulpe分部秘书处(DS)部门的女性农民在农业中应用ICT的情况。研究中使用的主要数据是从2019年3月至7月期间从研究地区的230名女性农民中收集的,采用预测试的自我管理问卷调查。此外,还进行了焦点小组讨论和参与性观察。结果表明,考虑的女性农民以已婚中年妇女居多,属于4-6人家庭。他们中的大多数人接受过初中水平的教育。他们的月平均总收入为2.4万韩元。以下提到的信息通信技术设备是女性农民用于农业目的的常用设备:电视(51.5%)、收音机(43.9%)和移动电话(52.1%)。个人电脑、互联网和CD/ dvd的使用水平较低。虽然发现他们主要在日常活动中使用信通技术,但信通技术在其农业活动中的应用相当低。然而,大多数学生都表达了学习信息和通信技术的愿望。根据回归分析,农场规模与受访者的ICT素养之间存在显著的正相关关系。此外,被调查者的教育程度与信息通信技术的使用之间存在着正的、中等显著的关系。高昂的初始费用和缺乏对信通技术设备维护的全面了解是他们遇到的主要挑战。诚然,考虑到女性农民在一定程度上应用了信息通信技术,她们在农业中使用信息通信技术的程度应该进一步提高。因此,以优惠价格向斯里兰卡妇女农民提供有用的信息通信技术设备,同时开展有关使用和维护这些设备的宣传计划,将非常有益。
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引用次数: 0
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Contemporary Agriculture
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