In this study we present a comprehensive multivariate analysis of Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana forest vegetation in Taiwan. In total, 65 sample plots were compiled, partly from the relevant literature and partly from new and unpublished data. We used only woody vascular plant species for the analysis. The syntaxonomy of forest types was determined by a 2-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and tabular comparison method. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the ordination analysis to clarify floristic variations of the 65 sample plots. One alliance, 2 associations, and 4 subassociations were distinguished and described: the K. davidiana var. formosana alliance was recognized and divided into Cyclobalanopsis hypophaea-Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana association including the Callicarpa remotiflora and Antidesma hiiranense subassociations and a Diospyros morrisiana-Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana association including the Pinus luchuensis and Illicium arborescens subassociations. Synonyms in the recent literature on forests relating to these associations and subassociations are given. The ordination program confirmed the differentiation of K. davidiana var. formosana forests.
{"title":"Syntaxonomic and Gradient Analysis of Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana Forests in Taiwan","authors":"Fu-Shan Chou, Chih-Kai Yang, Wen-Long Lin, Tze‐Ying Chen, Yuen‐Po Yang, Chun-Kuei Liao","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200912.0257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200912.0257","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we present a comprehensive multivariate analysis of Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana forest vegetation in Taiwan. In total, 65 sample plots were compiled, partly from the relevant literature and partly from new and unpublished data. We used only woody vascular plant species for the analysis. The syntaxonomy of forest types was determined by a 2-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and tabular comparison method. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the ordination analysis to clarify floristic variations of the 65 sample plots. One alliance, 2 associations, and 4 subassociations were distinguished and described: the K. davidiana var. formosana alliance was recognized and divided into Cyclobalanopsis hypophaea-Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana association including the Callicarpa remotiflora and Antidesma hiiranense subassociations and a Diospyros morrisiana-Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana association including the Pinus luchuensis and Illicium arborescens subassociations. Synonyms in the recent literature on forests relating to these associations and subassociations are given. The ordination program confirmed the differentiation of K. davidiana var. formosana forests.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"257-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81782422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200912.0243
A. Rivaie, R. Tillman
Information on the interactive effects of soluble and less-soluble P fertilizers and weed control on the growth and P nutrition of second-rotation radiata pine (Pinus radiata) trees is required to determine appropriate management practices of P fertilizer and understory vegetation in radiate pine forest plantations. A field trial was conducted to investigate the growth of second-rotation P. radiata and determine the relationships between needle P concentrations and soil P forms in an Orthic Allophanic soil 2 yr after application of 4 doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha^(-1)) of P applied in 2 forms of P fertilizer (triple superphosphate (TSP) and Ben-Guerir phosphate rock (BGPR)) in combination with 2 weed control practices (weeds present and weed-free). The application of TSP and BGPR increased the tree needle P concentration although the needle P concentrations before fertilizer application were marginally higher than the critical P concentrations, despite the soils being P deficient according to traditional soil P tests (Bray and Olsen tests). The application of P fertilizers had no effect on tree growth during the 2-yr period of the trial, although it increased radiate pine needle P concentrations. However, weed removal increased the diameter at breast height (DBH) and basal area (BA). Trees in this forest site had needle P concentrations higher than the critical P concentration. This suggests that the growth increase due to weed removal treatment was probably due to an increase in the availability of soil water and nutrients other than P. The needle P concentrations of P. radiata can be predicted by soil tests, and Bray-2 P, Olsen P, resin-P(subscript i), and NaOH-P(subscript i) tests. Of these soil tests, Bray-2 P seemed to be the best test for predicting soil P availability for radiata pine. P concentrations in the needles had a strong relationship with the NaOH-P(subscript i) fraction in the soil but it had only a weak relationship with the H2SO4-P(subscript i) fraction. These results suggest that radiata pine was probably taking up P more from the pool of P-adsorbed onto allophane and Fe+Al oxides (NaOH-Pi) than from the Ca-P pool in this high P-fixing acidic soil.
为了确定适宜的辐射松林人工林磷肥和林下植被管理措施，需要了解可溶性和非可溶性磷肥料与杂草控制对二次轮作辐射松林生长和磷营养的交互作用。通过田间试验，研究了二次轮作辐射磷肥的生长情况，并确定了在北缘异生土壤中，施用4次剂量(0,50,100和200 kg P ha^(-1))的两种磷肥(三元过磷酸钾(TSP)和本-盖尔磷肥(BGPR)) 2年后，针状磷浓度与土壤磷形态之间的关系，并结合两种杂草控制措施(有杂草和无杂草)。施用TSP和BGPR提高了树针磷浓度，尽管施肥前的针磷浓度略高于临界磷浓度，但根据传统的土壤磷试验(Bray和Olsen试验)，土壤是缺磷的。在2年的试验期间，施用磷肥对树木生长没有影响，但增加了松针辐射磷浓度。除草增加了胸高直径(DBH)和基底面积(BA)。该样地树木的针叶磷浓度高于临界磷浓度。这表明，除草处理导致的生长增加可能是由于土壤水分和养分有效性的增加，而不是由于磷。土壤试验、bray - 2p、Olsen P、树脂P(下标i)和NaOH-P(下标i)试验可以预测辐射白杨的针态磷浓度。在这些土壤试验中，bray - 2p似乎是预测辐射松土壤磷有效性的最佳试验。针叶中磷浓度与土壤中NaOH-P(下标i)组分有较强的关系，与H2SO4-P(下标i)组分的关系较弱。这些结果表明，在高固磷酸性土壤中，辐射松可能更多地从磷吸附池和铁铝氧化物(NaOH-Pi)中吸收磷，而不是从Ca-P池中吸收磷。
{"title":"Growth response of second-rotation Pinus radiata on an Orthic Allophanic soil to P fertilizer and weed control.","authors":"A. Rivaie, R. Tillman","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200912.0243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200912.0243","url":null,"abstract":"Information on the interactive effects of soluble and less-soluble P fertilizers and weed control on the growth and P nutrition of second-rotation radiata pine (Pinus radiata) trees is required to determine appropriate management practices of P fertilizer and understory vegetation in radiate pine forest plantations. A field trial was conducted to investigate the growth of second-rotation P. radiata and determine the relationships between needle P concentrations and soil P forms in an Orthic Allophanic soil 2 yr after application of 4 doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha^(-1)) of P applied in 2 forms of P fertilizer (triple superphosphate (TSP) and Ben-Guerir phosphate rock (BGPR)) in combination with 2 weed control practices (weeds present and weed-free). The application of TSP and BGPR increased the tree needle P concentration although the needle P concentrations before fertilizer application were marginally higher than the critical P concentrations, despite the soils being P deficient according to traditional soil P tests (Bray and Olsen tests). The application of P fertilizers had no effect on tree growth during the 2-yr period of the trial, although it increased radiate pine needle P concentrations. However, weed removal increased the diameter at breast height (DBH) and basal area (BA). Trees in this forest site had needle P concentrations higher than the critical P concentration. This suggests that the growth increase due to weed removal treatment was probably due to an increase in the availability of soil water and nutrients other than P. The needle P concentrations of P. radiata can be predicted by soil tests, and Bray-2 P, Olsen P, resin-P(subscript i), and NaOH-P(subscript i) tests. Of these soil tests, Bray-2 P seemed to be the best test for predicting soil P availability for radiata pine. P concentrations in the needles had a strong relationship with the NaOH-P(subscript i) fraction in the soil but it had only a weak relationship with the H2SO4-P(subscript i) fraction. These results suggest that radiata pine was probably taking up P more from the pool of P-adsorbed onto allophane and Fe+Al oxides (NaOH-Pi) than from the Ca-P pool in this high P-fixing acidic soil.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"243-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89541028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200912.0303
Dongkai Su, Rong Jiang, Li Zhou, Da-pao Yu, Xiaokui Xie, Zhenggang Liu, L. Dai
Large areas of primary mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forests on Changbai Mt., on the border between China and North Korean have been replaced by secondary forests through clearcuting since the 1950s. How clearcutting impacts the mixed forest ecosystem still remains unclear. We compared the tree species composition, structure, and diversity of a primary and a secondary forest that had suffered clearcutting, 30 yr. previously. Results showed that the mean basal area of trees (≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)) was markedly lower in the secondary forest than in the primary forest, whereas the density of seedlings (＜2 cm DBH, ≥50 cm tall), saplings (2~9.9 cm DBH), and trees were all significantly higher in the former. Values for the species richness and both Simpson's and Shannon's diversity indices for seedlings and saplings were greater in the secondary forest than in the primary forest, but the values of these 3 indices for trees were significantly lower in the former. These results indicate that clearcutting altered the forest structure by significantly decreasing the basal area of trees and increasing the numbers of seedlings and saplings. It also altered the species composition with the secondary forest having more pioneer species than the primary forest. The secondary forest has higher species diversity and abundant climax species of seedlings and saplings, and this potentially favorable situation offers an opportunity to develop restoration plans.
{"title":"Effects of clearcutting on the tree species composition, structure, and diversity of a mixed broadleaf-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest on Changbai Mountain: implications for ecosystem restoration.","authors":"Dongkai Su, Rong Jiang, Li Zhou, Da-pao Yu, Xiaokui Xie, Zhenggang Liu, L. Dai","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200912.0303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200912.0303","url":null,"abstract":"Large areas of primary mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forests on Changbai Mt., on the border between China and North Korean have been replaced by secondary forests through clearcuting since the 1950s. How clearcutting impacts the mixed forest ecosystem still remains unclear. We compared the tree species composition, structure, and diversity of a primary and a secondary forest that had suffered clearcutting, 30 yr. previously. Results showed that the mean basal area of trees (≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)) was markedly lower in the secondary forest than in the primary forest, whereas the density of seedlings (＜2 cm DBH, ≥50 cm tall), saplings (2~9.9 cm DBH), and trees were all significantly higher in the former. Values for the species richness and both Simpson's and Shannon's diversity indices for seedlings and saplings were greater in the secondary forest than in the primary forest, but the values of these 3 indices for trees were significantly lower in the former. These results indicate that clearcutting altered the forest structure by significantly decreasing the basal area of trees and increasing the numbers of seedlings and saplings. It also altered the species composition with the secondary forest having more pioneer species than the primary forest. The secondary forest has higher species diversity and abundant climax species of seedlings and saplings, and this potentially favorable situation offers an opportunity to develop restoration plans.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"43 1","pages":"303-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77250167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200912.0285
Tsang-Chyi Shiah
Paper-based artworks and documents often suffer damage from the growth of fungi. Biological damage is mainly brought about by unsuitable environmental conditions and often results in discoloration and structural damage to the basic components of the materials or to the essential additive constituents. Mold growing on paper products is one kind of bio-deterioration; moldy stains on paper obviously decrease the life of rare books, paintings, and art crafts, and make them more difficult to preserve. Chitin, after cellulose, is the 2nd most abundant material in nature. Chitosan is a substance obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, the principal component of many living things, including crustaceans, insects, and fungi. Because of their superior properties and abundance, chitosan and chitin are extensively commercially utilized worldwide. Due to the fact that chitosan is a cationic polymer and a cationic polyelectrolyte, it shows superior antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using chitosan as a possible material to increase the fungal resistance of paper-based cultural relics. Filter paper treated with 1.5% deacetylated chitosan showed the best fungal resistance effect; the higher the concentration of chitosan, the more superior was the fungal resistance effect obtained. At the same concentration, the higher the deacetylation of chitosan, the better the fungal resistance effect was. The application of chitosan to increase the fungal resistance of paper-based cultural relics can be a viable alternative conservation strategy for paper-based artifacts and archives.
{"title":"Applying chitosan to increase the fungal resistance of paper-based cultural relics.","authors":"Tsang-Chyi Shiah","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200912.0285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200912.0285","url":null,"abstract":"Paper-based artworks and documents often suffer damage from the growth of fungi. Biological damage is mainly brought about by unsuitable environmental conditions and often results in discoloration and structural damage to the basic components of the materials or to the essential additive constituents. Mold growing on paper products is one kind of bio-deterioration; moldy stains on paper obviously decrease the life of rare books, paintings, and art crafts, and make them more difficult to preserve. Chitin, after cellulose, is the 2nd most abundant material in nature. Chitosan is a substance obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, the principal component of many living things, including crustaceans, insects, and fungi. Because of their superior properties and abundance, chitosan and chitin are extensively commercially utilized worldwide. Due to the fact that chitosan is a cationic polymer and a cationic polyelectrolyte, it shows superior antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using chitosan as a possible material to increase the fungal resistance of paper-based cultural relics. Filter paper treated with 1.5% deacetylated chitosan showed the best fungal resistance effect; the higher the concentration of chitosan, the more superior was the fungal resistance effect obtained. At the same concentration, the higher the deacetylation of chitosan, the better the fungal resistance effect was. The application of chitosan to increase the fungal resistance of paper-based cultural relics can be a viable alternative conservation strategy for paper-based artifacts and archives.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"285-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81115144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200912.0295
C. Chiou, C. Hsieh, Jenn‐Che Wang, M. Chen, Ho Yih Liu, C. Yeh, Sheng-Zehn Yang, Tze‐Ying Chen, Y. Hsia, G. Song
This article describes the successful implementation and preliminary results of the first national vegetation inventory in Taiwan. This project which aimed to establish national criteria for vegetation classification, map island-wide forest vegetation at a scale of 1: 5000 and establish a vegetation data management system was launched in 2003. More than 3000 permanent plots (20 m×20 m) were set up throughout Taiwan, and 792 articles on vegetation of Taiwan were located to acquire vegetation data. Vegetation types were identified according to the physiognomic appearances in aerial photographs. The national vegetation classification system was constructed by referring to field observations, vegetation data, and currently available vegetation classification schemes. This project was finalized in 2008. Up to 67% of native vascular plant species in Taiwan were recorded, and 59% of the total area of Taiwan was mapped in this project. Preliminary vegetation analyses identified 9 major vegetation types and their diagnostic species, constant species and dominant species. The Taiwan Vegetation Information was established and has performed the functions of data management for the current project since 2003. The latest version of the Taiwan Vegetation Classification System was released in 2007. The achievement and experiences of the current project have paved the way for the successful implementation of subsequent large-scale surveys in Taiwan.
{"title":"The First National Vegetation Inventory in Taiwan","authors":"C. Chiou, C. Hsieh, Jenn‐Che Wang, M. Chen, Ho Yih Liu, C. Yeh, Sheng-Zehn Yang, Tze‐Ying Chen, Y. Hsia, G. Song","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200912.0295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200912.0295","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the successful implementation and preliminary results of the first national vegetation inventory in Taiwan. This project which aimed to establish national criteria for vegetation classification, map island-wide forest vegetation at a scale of 1: 5000 and establish a vegetation data management system was launched in 2003. More than 3000 permanent plots (20 m×20 m) were set up throughout Taiwan, and 792 articles on vegetation of Taiwan were located to acquire vegetation data. Vegetation types were identified according to the physiognomic appearances in aerial photographs. The national vegetation classification system was constructed by referring to field observations, vegetation data, and currently available vegetation classification schemes. This project was finalized in 2008. Up to 67% of native vascular plant species in Taiwan were recorded, and 59% of the total area of Taiwan was mapped in this project. Preliminary vegetation analyses identified 9 major vegetation types and their diagnostic species, constant species and dominant species. The Taiwan Vegetation Information was established and has performed the functions of data management for the current project since 2003. The latest version of the Taiwan Vegetation Classification System was released in 2007. The achievement and experiences of the current project have paved the way for the successful implementation of subsequent large-scale surveys in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"295-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80381566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200912.0271
Shin-You Chen, Jyh-Ren Wang, B. Sheu, Chiung-Pin Liu
The purpose of this study was to understand variations in carbon dioxide concentrations at different canopy heights in a natural hardwood stand and a China-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation at the Guandaushi subtropical forest. The measurements began in September 2004 and continued to the end of June 2005. There were 4 sampling heights, including 0.5, 4, and 12 m above ground level (agl) and 3~4 m above the canopy at the 2 stands. Results showed that the highest concentration of carbon dioxide was near the forest floor, and the lowest ones were at 12 m agl and 3~4 m above the canopy for both the natural hardwood stand and fir plantation. Seasonal and yearly variations of sampling heights between 12 m agl and 3~4 m above the canopy were not significant. The carbon dioxide concentrations of the 4 sampling heights were higher in spring and summer than in winter. Variations in carbon dioxide concentrations of the sampling height at 12 m in the natural hardwood forest were influenced by light intensity, regardless of daily or yearly variations. We concluded that the forest floor soil of the natural hardwood stand had a higher respiration rate, and there was a lower photosynthetic rate at the 12m level of the canopy. Therefore, at all sampling points, the concentrations of carbon dioxide were higher than these in the China-fir plantation. This concentration gradient was more significant in the higher-temperature season (June) than in the lower-temperature season (December to January).
{"title":"Comparison of Seasonal Variations in Carbon Dioxide Concentrations between a Natural Hardwood Stand and a Fir Plantation at the Guandaushi Subtropical Forest, Taiwan","authors":"Shin-You Chen, Jyh-Ren Wang, B. Sheu, Chiung-Pin Liu","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200912.0271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200912.0271","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to understand variations in carbon dioxide concentrations at different canopy heights in a natural hardwood stand and a China-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation at the Guandaushi subtropical forest. The measurements began in September 2004 and continued to the end of June 2005. There were 4 sampling heights, including 0.5, 4, and 12 m above ground level (agl) and 3~4 m above the canopy at the 2 stands. Results showed that the highest concentration of carbon dioxide was near the forest floor, and the lowest ones were at 12 m agl and 3~4 m above the canopy for both the natural hardwood stand and fir plantation. Seasonal and yearly variations of sampling heights between 12 m agl and 3~4 m above the canopy were not significant. The carbon dioxide concentrations of the 4 sampling heights were higher in spring and summer than in winter. Variations in carbon dioxide concentrations of the sampling height at 12 m in the natural hardwood forest were influenced by light intensity, regardless of daily or yearly variations. We concluded that the forest floor soil of the natural hardwood stand had a higher respiration rate, and there was a lower photosynthetic rate at the 12m level of the canopy. Therefore, at all sampling points, the concentrations of carbon dioxide were higher than these in the China-fir plantation. This concentration gradient was more significant in the higher-temperature season (June) than in the lower-temperature season (December to January).","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"104 1","pages":"271-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79844838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200909.0169
Y. Kuo, T. Hwang, Yeh-Lin Yang
Two important functional traits of plants, the photosynthetic capacity and leaf lifespan, are usually negatively correlated. To compare the lifetime pattern of photosynthetic activity in leaves of Bischofia javanica, Gordonia axillaris, and Machilus japonica var. kusanoi, we monitored the dynamics of the photosynthetic capacity of leaves from a young age to full expansion then abscission. The mean leaf lifespans of B. javanica, G. axillaris, and M. japonica were 224±7, 345±21, and 515±28 d, respectively. Leaves of B. javanica had fully expanded at 27 d of leaf age and had reached a stage of optimal photosynthesis (see below), while leaves of G. axillaris and M. japonica had fully expanded at around 20 d but did not reach the optimal photosynthetic stage until 32 and 59 d, respectively. No significant differences in the maximum photosynthetic capacity (A(subscript max)) were observed among the 3 species, and all were in the range of 12.7 to 13.8 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1). The photosynthetic capacity was maintained above 90% of A(subscript max) (referred to as a stage of optimal photosynthesis) for only 40~50 d in the 3 species. The photosynthetic capacity linearly declined as leaves aged in B. javanica. However, leaves of both G. axillaris and M. japonica maintained their photosynthetic capacity steadily at 30~40% of A(subscript max) for about 5 mo at the leaf ages of 200~350 d. Our study showed that leaves with a longer lifespan did not always have a significantly lower photosynthetic capacity than leaves with a shorter lifespan in either interspecific or intraspecific comparisons, a result which differs from findings of other researchers. Regression analysis of the photosynthetic capacity vs. leaf age of B. javanica (with a shorter leaf lifespan) yielded a slope steeper than that of G. axillaris and M. japonica (with longer leaf lifespans). Compared within each species, leaves with a shorter lifespan having steeper slopes was only found in leaves of G. axillaris, but not in those of the other 2 species.
{"title":"Dynamics of the photosynthetic capacity during the lifetime of leaves in three subtropical tree species.","authors":"Y. Kuo, T. Hwang, Yeh-Lin Yang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200909.0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200909.0169","url":null,"abstract":"Two important functional traits of plants, the photosynthetic capacity and leaf lifespan, are usually negatively correlated. To compare the lifetime pattern of photosynthetic activity in leaves of Bischofia javanica, Gordonia axillaris, and Machilus japonica var. kusanoi, we monitored the dynamics of the photosynthetic capacity of leaves from a young age to full expansion then abscission. The mean leaf lifespans of B. javanica, G. axillaris, and M. japonica were 224±7, 345±21, and 515±28 d, respectively. Leaves of B. javanica had fully expanded at 27 d of leaf age and had reached a stage of optimal photosynthesis (see below), while leaves of G. axillaris and M. japonica had fully expanded at around 20 d but did not reach the optimal photosynthetic stage until 32 and 59 d, respectively. No significant differences in the maximum photosynthetic capacity (A(subscript max)) were observed among the 3 species, and all were in the range of 12.7 to 13.8 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1). The photosynthetic capacity was maintained above 90% of A(subscript max) (referred to as a stage of optimal photosynthesis) for only 40~50 d in the 3 species. The photosynthetic capacity linearly declined as leaves aged in B. javanica. However, leaves of both G. axillaris and M. japonica maintained their photosynthetic capacity steadily at 30~40% of A(subscript max) for about 5 mo at the leaf ages of 200~350 d. Our study showed that leaves with a longer lifespan did not always have a significantly lower photosynthetic capacity than leaves with a shorter lifespan in either interspecific or intraspecific comparisons, a result which differs from findings of other researchers. Regression analysis of the photosynthetic capacity vs. leaf age of B. javanica (with a shorter leaf lifespan) yielded a slope steeper than that of G. axillaris and M. japonica (with longer leaf lifespans). Compared within each species, leaves with a shorter lifespan having steeper slopes was only found in leaves of G. axillaris, but not in those of the other 2 species.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"46 1","pages":"169-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75472544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200909.0159
Fu-Lan Hsu, Yu Peng, Hong-lin Lee
In the present study, the ability of wastes of 5 local bamboo species (Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Phyllostachys makinoi, P. pubescens, Bambusa stenostachya, and B. dolichoclada) to remove heavy metal ions of Cu (Ⅱ), Pb (Ⅱ), Cd (Ⅱ) and Ni (Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions, with different reaction times, particle sizes, and pH values were evaluated and compared with 4 known biosorbents of activated carbon, bark, exhausted coffee, and exhausted tea by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The results showed that the absorptive capacity of bamboo waste for heavy metal ions increased with prolongation of the reaction times and a decrease in the particle size. The optimum pH value for metal adsorption was in the range of 4~6. Phyllostachys pubescens was the most effective in removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions among the wastes of the 5 bamboo species. By hot-water-extraction treatment, the available volume and surface area of the raw bamboo materials greatly increased which effectively improved the metalremoval efficiency. The performance of hot-water-extracted bamboo for removing heavy metal ions was even better than those of bark, exhausted coffee, and exhausted tea. Therefore, the use of hot-water-extracted bamboo waste as an adsorbent may be an alternative to other more-costly materials.
{"title":"Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Bamboo Wastes","authors":"Fu-Lan Hsu, Yu Peng, Hong-lin Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200909.0159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200909.0159","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the ability of wastes of 5 local bamboo species (Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Phyllostachys makinoi, P. pubescens, Bambusa stenostachya, and B. dolichoclada) to remove heavy metal ions of Cu (Ⅱ), Pb (Ⅱ), Cd (Ⅱ) and Ni (Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions, with different reaction times, particle sizes, and pH values were evaluated and compared with 4 known biosorbents of activated carbon, bark, exhausted coffee, and exhausted tea by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The results showed that the absorptive capacity of bamboo waste for heavy metal ions increased with prolongation of the reaction times and a decrease in the particle size. The optimum pH value for metal adsorption was in the range of 4~6. Phyllostachys pubescens was the most effective in removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions among the wastes of the 5 bamboo species. By hot-water-extraction treatment, the available volume and surface area of the raw bamboo materials greatly increased which effectively improved the metalremoval efficiency. The performance of hot-water-extracted bamboo for removing heavy metal ions was even better than those of bark, exhausted coffee, and exhausted tea. Therefore, the use of hot-water-extracted bamboo waste as an adsorbent may be an alternative to other more-costly materials.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78093555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200909.0149
C. Lu, Chien-Wen Chen, Jenn‐Che Wang
Asarum yaeyamense Hatusima, a member of the section Heterotropa, was formerly reported as an endemic species distributed on Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyus of Japan. During our botanical surveys, this species was newly found in northern Taiwan, representing a new record to the flora of Taiwan. The species is closely related to A. hypogynum Hayata in central Taiwan and A. fudsinoi T. Ito on Amami Island, the northern Ryukyus. However, it can be distinguished from the former by a smaller flower and less-raised rugosity at the base of the calyx-lobes, and from the latter by the greenish-purple flower. In addition to a taxonomic description, line drawings, and color photos, the chromosome number (2n=24) and pollen morphology of the Taiwanese materials are also provided. Moreover, the relationship of this species with its close allies in Taiwan and the Ryukyus is discussed.
初岛细辛(Asarum yaeyamense Hatusima)是异质亚纲(Heterotropa)的一员，以前曾报道为日本琉球南部伊洛摩岛的特有种。本种为台湾北部新发现种，是台湾植物区系的新纪录。该物种与台湾中部的A. hypogyynum Hayata和琉球北部奄美岛的A. fudsinoi T. Ito亲缘关系密切。然而，它可以区别于前者的是较小的花和较少凸起的粗糙在花萼裂片的基部，和后者的绿紫色的花。除了分类描述、线条图和彩色照片外，还提供了台湾材料的染色体数目(2n=24)和花粉形态。此外，还讨论了该物种与台湾和琉球的亲密盟友的关系。
{"title":"Asarum yaeyamense Hatusima (Aristolochiaceae) newly found in northern Taiwan","authors":"C. Lu, Chien-Wen Chen, Jenn‐Che Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200909.0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200909.0149","url":null,"abstract":"Asarum yaeyamense Hatusima, a member of the section Heterotropa, was formerly reported as an endemic species distributed on Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyus of Japan. During our botanical surveys, this species was newly found in northern Taiwan, representing a new record to the flora of Taiwan. The species is closely related to A. hypogynum Hayata in central Taiwan and A. fudsinoi T. Ito on Amami Island, the northern Ryukyus. However, it can be distinguished from the former by a smaller flower and less-raised rugosity at the base of the calyx-lobes, and from the latter by the greenish-purple flower. In addition to a taxonomic description, line drawings, and color photos, the chromosome number (2n=24) and pollen morphology of the Taiwanese materials are also provided. Moreover, the relationship of this species with its close allies in Taiwan and the Ryukyus is discussed.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82553270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200909.0213
Koh ChaoNien, Lu FangCian
Taiwan Barbet (Megalaima nuchalis) is the only species of the Ramphastidae found in Taiwan and is endemic to the island. Megalaima nuchalis is found at low to mid elevations and is typically seen in the mid-canopy layer of broadleaf forests. During the breeding season, M. nuchalis excavates its own nest cavity in tree trunks or branches; therefore, it is closely associated with forests. From March to September of 2008, we investigated the characteristics of nest trees and nest cavities of M. nuchalis in Taipei Botanical Garden (TBG). The measured variables were nest tree species, tree height, tree diameter at breast height, nest height, tree diameter at nest, diameter of the cavity entrance, length of the horizontal passage, depth of the hole, and orientation of the cavity entrance. In total, we found 27 nest holes in 12 trees, which included 8 different tree species dominated by camphor (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl). Megalaima nuchalis excavated nests in dead trees or in dead branches of living trees, and very few of the nest trees were monocotyledons. The nest cavities were found either on the main tree trunk or on side limbs, and the nest locations seemed to be related to the location of dead limbs on the nest tree and nest tree height. The shape of most cavity entrances was almost circular, and the size corresponded well to the body size of the birds themselves, as this prevents the invasion by natural enemies. The cavity entrances were mainly orientated towards the northwest to southwest, as these directions might have good air flow and could keep the nests well-ventilated and dry. The removal of dead trees and dead limbs from M. nuchalis habitats is disadvantageous during their breeding season. We recommend preserving dead trees and dead limbs which pose no danger in urban green areas as they provide nest cavities and resting holes for M. nuchalis and other secondary cavity nesters-in order to maintain and even enhance urban animal biodiversity.
{"title":"Preliminary investigation on nest-tree and nest-cavity characteristics of the Taiwan Barbet (Megalaima nuchalis) in Taipei Botanical Garden.","authors":"Koh ChaoNien, Lu FangCian","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200909.0213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200909.0213","url":null,"abstract":"Taiwan Barbet (Megalaima nuchalis) is the only species of the Ramphastidae found in Taiwan and is endemic to the island. Megalaima nuchalis is found at low to mid elevations and is typically seen in the mid-canopy layer of broadleaf forests. During the breeding season, M. nuchalis excavates its own nest cavity in tree trunks or branches; therefore, it is closely associated with forests. From March to September of 2008, we investigated the characteristics of nest trees and nest cavities of M. nuchalis in Taipei Botanical Garden (TBG). The measured variables were nest tree species, tree height, tree diameter at breast height, nest height, tree diameter at nest, diameter of the cavity entrance, length of the horizontal passage, depth of the hole, and orientation of the cavity entrance. In total, we found 27 nest holes in 12 trees, which included 8 different tree species dominated by camphor (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl). Megalaima nuchalis excavated nests in dead trees or in dead branches of living trees, and very few of the nest trees were monocotyledons. The nest cavities were found either on the main tree trunk or on side limbs, and the nest locations seemed to be related to the location of dead limbs on the nest tree and nest tree height. The shape of most cavity entrances was almost circular, and the size corresponded well to the body size of the birds themselves, as this prevents the invasion by natural enemies. The cavity entrances were mainly orientated towards the northwest to southwest, as these directions might have good air flow and could keep the nests well-ventilated and dry. The removal of dead trees and dead limbs from M. nuchalis habitats is disadvantageous during their breeding season. We recommend preserving dead trees and dead limbs which pose no danger in urban green areas as they provide nest cavities and resting holes for M. nuchalis and other secondary cavity nesters-in order to maintain and even enhance urban animal biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"213-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86678749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：