Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200906.0091
T. Yen, L. Ai, Chieh-Lu Li, Joou-Shian Lee, Kai Huang
This research presents estimations of the aboveground carbon storage of 3 major Taiwanese conifer species: Taiwan red cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum.), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), and China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.). The percent carbon content (PCC) of the biomass of different tree portions was determined for these species. We found that the PCC was higher in the foliage of all species, while the PCC in other portions of the trees varied with tree species, and the mean PCC of trees increased with the diameter class for both Taiwan red cypress and China fir. At the tree level, using the method based on determining the PCC of different tree portions (the PCC method) and the conventional method (using 50% as the carbon content) to estimate carbon storage of trees revealed significant differences for all species by the t-test for paired comparisons. The conventional method showed higher estimates of carbon storage than the PCC method by 3.96, 1.83 and 0.89% for Taiwan red cypress, Japanese cedar, and China fir, respectively. A allometric models were developed to estimate the carbon storage of the 3 species based on the diameter at breast height (DBH). Moreover, the transformation coefficients between the volume and aboveground carbon storage of trees by a linear regression model were 309.05, 274.33 and 190.34 kg m^(-3) for Taiwan red cypress, Japanese cedar, and China fir, respectively.
摘要本文研究台湾3种主要针叶树种:台湾红柏(Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum.)、日本雪松(Cryptomeria japonica D. Don)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.))的地上碳储量。钩)。测定了这些树种不同部位生物量的百分碳含量(PCC)。结果表明，各树种叶片的PCC均较高，而其他部位的PCC则因树种而异，台湾红柏和杉木的平均PCC均随径级的增加而增加。在树木水平上，采用基于不同树段PCC的估算方法(PCC法)和常规方法(以50%为碳含量)估算树木的碳储量，通过配对比较的t检验发现，所有树种的碳储量差异显著。传统方法估算的台湾红柏、日本雪松和杉木的碳储量分别比PCC方法高3.96、1.83和0.89%。建立了基于胸径(DBH)的异速生长模型来估算3种树种的碳储量。此外，台湾红柏、日本雪松和杉木的碳储量与地上碳储量之间的转换系数分别为309.05、274.33和190.34 kg m^(-3)。
{"title":"Aboveground carbon contents and storage of three major Taiwanese conifer species.","authors":"T. Yen, L. Ai, Chieh-Lu Li, Joou-Shian Lee, Kai Huang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200906.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200906.0091","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents estimations of the aboveground carbon storage of 3 major Taiwanese conifer species: Taiwan red cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum.), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), and China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.). The percent carbon content (PCC) of the biomass of different tree portions was determined for these species. We found that the PCC was higher in the foliage of all species, while the PCC in other portions of the trees varied with tree species, and the mean PCC of trees increased with the diameter class for both Taiwan red cypress and China fir. At the tree level, using the method based on determining the PCC of different tree portions (the PCC method) and the conventional method (using 50% as the carbon content) to estimate carbon storage of trees revealed significant differences for all species by the t-test for paired comparisons. The conventional method showed higher estimates of carbon storage than the PCC method by 3.96, 1.83 and 0.89% for Taiwan red cypress, Japanese cedar, and China fir, respectively. A allometric models were developed to estimate the carbon storage of the 3 species based on the diameter at breast height (DBH). Moreover, the transformation coefficients between the volume and aboveground carbon storage of trees by a linear regression model were 309.05, 274.33 and 190.34 kg m^(-3) for Taiwan red cypress, Japanese cedar, and China fir, respectively.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72479785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200906.0103
Chen-Chi Tsai, Ting Hu, K. Lin, Zueng-Sang Chen
The possibility of estimating the global carbon pools on the earth has attracted scientists for decades. In Taiwan, among remaining forested areas, 14% (about 420,000 ha) are plantation forests. There are few investigations of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool of plantation forests in Taiwan. Nine plantation tree species, including 3 broadleaf species and 6 coniferous species were selected to estimate the SOC pools in selected plantation forest soils in northern Taiwan. The uncertainty of the estimates was examined, and strategies to obtain more-precise database for SOC pool management are proposed in this study. The results showed that only 2 Soil Orders, Inceptisols and Ultisols, were found at the study sites, and values of the soil bulk density (Bd) in broadleaf plantation forests were relatively higher than those in coniferous plantation forests. The stone contents were about 17 and 14% (0~30 cm) on average in the broadleaf and coniferous plantations, respectively. The average SOC was about 28 g kg^(-1) (0~30 cm) in the broadleaf plantations and about 48 g kg^(-1) (0~30 cm) in the coniferous plantations. The SOC pool was lowest in the Aleurites fordii plantation forest and highest in the Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation forest. We calculated that the average values of the SOC pool in the broadleaf plantation forest were about 6.5 (0~30 cm), 8.2 (0~50 cm), and 9.6 kg m^(-2) (0~100 cm). In coniferous plantation forests, they were about 7.4, 9.7, and 12 kg m^(-2), respectively. Estimation of the SOC pools in this study was potentially compromised by measurement errors of soil Bd, soil volume calculations, C determinations, and the stoniness of the soils. These sources of error might have introduced a bias, when comparing SOC contents among studies in the literature where different methodologies were applied. In conclusion, we suggest that the database of lower taxonomic categories (i.e., greater detail) for Soil Taxonomy and the SOC variability within and among pedons of the same soil type strongly need estimates of soil C stocks in Taiwan.
几十年来，估计地球上全球碳库的可能性一直吸引着科学家们。在台湾，剩下的森林面积中，14%(约42万公顷)是人工林。台湾人工林土壤有机碳库的研究较少。选取9种人工林树种，包括3种阔叶树种和6种针叶树种，对台湾北部人工林土壤的有机碳库进行估算。研究了估算结果的不确定性，并提出了获得更精确的SOC池管理数据库的策略。结果表明:研究点仅存在始土目和终土目2个土壤目，阔叶林土壤容重(Bd)值相对高于针叶林;阔叶林和针叶林平均含石量分别约为17和14% (0~30 cm)。阔叶林的平均有机碳约为28 g kg^(-1) (0~30 cm)，针叶林的平均有机碳约为48 g kg^(-1) (0~30 cm)。土壤有机碳库以福桐人工林最低，长叶柏人工林最高。结果表明，阔叶林土壤有机碳库的平均值分别为6.5 (0~30 cm)、8.2 (0~50 cm)和9.6 kg m^(-2) (0~100 cm)。在针叶人工林中，它们分别约为7.4、9.7和12 kg m^(-2)。在本研究中，土壤有机碳库的估算可能会受到土壤Bd、土壤体积计算、碳测定和土壤石质性的测量误差的影响。当比较文献中应用不同方法的研究中SOC含量时，这些错误来源可能会引入偏差。综上所述，我们认为台湾土壤碳储量的估算是土壤分类中较低分类类别(即更详细的分类类别)和同一土壤类型的土壤有机碳变异的重要需求。
{"title":"Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Plantation Forest Soils of Northern Taiwan","authors":"Chen-Chi Tsai, Ting Hu, K. Lin, Zueng-Sang Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200906.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200906.0103","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of estimating the global carbon pools on the earth has attracted scientists for decades. In Taiwan, among remaining forested areas, 14% (about 420,000 ha) are plantation forests. There are few investigations of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool of plantation forests in Taiwan. Nine plantation tree species, including 3 broadleaf species and 6 coniferous species were selected to estimate the SOC pools in selected plantation forest soils in northern Taiwan. The uncertainty of the estimates was examined, and strategies to obtain more-precise database for SOC pool management are proposed in this study. The results showed that only 2 Soil Orders, Inceptisols and Ultisols, were found at the study sites, and values of the soil bulk density (Bd) in broadleaf plantation forests were relatively higher than those in coniferous plantation forests. The stone contents were about 17 and 14% (0~30 cm) on average in the broadleaf and coniferous plantations, respectively. The average SOC was about 28 g kg^(-1) (0~30 cm) in the broadleaf plantations and about 48 g kg^(-1) (0~30 cm) in the coniferous plantations. The SOC pool was lowest in the Aleurites fordii plantation forest and highest in the Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation forest. We calculated that the average values of the SOC pool in the broadleaf plantation forest were about 6.5 (0~30 cm), 8.2 (0~50 cm), and 9.6 kg m^(-2) (0~100 cm). In coniferous plantation forests, they were about 7.4, 9.7, and 12 kg m^(-2), respectively. Estimation of the SOC pools in this study was potentially compromised by measurement errors of soil Bd, soil volume calculations, C determinations, and the stoniness of the soils. These sources of error might have introduced a bias, when comparing SOC contents among studies in the literature where different methodologies were applied. In conclusion, we suggest that the database of lower taxonomic categories (i.e., greater detail) for Soil Taxonomy and the SOC variability within and among pedons of the same soil type strongly need estimates of soil C stocks in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"103-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77870845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200906.0117
Ying-Chun Chen, Chen Chang
Embryogenic calli of Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata, are yellowish-white, compact, and granular, which were induced from young leaves, and were maintained on half-strength macroand micro-elements of MS media containing 1 mg L^(-1) 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BA) plus 0.5 mg L^(-1) 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Embryogenic calli were cultured at 5℃ for 14 d on woody plant medium (WPM) with no plant growth regulators, and then somatic embryos appeared on the surface of these calli after they were transferred to 25℃ for another 6 wk. Of somatic embryos, 31.4% germinated that were cultured on WPM supplemented with 0.2 mg L^(-1) GA3 and 150 ml L^(-1) coconut milk in 2 mo and then transferred to medium without plant growth regulators for another 10 mo with 2-mo intervals of subculturing. Regenerating plantlets of 5 cm in height were acclimated and transplanted to a greenhouse with an 83% survival rate. Subsequently, these plantlets were transferred to the Botanic Garden of the National Museum of Natural Science for 3 yr, after which the diameter at breast height was 6 cm, and the height was 4 m.
{"title":"Plant Regeneration through Somatic Embryogenesis from Young Leaves of Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata","authors":"Ying-Chun Chen, Chen Chang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200906.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200906.0117","url":null,"abstract":"Embryogenic calli of Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata, are yellowish-white, compact, and granular, which were induced from young leaves, and were maintained on half-strength macroand micro-elements of MS media containing 1 mg L^(-1) 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BA) plus 0.5 mg L^(-1) 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Embryogenic calli were cultured at 5℃ for 14 d on woody plant medium (WPM) with no plant growth regulators, and then somatic embryos appeared on the surface of these calli after they were transferred to 25℃ for another 6 wk. Of somatic embryos, 31.4% germinated that were cultured on WPM supplemented with 0.2 mg L^(-1) GA3 and 150 ml L^(-1) coconut milk in 2 mo and then transferred to medium without plant growth regulators for another 10 mo with 2-mo intervals of subculturing. Regenerating plantlets of 5 cm in height were acclimated and transplanted to a greenhouse with an 83% survival rate. Subsequently, these plantlets were transferred to the Botanic Garden of the National Museum of Natural Science for 3 yr, after which the diameter at breast height was 6 cm, and the height was 4 m.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"117-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78963279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200906.0127
Perng Yuan-Shing, Wang IChen, Chen Yinli, Chen Yuchun
Under a fixed wet end chemical additive regime, pulp fibers of different morphological characteristics, including 2 softwood pulps of northern softwood and radiata pine, and 3 hardwood pulps of eucalyptus, mixed Indonesian hardwoods, and acacia underwent different degrees of pulp refining and then were used individually or as a blend (1 softwood to 1 hardwood pulp) to form handsheets. The handsheet bulk, water absorption, air permeability, and dry and wet opacities properties were then compared and correlated to the fiber morphological indicators such as fiber length, coarseness, and population in order to provide a reference for furnish blending to make specialty papers and other applications. The experiment on the individual pulp fibers indicated that along with increasing degrees of refining, the fiber population increased proportionally, pulp freeness and fiber lengths changed in an inverse manner, while fiber coarseness changed irregularly. The blended furnishes, on the other hand, indicated that along with increases in the hardwood pulp proportions, the freeness, fiber lengths, and coarseness changed in an inverse trend, whereas the fiber population also increased. Thus, it is feasible to use refining and blending of softwood and hardwood pulps to adjust the stock that meets the required freeness and fiber morphological properties for paper machines. Analysis of handsheets formed from individual pulps indicated that paper bulk and both dry and wet opacities decreased with an increased degree of pulp refining and were negatively correlated. Water absorption, and air permeability, on the other hand, increased with increasing pulp refining and exhibited positive correlations. The bulk and opacity of the hardwood pulps were higher than those of the softwood pulps, whereas the water absorption and air permeability values were higher than those of the hardwood pulps. The blended furnish study indicated that along with increasing hardwood pulp proportions, the paper bulk of Indonesian hardwoods pulp containing furnishes increased proportionally, while those of eucalyptus and acacia pulps containing furnishes showed negative correlations. Water absorption and air permeability values were negatively correlated to the hardwood pulp proportions, whereas opacities showed positive correlations. In addition, paper bulk and water absorption were positively correlated with the fiber coarseness (except for the Indonesian hardwoods), Relationships between the paper air permeability value and fiber coarseness and populations were furnish-dependent; while there was a positive correlation between paper opacities and fiber populations (except for the Indonesian hardwoods). There was a linear correlation between the pulp blend ratio and handsheet opacity. Hence, the opacity of a blended paper was derived from the opacities of the individual softwood and hardwood fibers.
{"title":"Effects of fiber morphological characteristics and refining on handsheet properties.","authors":"Perng Yuan-Shing, Wang IChen, Chen Yinli, Chen Yuchun","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200906.0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200906.0127","url":null,"abstract":"Under a fixed wet end chemical additive regime, pulp fibers of different morphological characteristics, including 2 softwood pulps of northern softwood and radiata pine, and 3 hardwood pulps of eucalyptus, mixed Indonesian hardwoods, and acacia underwent different degrees of pulp refining and then were used individually or as a blend (1 softwood to 1 hardwood pulp) to form handsheets. The handsheet bulk, water absorption, air permeability, and dry and wet opacities properties were then compared and correlated to the fiber morphological indicators such as fiber length, coarseness, and population in order to provide a reference for furnish blending to make specialty papers and other applications. The experiment on the individual pulp fibers indicated that along with increasing degrees of refining, the fiber population increased proportionally, pulp freeness and fiber lengths changed in an inverse manner, while fiber coarseness changed irregularly. The blended furnishes, on the other hand, indicated that along with increases in the hardwood pulp proportions, the freeness, fiber lengths, and coarseness changed in an inverse trend, whereas the fiber population also increased. Thus, it is feasible to use refining and blending of softwood and hardwood pulps to adjust the stock that meets the required freeness and fiber morphological properties for paper machines. Analysis of handsheets formed from individual pulps indicated that paper bulk and both dry and wet opacities decreased with an increased degree of pulp refining and were negatively correlated. Water absorption, and air permeability, on the other hand, increased with increasing pulp refining and exhibited positive correlations. The bulk and opacity of the hardwood pulps were higher than those of the softwood pulps, whereas the water absorption and air permeability values were higher than those of the hardwood pulps. The blended furnish study indicated that along with increasing hardwood pulp proportions, the paper bulk of Indonesian hardwoods pulp containing furnishes increased proportionally, while those of eucalyptus and acacia pulps containing furnishes showed negative correlations. Water absorption and air permeability values were negatively correlated to the hardwood pulp proportions, whereas opacities showed positive correlations. In addition, paper bulk and water absorption were positively correlated with the fiber coarseness (except for the Indonesian hardwoods), Relationships between the paper air permeability value and fiber coarseness and populations were furnish-dependent; while there was a positive correlation between paper opacities and fiber populations (except for the Indonesian hardwoods). There was a linear correlation between the pulp blend ratio and handsheet opacity. Hence, the opacity of a blended paper was derived from the opacities of the individual softwood and hardwood fibers.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"127-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86017184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200906.0079
Liang-Chih Chang, Chaur‐Tzuhn Chen
The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction effects of visitors' moral emotions and their perception of defensible space on flower picking in national forest recreation areas. Moral emotions consist of guilt, embarrassment, and shame. Perceived defensible space is composed of perceived environmental image, traces of occupancy, and symbolic barriers. Self-reported data were collected from 237 visitors to the Kenting National Forest Recreation Area and 266 visitors to the Tengjhih National Forest Recreation Area through a questionnaire on moral emotions, perceived defensible space, and flower picking. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression analysis and slope analysis of the response functions. The results indicated an interference interaction effect of moral emotions and perceived defensible space on flower picking. Specifically, the results pointed out that visitors’ moral emotions were not significantly related to flower picking if they perceived the defensible space of the area as more obvious, but their moral emotions significantly influenced flower picking if they perceived the defensible space of the area as less obvious. Perceived defensible space was not significantly related to flower picking among visitors with higher moral emotions, but the perceived defensible space significantly influenced flower picking among visitors with lower moral emotions. Implications of the results are further discussed in the study.
{"title":"An interaction effect of visitor moral emotions and perceived defensible space on flower picking in national forest recreation areas.","authors":"Liang-Chih Chang, Chaur‐Tzuhn Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200906.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200906.0079","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction effects of visitors' moral emotions and their perception of defensible space on flower picking in national forest recreation areas. Moral emotions consist of guilt, embarrassment, and shame. Perceived defensible space is composed of perceived environmental image, traces of occupancy, and symbolic barriers. Self-reported data were collected from 237 visitors to the Kenting National Forest Recreation Area and 266 visitors to the Tengjhih National Forest Recreation Area through a questionnaire on moral emotions, perceived defensible space, and flower picking. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression analysis and slope analysis of the response functions. The results indicated an interference interaction effect of moral emotions and perceived defensible space on flower picking. Specifically, the results pointed out that visitors’ moral emotions were not significantly related to flower picking if they perceived the defensible space of the area as more obvious, but their moral emotions significantly influenced flower picking if they perceived the defensible space of the area as less obvious. Perceived defensible space was not significantly related to flower picking among visitors with higher moral emotions, but the perceived defensible space significantly influenced flower picking among visitors with lower moral emotions. Implications of the results are further discussed in the study.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"79-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90932325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200906.0141
Rakesh Sharma, R. Rajak, A. Pandey
In vitro ectomycorrhizal formation is important in establishing an ectomycorrhizal relationship between a host tree and mushroom mycelia. Moreover, axenic conditions are considered essential for the synthesis of ectomycorrhiza under laboratory conditions. There have been several attempts in the past to evolve new methods of ectomycorrhizal formation between pine seedlings and fungal mycelia, but there have been few reports with angiosperm trees. In an attempt to design equipment that would require limited space and yet permit the observation of ectomycorrhiza formation, we developed a flask-filter paper technique for in vitro ectomycorrhizal formation between Cantharellus tropicalis and Dendrocalamus strictus. The characteristic feature of this technique is that root and shoot parts extend within a flask forming typical ectomycorrhiza in aseptic synthesis. Hence, this technique enabled Dendrocalamus plants to grow axenically and develop an ectomycorrhizal association with Cantharellus mycelium. This method is simple and will help in the in vitro study of other mycorrhizal fungi which form ectomycorrhiza with other angiosperm trees.
{"title":"A Simple New Technique for Ectomycorrhizal Formation between Cantharellus and Dendrocalamus strictus","authors":"Rakesh Sharma, R. Rajak, A. Pandey","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200906.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200906.0141","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro ectomycorrhizal formation is important in establishing an ectomycorrhizal relationship between a host tree and mushroom mycelia. Moreover, axenic conditions are considered essential for the synthesis of ectomycorrhiza under laboratory conditions. There have been several attempts in the past to evolve new methods of ectomycorrhizal formation between pine seedlings and fungal mycelia, but there have been few reports with angiosperm trees. In an attempt to design equipment that would require limited space and yet permit the observation of ectomycorrhiza formation, we developed a flask-filter paper technique for in vitro ectomycorrhizal formation between Cantharellus tropicalis and Dendrocalamus strictus. The characteristic feature of this technique is that root and shoot parts extend within a flask forming typical ectomycorrhiza in aseptic synthesis. Hence, this technique enabled Dendrocalamus plants to grow axenically and develop an ectomycorrhizal association with Cantharellus mycelium. This method is simple and will help in the in vitro study of other mycorrhizal fungi which form ectomycorrhiza with other angiosperm trees.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79020200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0017
Kuo-Wei Chang, W. Kao
Soil CO2 efflux, soil temperatures, and soil water content of 2 stands in a secondary forest, with differing canopy openness, and 2 tea plantations, one actively cropped and the other abandoned for 2 yr, in Taiwan were measured monthly from June 2004 to July 2005. The first objective of this study was to quantify and compare soil CO2 efflux of the 4 stands. The second objective was to examine the relationship of environmental conditions, specially soil temperature and soil water contents, with soil CO2 efflux of the forest and tea plantations. Seasonal patterns were found in soil CO2 efflux and soil temperature but not in soil water content. The magnitude of the soil CO2 efflux varied from 1 to 3.5 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1) and from 0.5 to 5.0 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1) in the secondary forest and tea plantations, respectively. Within stands, seasonal changes in soil respiration were most highly correlated with soil temperature. The highest Q10 value, the factor by which the respiration rate differs for a temperature interval of 10℃, of 2.92 occurred in the actively cropped tea stand, the lowest of 1.83 was calculated for the open forest stand, and intermediate values of 1.94 and 1.98 were found in the dense forest stand and abandoned tea stand, respectively. The results indicate that among the 4 stands, the soil CO2 efflux of the actively cropped tea stand was most sensitive to changes in soil temperature.
{"title":"Comparison of Soil CO2 Efflux from a Secondary Forest and Tea Plantations in Taiwan","authors":"Kuo-Wei Chang, W. Kao","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Soil CO2 efflux, soil temperatures, and soil water content of 2 stands in a secondary forest, with differing canopy openness, and 2 tea plantations, one actively cropped and the other abandoned for 2 yr, in Taiwan were measured monthly from June 2004 to July 2005. The first objective of this study was to quantify and compare soil CO2 efflux of the 4 stands. The second objective was to examine the relationship of environmental conditions, specially soil temperature and soil water contents, with soil CO2 efflux of the forest and tea plantations. Seasonal patterns were found in soil CO2 efflux and soil temperature but not in soil water content. The magnitude of the soil CO2 efflux varied from 1 to 3.5 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1) and from 0.5 to 5.0 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1) in the secondary forest and tea plantations, respectively. Within stands, seasonal changes in soil respiration were most highly correlated with soil temperature. The highest Q10 value, the factor by which the respiration rate differs for a temperature interval of 10℃, of 2.92 occurred in the actively cropped tea stand, the lowest of 1.83 was calculated for the open forest stand, and intermediate values of 1.94 and 1.98 were found in the dense forest stand and abandoned tea stand, respectively. The results indicate that among the 4 stands, the soil CO2 efflux of the actively cropped tea stand was most sensitive to changes in soil temperature.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"48 1","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81420095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0041
Yeh MinChyuan, Hong Weichen, Lin Yuli
Laminated Moso bamboo members were fabricated with different alignments and used as flanges with Japanese cedar lumber as web members to investigate the flexural performance of laminated bamboo/wood box hollow beams. The results showed that the efficiencies of finger joints in the bending tests were 64.3 and 53.2% for beams respectively laminated horizontally and vertically with bamboo laminae. The maximum bending capacities of the box hollow beams using laminated bamboo members either horizontally or vertically as flanges were 31.3 and 49.7%, respectively, higher than those of beams with Japanese cedar flanges. Furthermore, improved maximum bending capacities, of 69.1 and 74.2%, were respectively found for laminated bamboo/wood box hollow beams further reinforced with 10 d box nails and wood screws between the interface of the bamboo flange and solid wood web compared to that of solid wood box hollow beams. Based on the design deflection limitations, box hollow beams fabricated with laminated bamboo flanges can provide equivalent distributed loads of 1.85~2.09 KN m^(-1), corresponding to loads 30.9 to 47.5% higher than those of solid beams.
{"title":"Flexural Properties of Structural Laminated Bamboo/Solid Wood Composite Box Hollow Beams","authors":"Yeh MinChyuan, Hong Weichen, Lin Yuli","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Laminated Moso bamboo members were fabricated with different alignments and used as flanges with Japanese cedar lumber as web members to investigate the flexural performance of laminated bamboo/wood box hollow beams. The results showed that the efficiencies of finger joints in the bending tests were 64.3 and 53.2% for beams respectively laminated horizontally and vertically with bamboo laminae. The maximum bending capacities of the box hollow beams using laminated bamboo members either horizontally or vertically as flanges were 31.3 and 49.7%, respectively, higher than those of beams with Japanese cedar flanges. Furthermore, improved maximum bending capacities, of 69.1 and 74.2%, were respectively found for laminated bamboo/wood box hollow beams further reinforced with 10 d box nails and wood screws between the interface of the bamboo flange and solid wood web compared to that of solid wood box hollow beams. Based on the design deflection limitations, box hollow beams fabricated with laminated bamboo flanges can provide equivalent distributed loads of 1.85~2.09 KN m^(-1), corresponding to loads 30.9 to 47.5% higher than those of solid beams.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75509718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0069
Kun-Cheng Chang, K. Lai, F. Lu, Chih-Chiang Wang
In Taiwan, Cotoneaster bullatus Bois was treated as a new species, Photinia kudoi Masamune, and was identified as C. konishii Hayata. In this paper, we clarify the identity of C. bullatus Bois in the flora of Taiwan. Line drawings, color photos, and a taxonomic description are also provided in the paper. Photinia kudoi Masamune and Pourthiaea kudoi (Masamune) Masamune are designated as 2 new synonyms of C. bullatus Bois. This species, C. bullatus Bois, is similar to C. konishii Hayata, but they can be distinguished by the floweret number of the inflorescence and the shape of the leaves. Cotoneaster bullatus has biggish leaves (5~13×1.5~5.5 cm), the upper surface is conspicuously bullate, and the inflorescence is 7~21-flowered, which differ from these of C. konishii which has smaller leaves (1.3~5×1~3.5 cm), the upper surface is not bullate, and the inflorescence is 3~5-flowered (rarely ~7).
{"title":"Corrections in Cotoneaster (Rosaceae) in Taiwan","authors":"Kun-Cheng Chang, K. Lai, F. Lu, Chih-Chiang Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0069","url":null,"abstract":"In Taiwan, Cotoneaster bullatus Bois was treated as a new species, Photinia kudoi Masamune, and was identified as C. konishii Hayata. In this paper, we clarify the identity of C. bullatus Bois in the flora of Taiwan. Line drawings, color photos, and a taxonomic description are also provided in the paper. Photinia kudoi Masamune and Pourthiaea kudoi (Masamune) Masamune are designated as 2 new synonyms of C. bullatus Bois. This species, C. bullatus Bois, is similar to C. konishii Hayata, but they can be distinguished by the floweret number of the inflorescence and the shape of the leaves. Cotoneaster bullatus has biggish leaves (5~13×1.5~5.5 cm), the upper surface is conspicuously bullate, and the inflorescence is 7~21-flowered, which differ from these of C. konishii which has smaller leaves (1.3~5×1~3.5 cm), the upper surface is not bullate, and the inflorescence is 3~5-flowered (rarely ~7).","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"69-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78559199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0051
L. Way, R. Rice
This research assessed the feasibility of using a neural network to detect induced and interior damage to small samples of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). The neural network was a 3-layer back-propagation network. The undamaged stress wave frequency spectrum patterns were used to train the neural network. In a previous study, we successfully used the trained patterns to evaluate low levels of damage in samples of MDF onto which various percentages of their estimated failure loads were applied. In this experiment, after introduction of grooves on the surface or a hole through the center of the samples, a small change in the wave patterns occurred. The neural network has the unique ability to train itself using data to recognize spectral patterns and was successfully used to detect structural damage.
{"title":"Detection of Induced Damage in Medium-Density Fiberboard Panels Using a Neural Network Method","authors":"L. Way, R. Rice","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0051","url":null,"abstract":"This research assessed the feasibility of using a neural network to detect induced and interior damage to small samples of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). The neural network was a 3-layer back-propagation network. The undamaged stress wave frequency spectrum patterns were used to train the neural network. In a previous study, we successfully used the trained patterns to evaluate low levels of damage in samples of MDF onto which various percentages of their estimated failure loads were applied. In this experiment, after introduction of grooves on the surface or a hole through the center of the samples, a small change in the wave patterns occurred. The neural network has the unique ability to train itself using data to recognize spectral patterns and was successfully used to detect structural damage.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87368608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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