Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18535
J. R. S. do Nascimento Júnior, A. Magalhães, Daurivane R. Sousa, J. D. C. Bezerra, A. A. S. Melo, G. C. Gois, F. Campos, K. C. Santos, K. Pereira, P. Azevedo, L. Santos
Aim of study: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, performance, carcass yield, and meat quality parameters in Santa Inês lambs fed cactus pear and bean meal. Area of study: NW Brazil Material and methods: 32 intact Santa Inês male lambs were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (diets): control diet (concentrated feed containing corn and soybean meal as energy and protein ingredients); diet containing bean meal as a protein source; diet containing cactus pear as an energy source and; diet containing bean meal and/or cactus pear), using 8 animals per treatment. At the end of the experimental period, lambs were slaughtered with an average body weight of 32.78 kg. Main results: Animal fed cactus pear and bean meal/cactus pear had a higher intake and digestibility for non-fibrous carbohydrates (p<0.05). Lambs fed cactus pear diet had greater water intake via diet and lower neutral detergent fibre digestibility compared to other evaluated diets (p<0.05). Cactus pear and bean meal/cactus pear diets promoted lower water intake concerning to control and bean meal diets (p<0.05). The lower feed conversion was observed for animals that received control diet (p<0.05). Carcass characteristics and meat quality were not affected for the diets (p>0.05). Bean meal can be used as a source of protein concentrate in combination with cactus pear promoting a reduction in the use of corn and soybean in diets for small ruminants. The use of cactus pear in the diets promoted a water supply to the animals. Research highlights: Diets containing cactus pear and bean meal/cactus pear provided higher non-fibrous carbohydrates intake.
{"title":"Bean meal and cactus pear in Santa Inês lamb rations for meat production: Intake, digestibility, performance, carcass yield, and meat quality","authors":"J. R. S. do Nascimento Júnior, A. Magalhães, Daurivane R. Sousa, J. D. C. Bezerra, A. A. S. Melo, G. C. Gois, F. Campos, K. C. Santos, K. Pereira, P. Azevedo, L. Santos","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18535","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, performance, carcass yield, and meat quality parameters in Santa Inês lambs fed cactus pear and bean meal. \u0000Area of study: NW Brazil \u0000Material and methods: 32 intact Santa Inês male lambs were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (diets): control diet (concentrated feed containing corn and soybean meal as energy and protein ingredients); diet containing bean meal as a protein source; diet containing cactus pear as an energy source and; diet containing bean meal and/or cactus pear), using 8 animals per treatment. At the end of the experimental period, lambs were slaughtered with an average body weight of 32.78 kg. \u0000Main results: Animal fed cactus pear and bean meal/cactus pear had a higher intake and digestibility for non-fibrous carbohydrates (p<0.05). Lambs fed cactus pear diet had greater water intake via diet and lower neutral detergent fibre digestibility compared to other evaluated diets (p<0.05). Cactus pear and bean meal/cactus pear diets promoted lower water intake concerning to control and bean meal diets (p<0.05). The lower feed conversion was observed for animals that received control diet (p<0.05). Carcass characteristics and meat quality were not affected for the diets (p>0.05). Bean meal can be used as a source of protein concentrate in combination with cactus pear promoting a reduction in the use of corn and soybean in diets for small ruminants. The use of cactus pear in the diets promoted a water supply to the animals. \u0000Research highlights: Diets containing cactus pear and bean meal/cactus pear provided higher non-fibrous carbohydrates intake.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49574383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18713
Blanca M. De la Noval, N. Martínez-Gallardo, J. Délano-Frier
Aim of study: The symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhances the uptake of soil minerals by the plant, predominantly phosphorus, in return for plant photosynthates. This study was performed to support the premise that the suppression of root defense responses during the pre-colonization stage is required for the subsequent colonization of tomato roots by AMF. Area of study: This study was performed in the Plant Defense Laboratory of Cinvestav, at Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Material and methods: SYS was added, together with spore suspensions of three different AMF species, to young tomato plantlets. The roots were subsequently sampled, 0.5 to 12 h post-application, in order to quantify degree of mycorrhizal colonization, in vitro β-glucanase (GLN) and chitinase (CHI) enzyme activity and wound-responsive gene expression levels. Main results: The sole application of exogenous SYS induced the rapid expression of a battery of early wound-responsive genes, together with a swift and transient activation of CHI, but not GLN. However, when added together with AMF spores, SYS differentially modulated the activity of these enzymes in an AMF species-dependent manner. Modified lytic activity was preceded or accompanied by the rapid and sustained induction of the RbohD, LOXD and PLA2 genes shortly after contact with AMF spores. Research highlights: The findings of this study suggest a role for oxylipins and reactive oxygen species in the initial AMF recognition process. They also indicate that exogenous SYS is perceived by the roots, where it modulates the local root defense response to facilitate AMF colonization.
{"title":"Systemin modulates defense responses in roots of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during the pre-colonization stage of the mycorrhizal symbiosis","authors":"Blanca M. De la Noval, N. Martínez-Gallardo, J. Délano-Frier","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18713","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: The symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhances the uptake of soil minerals by the plant, predominantly phosphorus, in return for plant photosynthates. This study was performed to support the premise that the suppression of root defense responses during the pre-colonization stage is required for the subsequent colonization of tomato roots by AMF. \u0000Area of study: This study was performed in the Plant Defense Laboratory of Cinvestav, at Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. \u0000Material and methods: SYS was added, together with spore suspensions of three different AMF species, to young tomato plantlets. The roots were subsequently sampled, 0.5 to 12 h post-application, in order to quantify degree of mycorrhizal colonization, in vitro β-glucanase (GLN) and chitinase (CHI) enzyme activity and wound-responsive gene expression levels. \u0000Main results: The sole application of exogenous SYS induced the rapid expression of a battery of early wound-responsive genes, together with a swift and transient activation of CHI, but not GLN. However, when added together with AMF spores, SYS differentially modulated the activity of these enzymes in an AMF species-dependent manner. Modified lytic activity was preceded or accompanied by the rapid and sustained induction of the RbohD, LOXD and PLA2 genes shortly after contact with AMF spores. \u0000Research highlights: The findings of this study suggest a role for oxylipins and reactive oxygen species in the initial AMF recognition process. They also indicate that exogenous SYS is perceived by the roots, where it modulates the local root defense response to facilitate AMF colonization.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42940323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18861
L. Scherger, J. Valdés-Abellán, C. Lexow
Aim of study: To investigate the monitoring strategies that let us to build effective models able to best estimate water contents, θ and pressure heads, h with the least amount of data. Area of study: Field data was acquired in an experimental plot at Bahía Blanca (Argentina). Material and methods: Field data of θ(t), h(t) for six soil depth were used to optimize the SHP (θr, θs, α, n and Ks) by inverse modeling with HYDRUS 1D. Several scenarios of available data from θ(t) and h(t) were considered: (1) six monitoring depths (6-MD); (2) five monitoring depths (5-MD); (3) four monitoring depths (4-MD). Model accuracy was assessed by comparing the measured and predicted θ and h for each monitoring strategy. Additionally, field measured SHP with independent methods were compared to inversely optimized SHP. Main results: The best fit between predicted and observed θ and h was achieved with the 6-MD strategy. Nevertheless, deterioration of statistics EF and rRMSE in the 5-MD or 4-MD schemes were lower than 10%, depending on the location of the missing data. The observation points that had less importance in parameter prediction corresponded to the intermediate vadose zone and to the deeper layers. The proposed strategies presented a better performance than field measured SHP to reproduce soil water retention curves for each layer of the soil profile. Research highlights: By reducing the number of vertical observations in the profile without harming the final SHP estimation, the resources needed in data monitoring strategies can be greatly enhanced.
{"title":"Identifying optimal monitoring strategies to predict soil hydraulic characteristics and water contents by inverse modeling","authors":"L. Scherger, J. Valdés-Abellán, C. Lexow","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18861","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To investigate the monitoring strategies that let us to build effective models able to best estimate water contents, θ and pressure heads, h with the least amount of data. \u0000Area of study: Field data was acquired in an experimental plot at Bahía Blanca (Argentina). \u0000Material and methods: Field data of θ(t), h(t) for six soil depth were used to optimize the SHP (θr, θs, α, n and Ks) by inverse modeling with HYDRUS 1D. Several scenarios of available data from θ(t) and h(t) were considered: (1) six monitoring depths (6-MD); (2) five monitoring depths (5-MD); (3) four monitoring depths (4-MD). Model accuracy was assessed by comparing the measured and predicted θ and h for each monitoring strategy. Additionally, field measured SHP with independent methods were compared to inversely optimized SHP. \u0000Main results: The best fit between predicted and observed θ and h was achieved with the 6-MD strategy. Nevertheless, deterioration of statistics EF and rRMSE in the 5-MD or 4-MD schemes were lower than 10%, depending on the location of the missing data. The observation points that had less importance in parameter prediction corresponded to the intermediate vadose zone and to the deeper layers. The proposed strategies presented a better performance than field measured SHP to reproduce soil water retention curves for each layer of the soil profile. \u0000Research highlights: By reducing the number of vertical observations in the profile without harming the final SHP estimation, the resources needed in data monitoring strategies can be greatly enhanced.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42172168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18132
S. Nassar, J. Borjac
Aim of study: To investigate the effect of a combined commercial veterinary antibiotic, commonly sold, in different concentrations, on Lens culinaris Medik., Cicer arietinum L., Eruca sativa Mill. and Lepidium sativum L., on germination rates, plant growth traits and rhizospheric bacterial size and diversity. Area of study: Lebanon, soil origin from South Lebanon. Material and methods: The antibiotic phytotoxicity was assayed using seed germination and plant growth tests in a pot experiment conducted in a controlled glasshouse. Rhizospheric bacteria were isolated and identified by assisted laser desorption/ionization spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Main results: The antibiotic used was species-dependent and negatively affected the plant growth variables causing decrease in root growth and total biomass weight. Regarding crop species, the antibiotic impact was dose-dependent. Arugula and cress were found to be the most sensitive in the tested concentrations, affecting their productivity. In lentil and chickpea, the effects disappeared after the fourth and the first week respectively. In addition, root microbial community was negatively affected in the first 4 weeks in lentil and chickpea. A diversity of growth promoting rhizobacterial genera were identified where some rhizospheric bacteria were more sensitive, while others were resistant to the used antibiotic concentrations. Research highlights: Results highlight the presence of resistant bacteria even in virgin soils. They implicate that the presence of antibiotics in soil leads to biomass reduction in leafy species decreasing the productive capacity of the crops and draw attention to possible transmission to humans consuming these leaves.
{"title":"Effect of a veterinary antibiotic on the growth of regularly consumed Lebanese plants","authors":"S. Nassar, J. Borjac","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18132","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To investigate the effect of a combined commercial veterinary antibiotic, commonly sold, in different concentrations, on Lens culinaris Medik., Cicer arietinum L., Eruca sativa Mill. and Lepidium sativum L., on germination rates, plant growth traits and rhizospheric bacterial size and diversity. \u0000Area of study: Lebanon, soil origin from South Lebanon. \u0000Material and methods: The antibiotic phytotoxicity was assayed using seed germination and plant growth tests in a pot experiment conducted in a controlled glasshouse. Rhizospheric bacteria were isolated and identified by assisted laser desorption/ionization spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). \u0000Main results: The antibiotic used was species-dependent and negatively affected the plant growth variables causing decrease in root growth and total biomass weight. Regarding crop species, the antibiotic impact was dose-dependent. Arugula and cress were found to be the most sensitive in the tested concentrations, affecting their productivity. In lentil and chickpea, the effects disappeared after the fourth and the first week respectively. In addition, root microbial community was negatively affected in the first 4 weeks in lentil and chickpea. A diversity of growth promoting rhizobacterial genera were identified where some rhizospheric bacteria were more sensitive, while others were resistant to the used antibiotic concentrations. \u0000Research highlights: Results highlight the presence of resistant bacteria even in virgin soils. They implicate that the presence of antibiotics in soil leads to biomass reduction in leafy species decreasing the productive capacity of the crops and draw attention to possible transmission to humans consuming these leaves.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47236729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18428
H. Faraji-Arough, G. Dashab, M. Ghazaghi, M. Rokouei
Aim of study: To select the appropriate model for body weight gain (BWG) traits in different ages and estimation of additive and non-additive genetic variances based on the best model, of a crossbred population of quail. Area of study: Zabol, Iran Materials and methods: Four strains of Japanese quail, including Italian Speckled, Tuxedo, Pharaoh, and A&M Texas, were used to create a crossbred population in a partial diallel design over 4 generations. BWG traits were calculated as the average growth performance of the bird in a 5-day period from hatch to 45 days of age. Analyses were performed using the Bayesian method by fitting 24 models including the additive and non-additive genetic effects. The deviance information criteria (DIC) was used for the selection of an appropriate model for each trait. Main results: Based on DIC, the maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental, dominance and epistasis effects had a significant contribution to the best model for BWG traits before 25 days of age, whereas these effects were not significant on BWG traits at the end of ages. With the best model, direct heritability of BWG traits in different ages ranged from 0.037 (BWG15-20) to 0.199 (BWG5-10). The maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental as a proportion of phenotypic variance was less than 10% and 5%, respectively. The ratio of dominance and epistasis variance was in the range of 0.016-0.019, and 0.016-0.019, respectively. Research highlights: Non- additive genetic effects are important for the early BWG traits and must be included in the evaluation models to have accurate estimates.
{"title":"Bayesian analysis of additive and non-additive genetic variances of body weight gain traits in crossbred population of Japanese quail","authors":"H. Faraji-Arough, G. Dashab, M. Ghazaghi, M. Rokouei","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18428","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To select the appropriate model for body weight gain (BWG) traits in different ages and estimation of additive and non-additive genetic variances based on the best model, of a crossbred population of quail. \u0000Area of study: Zabol, Iran \u0000Materials and methods: Four strains of Japanese quail, including Italian Speckled, Tuxedo, Pharaoh, and A&M Texas, were used to create a crossbred population in a partial diallel design over 4 generations. BWG traits were calculated as the average growth performance of the bird in a 5-day period from hatch to 45 days of age. Analyses were performed using the Bayesian method by fitting 24 models including the additive and non-additive genetic effects. The deviance information criteria (DIC) was used for the selection of an appropriate model for each trait. \u0000Main results: Based on DIC, the maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental, dominance and epistasis effects had a significant contribution to the best model for BWG traits before 25 days of age, whereas these effects were not significant on BWG traits at the end of ages. With the best model, direct heritability of BWG traits in different ages ranged from 0.037 (BWG15-20) to 0.199 (BWG5-10). The maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental as a proportion of phenotypic variance was less than 10% and 5%, respectively. The ratio of dominance and epistasis variance was in the range of 0.016-0.019, and 0.016-0.019, respectively. \u0000Research highlights: Non- additive genetic effects are important for the early BWG traits and must be included in the evaluation models to have accurate estimates.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44040205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18119
M. Alomar, Mohamad R. Al-Masri, M. Zarkawi
Aim of study: To estimate the changes in daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE; DFI/DWG) of male and female Awassi lambs fed on dried olive leaves for six months growing period. Area of study: Deir-Al-Hajar area, Syria. Materials and methods: Twenty Awassi lambs (10 males and 10 females) were randomly allocated to four equal groups (n=5 animals/group, average weight 23.7 ± 2.4 kg). The control groups were fed 250 g/kg wheat straw and 750 g/kg concentrate mixture. For the two other experimental groups, the total amount of wheat straw was replaced by dried olive leaves, i.e. the rations contained 250 g/kg dried olive leaves, 520 g/kg concentrate mixture and 230 g/kg barley. The rations of control and experimental groups were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Main results: DWG values varied (p<0.05) according to the sex of lambs, reaching 161 g/d for male lambs as compared to 136 g/d for female lambs. Ration type had no effect (p>0.05) on DWG, with a mean value of 148 g/d. FCE value was better in male (7.21) compared to female (9.09) lambs. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in the FCE values due to the effect of ration type (8.08 on average). Research highlights: Replacement of wheat straw by dried olive leaves in the rations of male and female Awassi lambs had no effect on FCE and could be used as alternative forage for Awassi lambs nutrition.
{"title":"Short communication: Feed conversion efficiency of male and female Awassi lambs fed on dried olive (Olea europaea) leaves","authors":"M. Alomar, Mohamad R. Al-Masri, M. Zarkawi","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18119","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To estimate the changes in daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE; DFI/DWG) of male and female Awassi lambs fed on dried olive leaves for six months growing period. \u0000Area of study: Deir-Al-Hajar area, Syria. \u0000Materials and methods: Twenty Awassi lambs (10 males and 10 females) were randomly allocated to four equal groups (n=5 animals/group, average weight 23.7 ± 2.4 kg). The control groups were fed 250 g/kg wheat straw and 750 g/kg concentrate mixture. For the two other experimental groups, the total amount of wheat straw was replaced by dried olive leaves, i.e. the rations contained 250 g/kg dried olive leaves, 520 g/kg concentrate mixture and 230 g/kg barley. The rations of control and experimental groups were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. \u0000Main results: DWG values varied (p<0.05) according to the sex of lambs, reaching 161 g/d for male lambs as compared to 136 g/d for female lambs. Ration type had no effect (p>0.05) on DWG, with a mean value of 148 g/d. FCE value was better in male (7.21) compared to female (9.09) lambs. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in the FCE values due to the effect of ration type (8.08 on average). \u0000Research highlights: Replacement of wheat straw by dried olive leaves in the rations of male and female Awassi lambs had no effect on FCE and could be used as alternative forage for Awassi lambs nutrition.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44048727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18224
J. Guerrero-Casado, A. Carpio, Marta Canós-Burguete, Mizar Torrijo-Salesa, F. S. Tortosa
Aim of the study: Traditional vineyards have, in the last few decades, been transformed into trellis systems, but little research has been carried out into the consequences as regards biodiversity. We compared the abundance and species richness of reptiles in conventional-traditional vineyards and trellis vineyards. Area of study: The study was conducted in a wine appellation area of origin denominated as Montilla-Moriles, Southern Spain. Material and methods: Reptile’s species richness and abundance were estimated by walking transects in 24 different vineyards (12 trellis and 12 traditional vineyards) in four consecutive years. Main results: The results showed an extremely low abundance in both management systems, since no reptiles were recorded in 43.1% of the transects. However, there was a greater abundance and diversity of reptiles in the traditional vineyards than in the trellis vineyards, with 7 vs. 3 species being found in traditional and trellis vineyards, respectively. Research highlights: The lack of refuge in trellis vineyards owing to the vertical growth of plants, whose branches grow higher from the ground, is probably the main cause of the lower abundance and species richness found in trellis systems, since both types of vineyard had bare ground owing to ploughing and the application of herbicides. Since the transformation of traditional vineyards into those with trellis systems is often subsidized, this modernization should be accompanied by certain agri-environmental measures (e.g., cover crops, artificial refuges or natural hedges) in order to compensate for the associated negative effects.
{"title":"The modernization of traditional vineyards into intensive trellis systems reduces the species richness and abundance of reptiles","authors":"J. Guerrero-Casado, A. Carpio, Marta Canós-Burguete, Mizar Torrijo-Salesa, F. S. Tortosa","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18224","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of the study: Traditional vineyards have, in the last few decades, been transformed into trellis systems, but little research has been carried out into the consequences as regards biodiversity. We compared the abundance and species richness of reptiles in conventional-traditional vineyards and trellis vineyards. \u0000Area of study: The study was conducted in a wine appellation area of origin denominated as Montilla-Moriles, Southern Spain. \u0000Material and methods: Reptile’s species richness and abundance were estimated by walking transects in 24 different vineyards (12 trellis and 12 traditional vineyards) in four consecutive years. \u0000Main results: The results showed an extremely low abundance in both management systems, since no reptiles were recorded in 43.1% of the transects. However, there was a greater abundance and diversity of reptiles in the traditional vineyards than in the trellis vineyards, with 7 vs. 3 species being found in traditional and trellis vineyards, respectively. \u0000Research highlights: The lack of refuge in trellis vineyards owing to the vertical growth of plants, whose branches grow higher from the ground, is probably the main cause of the lower abundance and species richness found in trellis systems, since both types of vineyard had bare ground owing to ploughing and the application of herbicides. Since the transformation of traditional vineyards into those with trellis systems is often subsidized, this modernization should be accompanied by certain agri-environmental measures (e.g., cover crops, artificial refuges or natural hedges) in order to compensate for the associated negative effects.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43224410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18984
A. Woźniak, Myroslawa Soroka
Aim of study: The goal of the study described in this manuscript was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative changes in weed flora infesting winter wheat stands grown in crop rotation and wheat monoculture. Area of study: South-eastern Poland, Europe (2018-2020). Material and methods: The experiment was established in the system of randomized blocks (25 m x 6 m) in three replications. Winter wheat was sown in (1) crop rotation (CR): potato – winter wheat – peas – winter barley; and (2) in monoculture (MON). Weed infestation was evaluated in two terms: (1) at the tillering stage and (2) at the waxy maturity stage of winter wheat. Main results: The number and air-dry weight of weeds evaluated in both terms were higher in MON than in CR. Before wheat harvest, its plots in MON were massively infested by Apera spica-venti and significantly populated by Avena fatua and Anthemis arvensis. In this evaluation term, the weeds of the upper and middle levels accounted for 88.4% of the whole weed community in CR and for 97.7% in MON. In both terms of evaluation, greater biodiversity of the weed community was observed in CR than in MON. Research highlights: Indicators used to assess the weed flora in crop rotation and monoculture, i.e. weed species composition, number and air-dry weight of weeds, weed distribution in wheat crop levels, and Shannon-Wiener's diversity index.
研究目的：本文所述研究的目的是评估轮作和小麦单作条件下冬小麦林杂草区系的定性和定量变化。研究领域：欧洲波兰东南部（2018-2020年）。材料和方法：实验在随机区组（25 m x 6 m）系统中建立，分三次重复。冬小麦按（1）轮作方式播种：马铃薯-冬小麦-豌豆-冬大麦；和（2）在单一栽培（MON）中。从两个方面评估杂草侵扰：（1）分蘖期和（2）蜡熟期。主要结果：MON的杂草数量和空气干重均高于CR。在小麦收获前，MON的地块被Apera spica venti大量侵扰，Avena fatua和Anthemis arvensis大量侵扰。在该评价期内，CR和MON的中上层杂草分别占整个杂草群落的88.4%和97.7%。在这两项评估中，CR的杂草群落生物多样性都高于MON。研究重点：用于评估作物轮作和单一栽培中杂草区系的指标，即杂草种类组成、杂草数量和空气干重、杂草在小麦作物水平上的分布以及Shannon Wiener多样性指数。
{"title":"Weed flora in crop rotation and winter wheat monoculture","authors":"A. Woźniak, Myroslawa Soroka","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18984","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: The goal of the study described in this manuscript was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative changes in weed flora infesting winter wheat stands grown in crop rotation and wheat monoculture. \u0000Area of study: South-eastern Poland, Europe (2018-2020). \u0000Material and methods: The experiment was established in the system of randomized blocks (25 m x 6 m) in three replications. Winter wheat was sown in (1) crop rotation (CR): potato – winter wheat – peas – winter barley; and (2) in monoculture (MON). Weed infestation was evaluated in two terms: (1) at the tillering stage and (2) at the waxy maturity stage of winter wheat. \u0000Main results: The number and air-dry weight of weeds evaluated in both terms were higher in MON than in CR. Before wheat harvest, its plots in MON were massively infested by Apera spica-venti and significantly populated by Avena fatua and Anthemis arvensis. In this evaluation term, the weeds of the upper and middle levels accounted for 88.4% of the whole weed community in CR and for 97.7% in MON. In both terms of evaluation, greater biodiversity of the weed community was observed in CR than in MON. \u0000Research highlights: Indicators used to assess the weed flora in crop rotation and monoculture, i.e. weed species composition, number and air-dry weight of weeds, weed distribution in wheat crop levels, and Shannon-Wiener's diversity index.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45672304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022202-18326
L. C. Paraíba, J. M. Ferreira, V. L. Ferracini, S. Ramos, A. Cerdeira, M. Assalin, R. Pazianotto, Agnaldo J. Santos, Carolina C. M. Paraiba
Aim of study: To present a mathematical model to simulate the translocation of pesticides injected into coconut trees. Pesticide residues in water and coconut pulp were also evaluated. Area of study: The data were obtained in coconut plants of the Itaporanga Experimental Field, located in the Municipality of Itaporanga d'Ajuda, Sergipe State, Brazil. Material and methods: To estimate the effect of pesticide site-sap coefficients and retardation factors on translocation and its phytosanitary behavior and risk of contamination of coconut fruits, the stipe was modeled by a classic dispersion-advection equation. The pesticides cyproconazole, azoxystrobin, dimethoate, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and thiamethoxam were injected into the coconut palm stipe. The method used to extract pesticide residues from pulp, water and coconut sap samples was based on the QuEChERS methodology with modifications. Main results: Simulations showed that (i) the pesticides dimethoate, metalaxyl, and thiamethoxan were the active ingredients showing the greatest potential for translocation in the sap of the coconut tree stem; (ii) the pesticides imidacloprid and metalaxyl translocated upward in the stipe, and more rapidly than pesticides abamectin and cyproconazole, which moved slower to the aerial part of coconut plants. In chromatography analysis, no pesticide residues were quantified in water and coconut fruit pulp samples of coconut trees injected with pesticides, after the evaluated intervals. Research highlights: The proposed model allowed us to observe that the translocation is inversely proportional to the sorption of the pesticide in the stem of coconut trees.
{"title":"Modeling pesticide translocation injected by endotherapy into the stem of coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.)","authors":"L. C. Paraíba, J. M. Ferreira, V. L. Ferracini, S. Ramos, A. Cerdeira, M. Assalin, R. Pazianotto, Agnaldo J. Santos, Carolina C. M. Paraiba","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022202-18326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18326","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To present a mathematical model to simulate the translocation of pesticides injected into coconut trees. Pesticide residues in water and coconut pulp were also evaluated. \u0000Area of study: The data were obtained in coconut plants of the Itaporanga Experimental Field, located in the Municipality of Itaporanga d'Ajuda, Sergipe State, Brazil. \u0000Material and methods: To estimate the effect of pesticide site-sap coefficients and retardation factors on translocation and its phytosanitary behavior and risk of contamination of coconut fruits, the stipe was modeled by a classic dispersion-advection equation. The pesticides cyproconazole, azoxystrobin, dimethoate, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and thiamethoxam were injected into the coconut palm stipe. The method used to extract pesticide residues from pulp, water and coconut sap samples was based on the QuEChERS methodology with modifications. \u0000Main results: Simulations showed that (i) the pesticides dimethoate, metalaxyl, and thiamethoxan were the active ingredients showing the greatest potential for translocation in the sap of the coconut tree stem; (ii) the pesticides imidacloprid and metalaxyl translocated upward in the stipe, and more rapidly than pesticides abamectin and cyproconazole, which moved slower to the aerial part of coconut plants. In chromatography analysis, no pesticide residues were quantified in water and coconut fruit pulp samples of coconut trees injected with pesticides, after the evaluated intervals. \u0000Research highlights: The proposed model allowed us to observe that the translocation is inversely proportional to the sorption of the pesticide in the stem of coconut trees.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46883958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022201-17138
Fatemeh Mousabeygi, S. Akhavan, Y. Rezaei
Aim of study: To develop non-destructive and rapid monitoring of water and nitrogen status in maize crops. Area of study: Bu-ali Sina University, Hamedan province, Iran. Material and methods: We used a low-cost modified consumer-grade camera to extract 40 vegetation indices for monitoring leaf N concentrations, SPAD values and relative water content (RWC). In this regard, 528 images taken by the low-cost camera in two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) from maize plants cultivated in a greenhouse under different irrigation and N treatments were evaluated. Main results: Results showed that the best performance outcomes regarding the studied vegetation indices were MCARI, CTVI and CR for SPAD values; MCARI, HUE and CTVI for leaf N concentrations; and TRVI, NDVI and DVI for RWC. In order to increase accuracy of estimated measured data, multiple linear regression equations with combinations of the MCARI, TRVI, NDVI and EVI indices were used. As observed, R2 value was 0.91, 0.60 and 0.90 for SPAD, leaf N concentration and RWC estimation, respectively. Research highlights: The combination of MCARI, TRVI, NDVI and EVI indices provided more accuracy to most of the previous single variable regression models.
{"title":"Assessment of consumer-grade camera-derived vegetation indices for monitoring nitrogen and leaf relative water content of maize","authors":"Fatemeh Mousabeygi, S. Akhavan, Y. Rezaei","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022201-17138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022201-17138","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To develop non-destructive and rapid monitoring of water and nitrogen status in maize crops. Area of study: Bu-ali Sina University, Hamedan province, Iran. Material and methods: We used a low-cost modified consumer-grade camera to extract 40 vegetation indices for monitoring leaf N concentrations, SPAD values and relative water content (RWC). In this regard, 528 images taken by the low-cost camera in two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) from maize plants cultivated in a greenhouse under different irrigation and N treatments were evaluated. Main results: Results showed that the best performance outcomes regarding the studied vegetation indices were MCARI, CTVI and CR for SPAD values; MCARI, HUE and CTVI for leaf N concentrations; and TRVI, NDVI and DVI for RWC. In order to increase accuracy of estimated measured data, multiple linear regression equations with combinations of the MCARI, TRVI, NDVI and EVI indices were used. As observed, R2 value was 0.91, 0.60 and 0.90 for SPAD, leaf N concentration and RWC estimation, respectively. Research highlights: The combination of MCARI, TRVI, NDVI and EVI indices provided more accuracy to most of the previous single variable regression models.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49166382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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