Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022204-19269
G. Nardon, G. Botta
Corn is the most cultivated and consumed cereal in the world. The overall objective of this review was to study the methodologies to measure and evaluate the in-row seed spacing for precision planting as well as to determine the technological alternatives that would allow obtaining information about seed mapping for corn crop planting in precision agriculture applications. As a conceptual synthesis about the electronic measurement system, there are two strategies for determining in-row seed spacing in the precision planting. Indirect methods correspond to the measurement before the seeds reach the furrow, while direct methods correspond to the measurement with the seeds placed in the furrow. The indirect measurement strategy is the most widely used in research publications and commercial planter monitors. Within this method, the seed spacing measurement systems use optical or radio wave type seed sensors. Corn seed counting accuracy through electronic measurement systems with optical-type seed sensor is at least 96%. The microwave seed sensor is used commercially by a few companies whose technologies are patented. The direct measurement strategy is under development and requires further research. The main limitation of these technologies is the seed detection in the furrow, which limits the planter travel speed and the equipment cost. The conceptual proposal for the term ‘seed mapping’ is to provide integrated and geo-referenced information on in-row seed spacing and depth for precision planting.
{"title":"Prospective study of the technology for evaluating and measuring in-row seed spacing for precision planting: A review","authors":"G. Nardon, G. Botta","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022204-19269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022204-19269","url":null,"abstract":"Corn is the most cultivated and consumed cereal in the world. The overall objective of this review was to study the methodologies to measure and evaluate the in-row seed spacing for precision planting as well as to determine the technological alternatives that would allow obtaining information about seed mapping for corn crop planting in precision agriculture applications. As a conceptual synthesis about the electronic measurement system, there are two strategies for determining in-row seed spacing in the precision planting. Indirect methods correspond to the measurement before the seeds reach the furrow, while direct methods correspond to the measurement with the seeds placed in the furrow. The indirect measurement strategy is the most widely used in research publications and commercial planter monitors. Within this method, the seed spacing measurement systems use optical or radio wave type seed sensors. Corn seed counting accuracy through electronic measurement systems with optical-type seed sensor is at least 96%. The microwave seed sensor is used commercially by a few companies whose technologies are patented. The direct measurement strategy is under development and requires further research. The main limitation of these technologies is the seed detection in the furrow, which limits the planter travel speed and the equipment cost. The conceptual proposal for the term ‘seed mapping’ is to provide integrated and geo-referenced information on in-row seed spacing and depth for precision planting.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022204-19509
S. Khyzhnyak, S. Midyk, Sergei V. Polishchuk, A. O. Velinska
Aim of study: To study the toxic effects of a combined fungicide in Eisenia fetida earthworms and in its lipid fatty acid composition. Material and methods: We investigated the acute toxicity (LC50, 14 days) of a combined fungicide (active ingredients: carbendazim + cyproconazole) in Eisenia fetida using artificial substrate. The quantitative content of fatty acids (FAs) of body lipids was determined by the method of high-sensitivity gas chromatography. Main results: Moderate toxicity of the combined fungicide was determined for Eisenia fetida earthworms. Changes in behavioral response, biomass loss, and mortality of test objects were detected. A decrease in the content of saturated FAs was found. At the same time, an increase of long-chain polyunsaturated FAs content of ω6 and ω3 families, which are involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes, was revealed. Modulation of the lipid FAs profile in Eisenia fetida worms is explained by the participation of the FAs in the restructuring of the organism reactivity system under fungicidal load. Research highlights: The reorganization of the FA profile can be considered as an early criterion of metabolic perturbations in earthworms under the action of fungicides. Understanding the toxic potential of fungicides to organisms in soil ecosystems is essential for practical risk assessment in response to pesticide application.
{"title":"Short communication: Effect of combined fungicide treatments on fatty acid content in Eisenia fetida earthworms","authors":"S. Khyzhnyak, S. Midyk, Sergei V. Polishchuk, A. O. Velinska","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022204-19509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022204-19509","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To study the toxic effects of a combined fungicide in Eisenia fetida earthworms and in its lipid fatty acid composition. \u0000Material and methods: We investigated the acute toxicity (LC50, 14 days) of a combined fungicide (active ingredients: carbendazim + cyproconazole) in Eisenia fetida using artificial substrate. The quantitative content of fatty acids (FAs) of body lipids was determined by the method of high-sensitivity gas chromatography. \u0000Main results: Moderate toxicity of the combined fungicide was determined for Eisenia fetida earthworms. Changes in behavioral response, biomass loss, and mortality of test objects were detected. A decrease in the content of saturated FAs was found. At the same time, an increase of long-chain polyunsaturated FAs content of ω6 and ω3 families, which are involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes, was revealed. Modulation of the lipid FAs profile in Eisenia fetida worms is explained by the participation of the FAs in the restructuring of the organism reactivity system under fungicidal load. \u0000Research highlights: The reorganization of the FA profile can be considered as an early criterion of metabolic perturbations in earthworms under the action of fungicides. Understanding the toxic potential of fungicides to organisms in soil ecosystems is essential for practical risk assessment in response to pesticide application.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45276515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022204-19567
E. Kacal, O. Caliskan, Gökhan Ozturk, I. Gur, H. Kocal, Omer F. Karamursel, Derya Kilic, M. Moreno
Aim of study: This study was conducted to determine the usability of some clonal rootstocks of apple (MM 106 and MM 111), pear (Fox 11), and quince (Quince A) for hawthorn trees propagation. Area of study: Fruit Research Institute, Isparta and Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. Material and methods: ‘Sultan’ hawthorn cultivar was budded on the following clonal rootstocks: pear Fox 11, quince A, and apple MM 106 and MM 111. Plants of hawthorn seedlings (Crataegus azarolus L.) budded with ‘Sultan’ cv. were used as control. External visual diagnosis of the scion-rootstock graft combinations was performed by observing visual symptoms in budded trees growing in nursery conditions, as well as anatomic and histological investigations of the incompatibility in the laboratory. Main results: In this study, healthy scion development and callus tissue in the graft region were formed in the seedling rootstock as well as on Fox11 and Quince A clonal rootstocks. In contrast, MM 106 and MM 111 apple rootstocks showed incompatibility symptoms, with insufficient scion vigor and unstructured callus tissue development. Research highlights: ‘Tanslocated’ and ‘located’ graft incompatibility symptoms were observed in Sultan/MM 106 and Sultan/MM 111 combinations. Further studies are necessary to confirm the early good compatibility found in nursery conditions, testing the effect of those clonal rootstocks from different species (Fox11 and Quince A) on vigor, yield, and fruit quality traits in orchard conditions.
{"title":"Early detection of graft-incompatibility in hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) trees on apple, pear, and quince rootstocks","authors":"E. Kacal, O. Caliskan, Gökhan Ozturk, I. Gur, H. Kocal, Omer F. Karamursel, Derya Kilic, M. Moreno","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022204-19567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022204-19567","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: This study was conducted to determine the usability of some clonal rootstocks of apple (MM 106 and MM 111), pear (Fox 11), and quince (Quince A) for hawthorn trees propagation. \u0000Area of study: Fruit Research Institute, Isparta and Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. \u0000Material and methods: ‘Sultan’ hawthorn cultivar was budded on the following clonal rootstocks: pear Fox 11, quince A, and apple MM 106 and MM 111. Plants of hawthorn seedlings (Crataegus azarolus L.) budded with ‘Sultan’ cv. were used as control. External visual diagnosis of the scion-rootstock graft combinations was performed by observing visual symptoms in budded trees growing in nursery conditions, as well as anatomic and histological investigations of the incompatibility in the laboratory. \u0000Main results: In this study, healthy scion development and callus tissue in the graft region were formed in the seedling rootstock as well as on Fox11 and Quince A clonal rootstocks. In contrast, MM 106 and MM 111 apple rootstocks showed incompatibility symptoms, with insufficient scion vigor and unstructured callus tissue development. \u0000Research highlights: ‘Tanslocated’ and ‘located’ graft incompatibility symptoms were observed in Sultan/MM 106 and Sultan/MM 111 combinations. Further studies are necessary to confirm the early good compatibility found in nursery conditions, testing the effect of those clonal rootstocks from different species (Fox11 and Quince A) on vigor, yield, and fruit quality traits in orchard conditions.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41877404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022204-18093
C. Chocarro, Á. Maresma, J. Lloveras
Aim of study: The effect of the number of spring harvests (1 or 2) for forage before letting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grow for seed, combined with three different row distances, on seed production was evaluated over a three-year period. Area of study: Irrigated Mediterranean environment (NE Spain). Material and methods: Seed yield, forage production and seed weight were evaluated, as well as final plant stands and the economic implications of different decisions. Main results: The study revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) in seed yield between the number of forage harvests prior to letting the crop grow for seed in two of the three years of the study, with an overall average of 500 kg ha-1 for one spring harvest and 450 kg ha-1 for two spring harvests, but with significant differences associated with row distance in two of the three years. The average annual production of forage was 8.08 Mg of dry matter (DM) ha-1 for the case of two spring harvests and 7.57 Mg for one, with significant differences in one of the three years. Row distances of 20, 40 and 60 cm did not significantly affect forage DM production although, on average, higher forage yields were achieved with narrow row distances. From an economic point of view, our results suggest that the 1-harvest treatment before letting alfalfa grow for seed is slightly more profitable than the 2-harvest treatment (higher gross margin of about 54.5 € ha-1). Research highlights: Under irrigated Mediterranean conditions, alfalfa harvested only once in spring before letting the crop grow for seed production maximizes the gross margin.
研究目的：在三年的时间里，评估了苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）生长种子前春季收获次数（1或2次）以及三种不同的行距对种子产量的影响。研究领域：地中海灌溉环境（西班牙东北部）。材料和方法：评估种子产量、饲料产量和种子重量，以及最终的林分和不同决策的经济影响。主要结果：该研究显示，在研究的三年中，有两年在让作物长出种子之前，牧草收获次数之间的种子产量存在显著差异（p<0.01），一次春收的总平均值为500 kg ha-1，两次春收为450 kg ha-1。但在三年中的两年中，与行距相关的差异存在显著性。两次春收的牧草年平均产量为8.08 Mg干物质（DM）ha-1，一次为7.57 Mg，三年中有一年差异显著。20、40和60cm的行距对饲料DM产量没有显著影响，尽管平均而言，窄行距可以获得更高的饲料产量。从经济角度来看，我们的研究结果表明，在让苜蓿生长成种子之前，一次收获处理的利润略高于两次收获处理（更高的毛利率约为54.5€ha-1）。研究重点：在地中海灌溉条件下，苜蓿在春季只收获一次，然后让作物生长用于种子生产，从而最大限度地提高了毛利率。
{"title":"The frequency of spring harvest and row distance affect the seed and forage production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under irrigated Mediterranean conditions","authors":"C. Chocarro, Á. Maresma, J. Lloveras","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022204-18093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022204-18093","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: The effect of the number of spring harvests (1 or 2) for forage before letting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grow for seed, combined with three different row distances, on seed production was evaluated over a three-year period. \u0000Area of study: Irrigated Mediterranean environment (NE Spain). \u0000Material and methods: Seed yield, forage production and seed weight were evaluated, as well as final plant stands and the economic implications of different decisions. \u0000Main results: The study revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) in seed yield between the number of forage harvests prior to letting the crop grow for seed in two of the three years of the study, with an overall average of 500 kg ha-1 for one spring harvest and 450 kg ha-1 for two spring harvests, but with significant differences associated with row distance in two of the three years. The average annual production of forage was 8.08 Mg of dry matter (DM) ha-1 for the case of two spring harvests and 7.57 Mg for one, with significant differences in one of the three years. Row distances of 20, 40 and 60 cm did not significantly affect forage DM production although, on average, higher forage yields were achieved with narrow row distances. From an economic point of view, our results suggest that the 1-harvest treatment before letting alfalfa grow for seed is slightly more profitable than the 2-harvest treatment (higher gross margin of about 54.5 € ha-1). \u0000Research highlights: Under irrigated Mediterranean conditions, alfalfa harvested only once in spring before letting the crop grow for seed production maximizes the gross margin.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43977559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022204-19171
Ganesh Upadhyay, H. Raheman, R. Dubey
Aim of study: To develop an instrumentation system comprising three force sensing elements to measure the draught resistance of any tillage and seeding tools during field operation by connecting one sensing element to each three-point linkage of the tractor. Area of study: Department of AgFE, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Material and methods: Commercial S-type transducers were packed laterally in between the curved plates perpendicular to the direction of travel in such a way that the magnitude of the imposed force decreased and its nature got reversed consequently during tillage force measurement. Finite element analysis was also performed on the proposed model of the sensing elements. The performance was evaluated on the basis of non-linearity, hysteresis, and non-repeatability. The data were validated with the draught values simultaneously recorded using instrumented three-point linkages of tractor. Main results: It offered good sensitivity and linearity during static calibration. The measurement capacity based on maximum applied load during static calibration was 10 kN with accuracy 93.40%. The low values of mean percentage error (9.03%), maximum absolute variation (17.43%), and root mean square error (0.51 kN) revealed good accuracy of the system. Validation was conducted by comparing the data for an offset type disk harrow with the model outputs of previous studies to assess its suitability for other soil working conditions, and the results were satisfactory. Research highlights: The advantages of this sensing device in the measurement of drawbar power are fewer changes in the hitching geometry, lower cost, and capability of quick hitching.
{"title":"Novel draught resistance sensing elements for measurement of drawbar power of agricultural machinery","authors":"Ganesh Upadhyay, H. Raheman, R. Dubey","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022204-19171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022204-19171","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To develop an instrumentation system comprising three force sensing elements to measure the draught resistance of any tillage and seeding tools during field operation by connecting one sensing element to each three-point linkage of the tractor. \u0000Area of study: Department of AgFE, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India \u0000Material and methods: Commercial S-type transducers were packed laterally in between the curved plates perpendicular to the direction of travel in such a way that the magnitude of the imposed force decreased and its nature got reversed consequently during tillage force measurement. Finite element analysis was also performed on the proposed model of the sensing elements. The performance was evaluated on the basis of non-linearity, hysteresis, and non-repeatability. The data were validated with the draught values simultaneously recorded using instrumented three-point linkages of tractor. \u0000Main results: It offered good sensitivity and linearity during static calibration. The measurement capacity based on maximum applied load during static calibration was 10 kN with accuracy 93.40%. The low values of mean percentage error (9.03%), maximum absolute variation (17.43%), and root mean square error (0.51 kN) revealed good accuracy of the system. Validation was conducted by comparing the data for an offset type disk harrow with the model outputs of previous studies to assess its suitability for other soil working conditions, and the results were satisfactory. \u0000Research highlights: The advantages of this sensing device in the measurement of drawbar power are fewer changes in the hitching geometry, lower cost, and capability of quick hitching.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43274899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022204-18179
N. Miletić, D. Jevremović, M. Mitić, B. Popović, M. Petković
Aim of study: To investigate the changes in chemical composition of fresh plum fruits cv. ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ prompted by the presence of various strains of plum pox virus (PPV). Area of study: Serbia Material and methods: In an experimental orchard of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ plum cultivar, fruits were picked from virus-free and PPV-infected trees (PPV-D and PPV-Rec strains) in four harvest stages in 2017 and 2018. Fruits were further analyzed on total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity and selected phenolics. Main results: The results indicate that virus infection causes chemical changes to a certain extent, but mostly in initial harvest stages, while the values are equal in later stages. In the last harvest stage, as the most utilizable in commercial purposes, only chlorogenic acid content was affected in 2017, while in 2018 contents of neochlorogenic acid and chrysanthemin were altered by the PPV infection. Total contents of flavonoids and phenolics revealed no influence of virus infection during both 2017 and 2018, while PPV-Rec infected samples were richer in anthocyanins under heavy rainfall during summer months of 2018. Given the number of identified compounds (10) and the vast experimental data, it might be concluded that influence of PPV infection on chemical composition of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ plum fruits was quite limited. Research highlights: Plum cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ should be considered as highly tolerant cultivar to PPV, and can be grown in heavily infected environment with no risk. Therefore, it might be a great replacement for sensitive plum cultivars, such as ‘Požegača’ and ‘Čačanska Rodna’.
{"title":"Influence of D and Rec strains of plum pox virus on phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of fresh plum fruits of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ cultivar","authors":"N. Miletić, D. Jevremović, M. Mitić, B. Popović, M. Petković","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022204-18179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022204-18179","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To investigate the changes in chemical composition of fresh plum fruits cv. ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ prompted by the presence of various strains of plum pox virus (PPV). \u0000Area of study: Serbia \u0000Material and methods: In an experimental orchard of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ plum cultivar, fruits were picked from virus-free and PPV-infected trees (PPV-D and PPV-Rec strains) in four harvest stages in 2017 and 2018. Fruits were further analyzed on total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity and selected phenolics. \u0000Main results: The results indicate that virus infection causes chemical changes to a certain extent, but mostly in initial harvest stages, while the values are equal in later stages. In the last harvest stage, as the most utilizable in commercial purposes, only chlorogenic acid content was affected in 2017, while in 2018 contents of neochlorogenic acid and chrysanthemin were altered by the PPV infection. Total contents of flavonoids and phenolics revealed no influence of virus infection during both 2017 and 2018, while PPV-Rec infected samples were richer in anthocyanins under heavy rainfall during summer months of 2018. Given the number of identified compounds (10) and the vast experimental data, it might be concluded that influence of PPV infection on chemical composition of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ plum fruits was quite limited. \u0000Research highlights: Plum cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ should be considered as highly tolerant cultivar to PPV, and can be grown in heavily infected environment with no risk. Therefore, it might be a great replacement for sensitive plum cultivars, such as ‘Požegača’ and ‘Čačanska Rodna’.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41932461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-05DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022203-18979
R. Ahmed, S. Freed, A. Naeem, M. Akmal, C. Dietrich
Aim of study: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is an invasive pest of palm worldwide. The use of insecticides by farmers for its management has been found insignificant. This study evaluated the potential use of entomopathogenic fungi for R. ferrugineus management with a particular focus on the fungal infection on the activities of different detoxification enzymes. Area of study: Grubs and adults of R. ferrugineus were collected from various infested date palm fields in the four provinces of Pakistan. Material and methods: Fungi Isaria fumosorosea (If-02) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma-M2) were evaluated against R. ferrugineus, and its immune responses were biochemically characterized. Main results: The highest mortality rate was recorded at concentration 3×108 spores mL-1 on the 7th day post infection in the populations treated with M. anisopliae from Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Sindh and Baluchistan (93.75, 90.0, 90.0 and 81.25% respectively). M. anisopliae with lowest LC50 (1.1×106 spores mL-1) from Sindh also proved to be the most lethal fungus against R. ferrugineus. Maximum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities were observed in Baluchistan (26.28 and 24.0 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively) and maximum esterases (EST) activity (35.4 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein) was observed in the KPK population on the 3rd-day post I. fumosorosea infection. Research highlights: Fungal infection by I. fumosorosea caused a significant increase in AChE, GST and EST activities which may hinder R. ferrugineus development. However, M. anisopliae, to some extent, also inhibited enzyme activities and yielded a sudden increase in mortality. Future bio-pesticides could be developed for integrated pest management (IPM) of palm weevil.
{"title":"Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea challenge the survival and immunity of the palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier","authors":"R. Ahmed, S. Freed, A. Naeem, M. Akmal, C. Dietrich","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022203-18979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022203-18979","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is an invasive pest of palm worldwide. The use of insecticides by farmers for its management has been found insignificant. This study evaluated the potential use of entomopathogenic fungi for R. ferrugineus management with a particular focus on the fungal infection on the activities of different detoxification enzymes. \u0000Area of study: Grubs and adults of R. ferrugineus were collected from various infested date palm fields in the four provinces of Pakistan. \u0000Material and methods: Fungi Isaria fumosorosea (If-02) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma-M2) were evaluated against R. ferrugineus, and its immune responses were biochemically characterized. \u0000Main results: The highest mortality rate was recorded at concentration 3×108 spores mL-1 on the 7th day post infection in the populations treated with M. anisopliae from Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Sindh and Baluchistan (93.75, 90.0, 90.0 and 81.25% respectively). M. anisopliae with lowest LC50 (1.1×106 spores mL-1) from Sindh also proved to be the most lethal fungus against R. ferrugineus. Maximum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities were observed in Baluchistan (26.28 and 24.0 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively) and maximum esterases (EST) activity (35.4 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein) was observed in the KPK population on the 3rd-day post I. fumosorosea infection. \u0000Research highlights: Fungal infection by I. fumosorosea caused a significant increase in AChE, GST and EST activities which may hinder R. ferrugineus development. However, M. anisopliae, to some extent, also inhibited enzyme activities and yielded a sudden increase in mortality. Future bio-pesticides could be developed for integrated pest management (IPM) of palm weevil.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42271255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022203-18828
F. Arroyo, J. F. Herencia, N. Capote
Aim of study: To advance implementation of sustainable agriculture from organic production system on almond crop by means of the assessment of physiological and agronomical responses of commercial almond cultivars. Area of study: Irrigated almond in the Guadalquivir River Valley. Material and methods: Physiological and agronomic aspects of almond such as defoliation, phenology, tree growth, N and P leaf reserves, susceptibility to aphids and fruit yield were assessed on five almond cultivars under organic and conventional production management during four consecutive seasons from 2017 to 2021. Main results: A lower flower density, tree growth, and almond production, an earlier and more intense defoliation degree, and a higher susceptibility to aphids were observed in the organic plot compared to the conventional orchard. 'Lauranne' was the cultivar that showed the best productivity under organic and conventional management. 'Marcona' showed the higher flower density and medium vigor, although was the most susceptible cultivar to aphids and the less productive cultivar under both managements. Research highlights: Cultivation of irrigated almond still presents numerous difficulties, especially the control of pests and diseases due to the use of environmentally friendly pesticides which are less effective than chemicals. These pathogenic factors and others such as nutrition especially affect the yield of the crop, although the differences with the conventional system are reduced over time. Despite these difficulties, the high added value of organic almonds together with the increasing demands by consumers of healthy environmental practices and food safety are a stimulus to continue and develop research on sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Phenology, growth, and yield of almond cultivars under organic and conventional management in southwestern Spain","authors":"F. Arroyo, J. F. Herencia, N. Capote","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022203-18828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022203-18828","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To advance implementation of sustainable agriculture from organic production system on almond crop by means of the assessment of physiological and agronomical responses of commercial almond cultivars. \u0000Area of study: Irrigated almond in the Guadalquivir River Valley. \u0000Material and methods: Physiological and agronomic aspects of almond such as defoliation, phenology, tree growth, N and P leaf reserves, susceptibility to aphids and fruit yield were assessed on five almond cultivars under organic and conventional production management during four consecutive seasons from 2017 to 2021. \u0000Main results: A lower flower density, tree growth, and almond production, an earlier and more intense defoliation degree, and a higher susceptibility to aphids were observed in the organic plot compared to the conventional orchard. 'Lauranne' was the cultivar that showed the best productivity under organic and conventional management. 'Marcona' showed the higher flower density and medium vigor, although was the most susceptible cultivar to aphids and the less productive cultivar under both managements. \u0000Research highlights: Cultivation of irrigated almond still presents numerous difficulties, especially the control of pests and diseases due to the use of environmentally friendly pesticides which are less effective than chemicals. These pathogenic factors and others such as nutrition especially affect the yield of the crop, although the differences with the conventional system are reduced over time. Despite these difficulties, the high added value of organic almonds together with the increasing demands by consumers of healthy environmental practices and food safety are a stimulus to continue and develop research on sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46350964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022203-19173
Aline Moreira Portella De Melo, Lidiane Fagundes da Silva Monteiro, R. Costa, Valdi De Lima Junior, A. N. de Medeiros, R. Queiroga, N. Ribeiro, R. Domínguez, P. E. Munekata, J. Lorenzo
Aim of study: To evaluate the physicochemical and sensory quality of meat from Santa Inês × Dorper lambs fed diets with increasing levels of sunflower cake. Area of study: Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). Material and methods: Twenty-four castrated lambs (initial weight of 18.9 ± 2.17 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15% sunflower cake in diet) with six repetitions and kept in confinement until reaching the average body weight of 32.1 ± 2.6 kg. The Longissimus lumborum muscle was used for proximate composition and physicochemical analyzes, and the Semimembranosus muscle was used for pH (after 24 h of slaughter) and sensory analysis assays. Main results: The increasing levels of sunflower cake did not affect the composition or physicochemical properties. Sensory analysis also did not reveal significant differences in meat obtained from animals in different diets. Principal Components Analysis indicated that juiciness, color, odor and flavor were positioned opposite to protein, texture, and ash. Research highlights: The use of sunflower cake in diets for crossbred sheep Dorper × Santa Inês as soybean meal and corn replacer, up to 15% inclusion of soybean meal and corn, does not affect the proximate composition, physicochemical or sensory characteristics of the meat.
{"title":"Quality of Santa Inês × Dorper sheep meat submitted to different levels of inclusion of sunflower cake","authors":"Aline Moreira Portella De Melo, Lidiane Fagundes da Silva Monteiro, R. Costa, Valdi De Lima Junior, A. N. de Medeiros, R. Queiroga, N. Ribeiro, R. Domínguez, P. E. Munekata, J. Lorenzo","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022203-19173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022203-19173","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To evaluate the physicochemical and sensory quality of meat from Santa Inês × Dorper lambs fed diets with increasing levels of sunflower cake. \u0000Area of study: Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). \u0000Material and methods: Twenty-four castrated lambs (initial weight of 18.9 ± 2.17 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15% sunflower cake in diet) with six repetitions and kept in confinement until reaching the average body weight of 32.1 ± 2.6 kg. The Longissimus lumborum muscle was used for proximate composition and physicochemical analyzes, and the Semimembranosus muscle was used for pH (after 24 h of slaughter) and sensory analysis assays. \u0000Main results: The increasing levels of sunflower cake did not affect the composition or physicochemical properties. Sensory analysis also did not reveal significant differences in meat obtained from animals in different diets. Principal Components Analysis indicated that juiciness, color, odor and flavor were positioned opposite to protein, texture, and ash. \u0000Research highlights: The use of sunflower cake in diets for crossbred sheep Dorper × Santa Inês as soybean meal and corn replacer, up to 15% inclusion of soybean meal and corn, does not affect the proximate composition, physicochemical or sensory characteristics of the meat.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48841465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2022203-18065
Fei Li, Jin Lei, Weibing Wang, Bao Song
Aim of study: To develop a novel four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism to integrate penetration and clamping into one process, realizing picking up seedlings stably and efficiently. Material and methods: A brushless DC servo motor characterized by small size, large torque, and high control precision was adopted to realize precise control for speed and clamping force through control algorithms. An optimization model was derived according to the requirements of picking up seedlings. The parameter optimization of the seedling pick-up mechanism is a complex multi-parameter and nonlinear optimization problem. The hybrid PSO-SA algorithm was used to solve the model, and the optimal parameters of the mechanism were obtained. Main results: The dynamic simulation was conducted, and the results showed that the optimized mechanism could meet the trajectory, acceleration, and clamping force requirement for picking up seedlings. The performance tests showed that the success ratio in picking up seedlings reached 84.46%, indicating the feasibility of the four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism for automatic transplanting machines. Research highlights: The four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism can be used in the automatic transplanting machine. Additionally, the hybrid PSO-SA algorithm can achieve promising results in solving the optimization problem of the seedling pick-up mechanism.
{"title":"Optimal design and experimental verification of a four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism using the hybrid PSO-SA algorithm","authors":"Fei Li, Jin Lei, Weibing Wang, Bao Song","doi":"10.5424/sjar/2022203-18065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022203-18065","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of study: To develop a novel four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism to integrate penetration and clamping into one process, realizing picking up seedlings stably and efficiently. \u0000Material and methods: A brushless DC servo motor characterized by small size, large torque, and high control precision was adopted to realize precise control for speed and clamping force through control algorithms. An optimization model was derived according to the requirements of picking up seedlings. The parameter optimization of the seedling pick-up mechanism is a complex multi-parameter and nonlinear optimization problem. The hybrid PSO-SA algorithm was used to solve the model, and the optimal parameters of the mechanism were obtained. \u0000Main results: The dynamic simulation was conducted, and the results showed that the optimized mechanism could meet the trajectory, acceleration, and clamping force requirement for picking up seedlings. The performance tests showed that the success ratio in picking up seedlings reached 84.46%, indicating the feasibility of the four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism for automatic transplanting machines. \u0000Research highlights: The four-claw seedling pick-up mechanism can be used in the automatic transplanting machine. Additionally, the hybrid PSO-SA algorithm can achieve promising results in solving the optimization problem of the seedling pick-up mechanism.","PeriodicalId":22182,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49168005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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